CorrectionKey=A DO NOT EDIT--Changes mustbemadethrough “File info” Unit 782 CHAPTER B learned behaviors to quickly adapt to theirenvironment. ONLINE Labs 27.4 27.5 27.2 27.3 27.1 Online Bi Online 27 ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ ■■ i Virtual Investigating Behavior Animal Cognition BugBehaviorPill Using anEthogram to Describe Animal Behavior QuickLab g

8: Id

Animals

a a e

Lab a C D Social Evolution Instinct ons nimal daptive ata Human Behavior Interpreting Bir Organisms use instinctive behaviors and 11a, 11B Animal Behavior o tru A l

o Behavior nalysis

gy Cognition

c and t

Va in of

d Response g

lue

Learning HMDScience.com Behavior

Bar

of G

raph Behavior 7D

s 2E 7D

2G ■■ Video

Lab Territori al Behavior

(t) ©Cyril Ruoso/JH Editorial/Minden Pictures DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=A

Q What can be learned from this chimpanzee’s behavior? This chimpanzee is using a leaf to drink water. Chimpanzees use a variety of tools. Bunched up leaves might serve as a sponge to sop up water for drinking or for cleaning themselves. Some chim- panzees also use twigs to dig termites out of their mounds and rocks to crack open hard-shelled nuts or fruits. Tool use is considered an example of complex behavior.

R E a d IN g T o o lb o x This reading tool can help you learn the material in the following pages.

USING LANGUAGE Your Turn Predictions You are probably familiar with the phrase After reading your text, use never, rarely, often, or always “It might rain today.” There are many words that are used to fill in the blank in the following sentences. to make predictions. In science, words such as rarely, 1. New male lions _____ kill all the young cubs in the often, and always can offer clues about the likelihood pride. that an event will happen. Analyze the statement “Cats 2. Territorial behavior _____ results in serious injuries. rarely enjoy getting a bath.” The statement tells you that most cats, but maybe not all cats, dislike baths.

Chapter 27: Animal Behavior 783 CorrectionKey=A DO NOT EDIT--Changes mustbemadethrough “File info” Unit 784 FIGURE to take notes onstimuli. Use acause-and-effect diagram T clock biological rhythm circadian taxis kinesis stimulus VOCABULARY internal f factors communities respond to external organisms, populations, and 11B investigate andanalyze how maintenance ofhomeostasis and stick out from its rounded body. itself with water until its spines pu AKI fferfish responds by inflating R E stimulus N

8: I D A G G 11 1.1

Animals eedback mechanismsinthe N A

27.1 O describe therole of When threatened, a N TE G S TO 11a, 11B B L O o Adaptive Value ofBehavior x ad Behavioral to responses may stimuli adaptive. be advantage ofanorganism’s to ability detect andrespond to stimuli. At itsmost basiclevel, however, every animal behavior demonstrates theadaptive complex, suchasachimpanzeeusingleaf asatool to drinkwater from astream. Animal behavior can besimple, suchasamoth flying toward alight,oritcan be Your to World Connect Ke

y A Response and Stimulus shown in shadethe on ahot day. Apufferfish inflates threatened when by apredator, as A houseplant its bends leaves toward asunny window. Alizard moves into in the relationshipin the astimulus between and aresponse. complex systems, nervous but adaptive the nature of behavior seen can be to information. Behavior quite can be complex, inanimals with especially orfish, your cat have mechanisms that letgather them and actively respond light by growing inits direction, but organisms such as lizard, the puffer- the isms responding toway. stimuli inabeneficial Aplant can only toward bend fourdo these observations have incommon? are They examples all of organ- occurring inits ownoccurring body. For example, make an organism change its behavior. Internal stimuli tell an animal what is MAI aptively to their environment. their to aptively MAI C

stimulus o Some behaviors occur inc Internal andexternal stimuliusually interact to trigger specificbehaviors. Behavioral responses to stimulimay beadaptive. N n N ID c ID ept • • For example, • • • • E

E figure 1.1. figure A AS (plural, stimuli of) is atype information that has potential the to

or migration. to avoid beingcaught. forlook water. Cha The s The s Ext to injuryand causes it to some take action to avoid injury. Pain wa Thir to search for food. Hung

Behavior lets organisms respond rapidly and and rapidly respond organisms lets Behavior ernal stimuli give an animal information about its surroundings. nges inday length reproductive can trigger behaviors st aloss signals of internal and fluid causes an animal to ight of apotential mate courtship can trigger behaviors. ound of apredator can cause an animal to hide or away run er signals a need for aneed er signals more and energy causes an animal Your cat comes runningit when hears acan opener. What rns an animal that some of part its may body subject be 11a

ycles.

©Jeffrey L. Rotman/Corbis CorrectionKey=A DO NOT EDIT--Changes mustbemadethrough “File info”

(tr) ©Martin Harvey/Foto Natura/Minden Pictures; (b) ©Alan Schein Photography/Corbis; (c) ©Dwight R. Kuhn Analyze Kinesis location to amore desirable location. animal to go from aless desirable nature. behaviors Both cause an that illustrate behavior’s adaptive oftypes movement-related behaviors ture, the lizard behaves in a way that returns its body to its ideal temperature. temperature, and when its actual temperature differs from its ideal tempera- or to a shadier spot if it becomes too warm. The lizard’s body has an ideal temperature receptors cause a lizard to move to a sunnier spot if it is too cold, both internal and external—that affect an individual’s well-being. For example, constant internal conditions. Many animal behaviors are responses to stimuli— homeostatic mechanism. Recall that homeostasis refers to the maintenance of One way to look at an animal’s behavior is to consider it as a kind of high-level T to move is what lets it behave inresponse to stimuli. response to activity nervous are muscles. An animal’s ability or-flight” response. The most obvious organs activated in systems inyour to react inwhat body is known as “fight- the a hormone epinephrine called that causes many other When you are or startled scared, your adrenal glands release a gland to increase or its decrease production of ahormone. response to stimulus. the For example, astimulus may cause activate other systems animal’s inthe that body generate a animal’s system. nervous The system, nervous inturn, may as light, sound, or chemicals. transfer They information to an chemical cells may stimuli. things detect such sensory These th activity decreasesagain. upon amoist area, after which its activity increases until it happens out, apillwhen bug its to dry begins environment is reached. For example, movement that lasts until afavorable behaviors can evolve by natural selection. likely behave insimilar ways. Just like any of an animal’s characteristics, to have more offspring. If behaviors the are heritable, offspring their will of songs may not attract amate. Animals with more successful behaviors tend dinner, as shown in individual. Akudu that waits long too may to run wind up being alion’s For example, Euglena are light-sensitive andmove will toward alight source. movement direction, either inaspecific toward or away from astimulus. he Function of Behavior of Function he at are sensitive to changes kinds of physical inspecific or Kine informationAnimals sensory cells detect with specialized Lik

e any trait, way the an animal behaves from can individual vary to is an increase inrandom How is taxis or kinesis an example of the adaptive nature of behavior? of nature adaptive the of example an kinesis or taxis How is sis and are taxis two simple figure 1.2. figure T axis is a A male mockingbird Amale with repertoire aweak VISUAL VOCAB VISUAL movement. from onelocation to another, Like ataxi that takes you directly Kinesis direction induced by astimulus. is amovement inaparticular isanincrease inrandom taxis

FIGURE evade itspredator. in thiskudu,helpingittryto ess a to anenvironmental stimulus. movement ofaplant inresponse Response that tropism isthe Growth, Reproduction, and Recall from thechapter Plant Plants also react to stimuli. Pla CO ctivates response the“flight” nt B NNE 1.2 Chapter

The attack by alion- C iology T

T 27: O

Animal Behavior 785 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=A

MAIN IDEA 11a Internal and external stimuli usually interact to trigger specific behaviors. VIRTUAL Lab Some behaviors can be triggered by a single stimulus, but most behaviors HMDScience.com occur in response to a variety of internal and external stimuli. For example, GO ONLINE an external signal, such as a change in day length, might cause an animal to Interpreting Bird Responses secrete specific hormones. These hormones act as internal signals that cause other physiological changes. These changes, in turn, make the animal more likely to respond to another external stimulus, such as the mating display of an individual of the opposite sex. This kind of interaction can be seen in the reproductive behavior of green anoles. Green anoles are small lizards that live in the woodlands of the south- eastern United States. During most of the year, female anoles ignore males. However, their behavior changes each spring, when males begin to aggressively guard territories and court females. Two external stimuli trigger the females’ change in behavior. First, females must be exposed to long days and short nights. Females must also see reproductively active males. To court females, males that are ready to mate bob their bodies up and down while extending their dewlap. The dewlap, shown in Figure 1.3, is a flap of bright red skin under the lizard’s chin. Seeing the red dewlap during the spring makes females release sex hormones into their bloodstream. Sex hormones are an internal signal that make females reproductively receptive. FIGURE 1.3 The extended red dewlap of this male green anole Experiments with female anoles have shown that their reproductive announces to females that it is behavior depends on the presence of both external and internal signals. ready to mate. The dewlap is also Females that do not have sex hormones do not respond to courtship. And used in territorial defense as a hormones are not released unless females are exposed to both external stimuli. “keep out” signal to other males. Connect What might be internal and external stimuli that cause you to wake up in the morning? 11a

MAIN IDEA 11a, 11B Some behaviors occur in cycles. Many environmental changes are predictable, especially those that occur on a daily, monthly, or yearly basis. Animals often use cues such as differences in R E ADI N G TO OLB ox day length to keep track of these changes, triggering adaptive changes in their behavior. For example, in order to be active during the day, your body requires VOCABULARY a period of sleep every night. This daily pattern of activity and sleep is an The term circadian comes from a combination of the Latin example of a circadian rhythm. A circadian rhythm (suhr-KAY-dee-uhn) words circa, meaning “around,” is the daily cycle of activity that occurs over a 24-hour period of time. and dies, meaning “day.” These activity patterns are controlled by an internal mechanism called a biological clock. Evidence indicates that an organism’s biological clock is run by a combination of melatonin secretions by the pineal gland in the brain and proteins in the body that can detect changes in light. ©Max Feken

786 Unit 8: Animals CorrectionKey=A DO NOT EDIT--Changes mustbemadethrough “File info”

©George McCarthy/Nature Picture Library Infer 27.1 2. 3. 1. Re long-distance migration. birds to gain weight. An increase infat storage to bird’s the fuel is needed portion ofthe bird’s the brain that controls hunger. This change causes A change inday length during spring the and stimulates fall achange in avoid harsh conditions home intheir range for of apart year. the portions of Mexico. hibernation, Like migratory behavior allows animals to States. winter spend the They southern inthe United States and northern typically spring spend the and summer inCanada and United northern the during you’ve fall, the bird seen migration inaction. Migratory Canada geese migration. If you’ve ever seen—orheard—a of southward flying geese flock Many kinds of animals migrate, but you are probably most familiar with bird Migration shown in hibernation,During an animal, such as dormouse the winter temperatures by entering into adormant state. Hibernation is abehavior inwhich an animal avoids cold Hibernation hormones that awaken animal the out of its dormant state. length and warmer temperatures cause secretion the of enter hibernation In fall. inthe spring, the increasing day Shorter days and temperatures cooler cause animals to determine an when animal enters and leaves hibernation. tion from cold. the source for animal the but provides also additional insula- storing it as fat. This layer of fat not only provides afood prepare for winter the by eating large amounts of and food heartbeat, and aslowed breathing rate. Hibernating animals

biological clock? circadian andthe rhythm is timeto migrate? might signal to Alaskan caribou that it What interna stimuli considered to beadaptive? What istheconnection between a Why are behavioral responses to vi

Migra Exte How might climate change affect animal migration patterns? patterns? migration animal affect change climate How might e wi rnal factorsrnal such as light intensity and temperature Formative Assessment tion inmotion is set by avariety of internal and externalstimuli. n figure 1.4, figure g l andexternal stimuli

M has alower temperature, body reduced ai n I n 11a 11a d e as 5. 4. C

ri

factors? animals to respond to external homeostasis? between ananimal’s behavior and Analyze Relate t ical

What istherel

t Why is it important f Why isitimportant hi n 11B ki n 11a g ationship 11B or go above 0°C (32°F). drops from 36°C to just (97°F) th FIGURE 6. Sex

e dormouse’s blood temperature online CO to be? train of feathers may grow control how large a peacock’s mate. What factors might tr A peacock uses its colorful ain of feathers to attract a ual NNE HMDScience.com Self-check Online 1.4 Chapter Se C

During hibernation, T

l T e O

27: c

t Animal Behavior io n 787 CorrectionKey=A DO NOT EDIT--Changes mustbemadethrough “File info” Unit 788 F conditioning operant conditioning classical imitation imprinting habituation releaser innate instinct VOCABULARY remain untilmaturity. way to theocean, where itwill hatchling instinctively makes its al its egg, selecting equipmentandtechnology formulating hypotheses, and including askingquestions, experimental investigations, descriptive, comparative, and IGURE

8: 2Eplan andimplement 2.1

Animals 27.2 eatherback sea turtle

After hatching from 2E Instinct andLearningInstinct be internal and externalinternal and stimuli. behaviorsInnate are triggered by specific both nature andnurture. iors. “Nature versus nurture” isafalse division.Most behaviors represent amixture of But research shows that genetic andenvironmental factors interact in most behav- about manyhumanbehaviors, includingmusical ability, addiction, seeking. andthrill they were growing up?You may have heard this“nature versus nurture” debate parent to child? Orare younger generations repeating behaviors they watched while Why are some families filled withgood athletes? Isathleticism passed onfrom Your to World Connect Ke

y a tions. Animals that innate do not perform anecessary behavior likely will die. animal’s the both and its survival ability to pass its genes on to future genera- no to time any learn behaviors. Performing innate certain behaviors is key to animals can automatically respond correctly inalife-or-death situation. eaten be by will ocean predators. By having reactions set stimuli, to particular behavior is performed. and animal the through runs sequence of aset movements each the time expression behavior. of aspecific Sometimes triggeredbehavior the is fixed, detected,animal’s the releaser has signal been system nervous the triggers anybe kindof stimulus: asound, sign, avisual ascent, or atouch. When a hatched such turtles, shown as those sea in consequences. Baby mammals that do not suckle die of starvation. Newly An inflexiblebehavior is performedinasimilar way each time. to stimulus the animalthe exposed has never been that behavior. the triggers behavior is performedcorrectly firstan time the animal it, tries even when tries. This kind oftries. complex inborn behavior an is called Nothing teaches aspider to build aweb. It builds it correctly firstit time the behavior is characterized as beinginnate and relatively inflexible. An MAI havior. MAI C releaser

o Man Ins Ins Learning isadaptive. Many behaviors have both innate andlearned components. Innate behaviors are triggered by specificinternal andexternal stimuli. N n N tinctive behavior important is especially have who innewborns, had tinctive behaviors are typically found where mistakes can have severe ID c ID y innate behaviors are triggeredby asimple signal. Theis called signal ept E E because itbecause makes through animal the run abehavior. can Releasers A AS

Both genes and environment affect an animal’s animal’s an affect environment and genes Both

Figure 2.1, Figure that do not race to the instinct. instinct. Instinctive innate

©Mike Parry/Minden Pictures CorrectionKey=A DO NOT EDIT--Changes mustbemadethrough “File info”

©John Cancalosi/Ardea London Limited components. Many behaviors have learned innate both and Apply

on top of them. This is an example of habituation. gardener who doesn’t move the owls every few days may soon see birds sitting Garden shops sell plastic owls that are supposed to frighten away birds. But a Habituation byinfluenced learning and experience. animal’s brain. Instead, represent they acombination of innate tendencies behaviors are not simple reactions to stimuli using preset pathways in the learningcase, involves strengthening the pathways. of nerve Most animal changes inan innate behavior to problem-solving situations. innew In each other words, animals takesmany Learning learn. forms, ranging from simple Animals often change behavior their gain as they real-world In experience. 2.2, Figure suchspecies, as lesser black-backed the shown gull in headandherring gull end the of apainted stick. gull Other long with object ared dot, including cardboard cutouts of a bill with ared dot near its tip. from The chicks beg any will Instead, behavior the is triggeredsimply by sight the of along not recognize actually parent their for beg they food. when of half-digested for fish chick the to eat. Very young chicks do parent’s bill. The parent usually responds by coughing up abit at chicks peck herring gull ared will spot at tip the of a he cally ignore, the stimulus. same place in the garden every day causes the birds to get used to, and basi- has features that trigger innate behaviors. The habit of seeing owls in the exact animal’s behavioral response decreases due to a repeated stimulus, even if it

accurate in their ability to aim their pecks at the red spot on their parent’s bill. has been shown to improve with age, as young herring gulls become more of the younger bees will mature faster. Even the bill-pecking behavior of gulls affected by the hive’s social environment. If a hive has few older foragers, some express different genes and its behavior changes. But gene expression is also behaviors are regulated by different sets of genes. As a bee ages, its brain cells through a sequence of innate behaviors that help to maintain the hive. The environmental factors. For example, during its lifetime, a honeybee moves and are strongly affected by gene expression. But they can also be changed by only a few invertebrate species. Innate behaviors are heritable animal’s nervous system, but they have studied the details for MAI rring gulls showed gulls rring how simple releasers can Hungry be. Dutch zoologist Niko Tinbergen’s experiments with Bio

N Why is behavior considered to be a mixture of both nature and nurture? and nature both of amixture to be considered behavior Why is logists think that innate behaviors are hard-wired into an ID E also have also red-dotted bills. A Habituation occurs when an the gull chicktothe gull begfor food. red dot isthereleaser that causes havegull, ared-dotted The bill. such asthisles F IGURE Systems. Nervous andEndocrine of neurons inthechapter about thestructure andfunction information. You learn will more that allow for theeasier flow of structural andmolecular changes learning, some neurons undergo Research indicates that during B rai CO NNE 2.2 n C Chapter

C Some gull species, Some gull h T e ser black-backed

T mis 27: O

Animal Behavior t ry 789 CorrectionKey=A DO NOT EDIT--Changes mustbemadethrough “File info” Unit 790 F raised incaptivity. an adult crane to feed young birds painted to resemble thehead of handl cranes imprintontheirhuman IGURE ers, biologists use puppets

8: 2.3

Animals

To avoid having B A L K C I U Q An 4. Proc Pro and form ahypothesis that explains thebehavior. observe inpeople? Inthislab, you observe will some ofhumanbehavior aspect Have you ever wondered what mightexplain aparticular kindofbehavior you Behavior Human ce 2. 2. 3. 3. 1. 1. with other graylag geese. Lorenz divided aclutch inhalf, of leaving eggs goose goslings the followperiod, will mother their and eventually grow up to mate imprint on mother their during first two the days after hatching. After this mostthe famous studies of imprinting. Newly hatched graylag normally geese of its own or species, place the it was born. example, to learn identifyits parents, its siblings, its offspring, characteristics a short inan time animal’s life. period critical this During Imprinting Imprinting e

rtain situations? rtain Hypothesize Analyze Make your ob the number of full, partially full, and empty tables. may record how many people are in the cafeteria, where people are sitting, and Det Determine whichbehavior y people. For instance, you could “Where ask, dopeople sitinacafeteria?” behavior tha Choose aquestionthat you have abouthuman aly xtend Aus bl ermine how you will quantitatively measure the behavior. For example, you e e dur ze ze trian zoologist Konradtrian Lorenz’s studies with graylag are geese among m

Crea a Present y What is the behavior of people in in of behavior people What isthe e n is arapid and irreversible learning process that only during occurs look likelook adult cranes to young, the feed as shown in tumes that cover entire their puppets use They bodies. painted to When humans to need interact with cranes, the wear they cos- tocranes, minimize birds’ the scientists try contact with humans. handlers. For example, working when with endangered wattled important to avoid having animals the imprint on human their stimulus is learned. is an innate and automatic process, even thoughbehavior’s the matured. they when This experiment showed that imprinting followed Lorenz as goslings, to and mate tried with humans recognize other as geese members of own their They species. which stayed with Lorenz did not during period, critical their that stayed with mother their behaved normally. Their siblings, some with mother the and raising rest the himself. The goslings d t can beanswered by observing te anexperiment to test your hypothesis.

servations andrecord your data. C Form ahypo Whe o n our results inatable orgraph. What can you conclude? clu O n working to reintroduce into species it wild, the is b d ser thesis that could explain thebehavior pattern you saw. e ou will observe.ou will v i ng 2E • • M

pencil paper a te rials

the animalthe may, for Figure 2.3. Figure

©Martin Harvey/NHPA/Photoshot CorrectionKey=A DO NOT EDIT--Changes mustbemadethrough “File info”

©Heather Angel/Natural Visions Learning is adaptive. is Learning fo Infer

washing behavior. a number of individuals troop inthe adopted potato the behavior,the followed by her mother. of time, aperiod Over with her hands. At first,only her brothers and sisters imitated potato by dipping it inwater rather than by brushing it off searchers, discovered that it was easier to wash sand off a classical conditioning and operant conditioning. response stimuli. to these The two main of types conditioning are called stimuli are paired together, and an animal is conditioned to give aspecific sponse stimuli. to certain When teaching an animal by conditioning, two conditioning. Conditioning is away an animal’s to modify behavior inre- their environments. its bad taste. Such trial-and-error learning can help animals to survive within learned to associate the monarch’s distinctive orange and black markings with arch butterfly to make the jays avoid them for the rest of their lives. The jays ate again and again. But it only took one experience with a bad-tasting mon- that was offered to them. Insects that tasted good, such as grasshoppers, they the birds do not identify prey instinctively. Instead, they ate new insectevery consequences. For example, an experiment with young blue jays showed that In associative learning, an animal learns to associate a specific action with its Associative Learning future generations. edge andin survival reproduction, allowing them to pass their genes on to better adapt to new situations. This ability to learn can give animals an Animals that are able to learn can modify, or change, their behavior to In Imitation in behavior among Japanese macaques, or snow monkeys, shown animals, however. For example, consider potato the washing native their to speak language. imitate adults inanumber of ways, such learn as they when song heard they specific from adults. Human babies also andBy error, trial to over sing species- begin the they time listening to adult to repeat males and what hear. trying they to copy.animals try Young songbirds male to learn sing by animals. The initial behavior becomes amodelthat other the r release imprint on its human handlers? human its on imprint r release MAI Figure 2.4. Figure

imitation, One t Not a What would be the harm of having a captive animal intended intended animal acaptive having of harm the be would What N ID ll imitativell behaviors are from passed adult to younger ype ofype associative learning studied by animal behavior scientists is E A Ajuvenile female monkey, named Imo by re- animals learn by observing the behaviorsanimals the by learn observing of other F behavior ofother individuals. eating themby imitating the to w IGURE Pavlov’s Dog online go ash theirpotatoes before 2.4 Chapter HMDScience.com

Snow monkeys learn

27:

Biology Animal Behavior 791 DO NOT EDIT--Changes mustbemadethrough “File info” Unit 792 performs thecorrect behavior involves givingitareward after it such ashow t F IGURE 27.2 3. 2. 1. Re

8: Using either how learning can beadaptive. conditioning asanexample, explain by Describe abehavior tha andalearnedinstinct behavior? What isthedifference between an vi

2.5 Animals e imitation. wi

Teaching apettrick, o shake, often Formative Assessment ng

classical or

M ai n I n t you learned operant d e as Apply ­beh a food rewarda food as shown in Operant conditioning Conditioning Operant rung because it also expects to be given to be food. it expects because rung also rang, conditioned bell dogtime the the has been to salivate is bell the when the ratthe over will, time, stop performing it. reward, even ifnot time. rewardedIf behavior the every is no longer rewarded, out. The rat associates then behavior the of pressing bar the with food the Whenwall. an animal such as arat pushes down on bar, the pops pellet afood operant conditioning. ASkinner box is acage that hason abar or one pedal increase abehavior. Negative reinforcement is removal the of anegative or aversive stimulus to • • • • involved behavior. inthis behavior. Pavlov created an experiment to determine ifexternalstimuli are tion indogsthat he when realized salivation, or drooling, is an automatic different stimulus. Ivan Pavlov, aRussian physiologist, was studying diges- previously neutral stimulus with abehavior that was once triggeredby a is the conditioned response. dog the was given at Because food same the The response inwhichdog the salivates upon hearing ringing the bell Classical conditioning Classical Conditioning CorrectionKey=A B. F. S avior is increased by reinforcement. In positive reinforcement, such as

How might you train a dog to do a trick using positive reinforcement? positive using atrick to do adog you train How might the food is not present. the same time, when only the bell is rung, the dog salivates even though Aft The d A bel Nor In th 5. 4. C er constantly being presented with both food and the ringing bell at kinner, an American psychologist, created “Skinner boxes” to study mally, presence the of makes food adog salivate.

ri

l is rung when food is presented food l is when rung to dog. the learning? between neurons inthebrain and Summarize response called? responding. What isthislack of exposure to thesilhouettethey stop freeze andcower. After repeated paper silhouetteofahawk initially Apply is experiment, is initially ringing aneutral the bell stimulus. og salivates of because presence the of food. the t ical

Ducklings that ar t hi

is aprocess of inwhichlikelihood aspecific the What istheconnec n is aprocess inwhich an animal learns to associate a ki Figure 2.5, Figure ng e shown a areward is given to increase abehavior. tion go online go 6. Evolu

CO evolution of viceroys. could have influenced the ior described in this section Explain how the bird behav- birds avoid them anyway. butterflies, are not toxic, but which look like monarch to Monarch butterflies are xic. Viceroy butterflies, NNE HMDScience.com Self-check Online t io C T

n T O

(t) ©Scott Tysick/Masterfile; (c) ©Elmer Parolini/www.CartoonStock.com CorrectionKey=A DO NOT EDIT--Changes mustbemadethrough “File info”

©Steve Bloom/Alamy FIGURE 3.1 FIGURE foraging optimal territoriality survivorship VOCABULARY injury oreven death. over territory can lead to serious tigers ar reproductive success resources, result indifferential a variation, thepotential of selection, includinginherited how theelements ofnatural a offspring thancan survive, and

finite suppl popula 7Danalyze andevaluate e very territorial. Fights tion to produce more 27.3

These male Siberian y ofenvironmental 7D Evolution ofBehavior Even behaviors beneficial have associated costs. but theriskto itslife was too great. shallows. Thezebra quickly retreated andtrotted back to itsherd. Itneededwater, ordinary. Butasitneared theedge ofthewater, itsaw acrocodile lurkinginthe hole, listening carefully for anysignofahungrylioness. Nothing looked outofthe The zebra was very thirsty. Itflicked hisears to andfro asitwalked toward thewater Your to World Connect K ey

include increased survivorship and reproduction rates. From an evolutionary standpoint, most the important of benefits abehavior Behavior of Benefits by escaping from temperatures cold seasonal to warmer locations. of process. inthe energy But migration increases abird’s chances of survival during their spring and migrations, fall burning through an enormous amount Every behavior has and benefits costs. Shorebirds travel thousands of miles havewill during its lifetime. Similarly, some behaviors increase number the of offspring that an animal behaviors reduce chance the that an die inagiven animal period. time will numberthe of individuals that from survive one year to next. the Certain free of the sea bottom, offree sea the and swims away. behaviors Escape such as are this touches anemone asea Stomphia, called anemone the stops feeding, wrenches but haveselection, still they associated costs. For instance, star asea when behaviors that increase its fitness. behaviors These favored be will by natural MAI MAI expensive interms of in energy the short term. The animal stops eating and C

uses up stored energy. But dead animals cannot reproduce. The long-term o Beh Animals perform behaviors whose benefitsoutweigh theircosts. Even beneficial behaviors have associated costs. benefit of the behavior is the increase in the animal’s and survival repro- N n N duction rates. ID ce IDEAS aviors that increase an individual’s and reproduction survival are pt EA

Every behavior has costs and benefits. and costs has behavior Every available for other such needs, as searching for food. for one behavior, such as searching for amate, that is not energy a predator, up uses ATP. When an animal metabolic uses energy Energy costs Behavioral costs broken can be down into three basic categories. Costs Behavior of 7D

Eve ry animal behavior,ry such as running away from Survivorship Chapter 27: Animal Behavior refers to

793 CorrectionKey=A DO NOT EDIT--Changes mustbemadethrough “File info” 794

offering himself ashernext meal. directly over thefemale’s mouth, tralian redback spidersomersaults the fema members species. ofthesame fight for resources between Intraspecific competition isthe fight for access to resources. members ofdifferent species competition occurs when resources. Interspecific fight for limited thesame occurs whentwo organisms Ecosystems that competition Recall from Interactions in C 3.2 FIGURE om Unit 8:Animals CO NN p e le, thesmaller male Aus- EC t

i t T While mating with

io T O n outweigh their costs. their outweigh behaviors perform Animals whose benefits

T T efits outweigh costs. their examples that demonstrate how animal behaviors are expressed ben- iftheir individuals that performTerritoriality them. and optimal foraging are just two cognitive processes, evolve they only improve ifthey fitness the of those actions. Whether behavioral responses are automatic more or reflect complex It to determine ifanimals is difficult make conscious decisions about their That is time instead spent protecting from territory invasion by other animals. include and energy the that time could have for used feeding been or mating. or access to potential mates. The costs associated with territorial behavior abilitythe to control resources the within animal’s the territory, such as food more individuals of an animal The of benefit species. territorial behavior is from outweighs nectar the cost of energy the defensive the behavior. is from abenefit excluding other individuals, and benefit in whichenergy the maximumcertain number. Individuals only defend inwhich there aterritory number the when ries of flowers below minimum falls acertain or exceeds a of honeycreeper behavior have shown that individuals stop defending territo- to provide it food to the needs at cost of energy the least offset defense. Studies individual should only defend ifthat aterritory holds territory enough flowers amount of bird the nectar can get from flowers the located inits territory. An from which it feeds. The of benefit holding measured can a territory be inthe feeds on of nectar the flowers, and it defends that aterritory has flowers the MAI erritoriality erritoriality Con N ID Analyze F deliberately his flips abdomen over female’s the mouth, as shown in avoid getting eaten by mates, their Australian amale redback spider an animal. For example, most while spiders male go to great lengths to injury by fighting for access to females during breeding the season. chance that an apredator. meet animal will In many males risk species, death. animals All have to for look but food, foraging increases the also Risk costs rivals, it is using time that could have been spent eating or mating. ent behavior. For example, when a songbird defends its territory from spends time doing one behavior, it loses the opportunity to do a differ- Opportunity costs her eggs, ither eggs, has of benefit the increasing his reproductive success. notdoes But increase his more she survival. because lets him fertilize of sider territorial the behavior of Hawaiian the honeycreeper. This bird igure EA Som

refers to control the area—or of aspecific territory—by one or 3.2. e behaviors that may harmful seem have surprising for benefits

What is the benefit of bird migration? migration? bird of benefit the is What

As they mate, she literally eats him alive. His behavior clearly Man 7D y behaviors an individual expose to possible injuryor

Eve ry animalry behavior takes time. When an animal T he co he st?

©Ken Jones/MCB Andrade 2003 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=A

Optimal Foraging When animals search for food, they must make decisions about what they should eat. The benefits of foraging are measured in the amount of energy gained. The costs of foraging include the energy used to search for, catch, and eat food; the risk of capture by a predator while foraging; and the loss of time to spend on other activities. The theory of optimal foraging states that natural selection should favor behaviors that get animals the most, or optimal amount of, calories for the cost. The foraging methods of oystercatchers, a type of shorebird shown in Figure 3.3, have been the subject of many studies. As the birds’ name suggests, they eat bivalves such as oysters and mussels. Some birds sneak up on relaxed bivalves and quickly stab out the meat. Others use their chisel-shaped beak to ham- mer a hole through the shells. Hammering oystercatchers get a benefit from eating the mollusks, FIGURE 3.3 The oystercatcher but at the cost of the time and energy it takes to break open their shells. uses its long, sharp beak to break Small mussels are easy to open, but don’t contain much meat. Larger mussels open the shells of bivalves such as oysters. are meatier but harder to open. Scientists first hypothesized that oystercatch- ers would prefer to eat the largest mussels they could find. These mussels contained the most meat for the time the birds spent opening them. Biology When the biologists observed oystercatchers in the wild, they found that HMDScience.com the birds did not eat the largest mussels they could find. Their experiment go online showed that there was another cost to eating mussels. Their first model Behavioral Costs and assumed that the birds could open any mussel given enough time. However, Benefits their experiment showed them that the birds also faced a “handling cost” when they hunted. Birds that picked very large mussels lost time handling T’ ing! bivalves they could not open. They actually got less meat on average than maz birds that ate smaller mussels. Oystercatchers that learn to hunt medium- A Video Inquiry sized mussels get the most food for their efforts. Better-fed birds have HMDScience.com higher survivorship so they reproduce more and their chicks, in turn, learn go online this behavior. Sharks Vs. Dolphins Apply How does optimal foraging improve an individual’s overall fitness? ©Martin Woike/Foto Natura/Minden Woike/Foto ©Martin Pictures Self-check Online HMDScience.com 27.3 Formative Assessment go online Reviewing Main Ideas Critical thinking CONNECT TO 1. Compare the three categories of 3. Infer What might be a stimulus Scientific Process behavior costs. that triggers a songbird’s territorial 5. Some spiders build webs that 2. Any animal behavior has a cost and a behaviors? include visible zigzag lines of benefit. Explain this statement using 4. Analyze Some species of cichlid fish silk. But more visible webs optimal foraging as an example. hold their fertilized eggs inside their catch fewer insects than do 7D mouths until they hatch. What might less visible webs. Hypoth- be the costs and benefits of this esize what benefits the behavior? 7D spider gets by building such a visible web. 7D

Chapter 27: Animal Behavior 795 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=A G Online!

’ T zing! A ma Video Inquiry Web BIOLOGY Animal Cognition Explore Sharks Vs. Dolphins Behavioral Costs examples of animal Can the brains and speed of dolphins and Benefits Have a cognition as well as outmatch the size and serrated teeth hummingbird use optimal experiments used to test of sharks? Find out how scientists foraging and defensive the mental capabilities of determine whether dolphins are afraid strategies to maximize its animals. of sharks. limited energy supply. ©Tom McHugh/Photo Inc. Researchers, ©Tom

online biology 796 HMDScience.com CorrectionKey=B DO NOT EDIT--Changes mustbemadethrough “File info”

©Doug Allan/Nature Picture Library of social behavior. notes onthecosts andbenefits Use atwo-column to chart take T eusocial selection kin inclusive fitness altruism pheromone VOCABULARY reproductive success resources, result indifferential a variation, thepotential of selection, includinginherited how theelements ofnatural data and7Danalyze andevaluate inferences, andpredict trends from a offspring thancan survive, and between 200and50,000pairs. huge colonies made upof se FIGURE

AKI finite suppl popula ason, emperor penguinslive in CO costs NNE N 2Ganalyze, evaluate, make 4.1 tion to produce more G 27.4

C N y ofenvironmental During thebreeding T O

T benef its TE O 2G, 7D S Social Behavior marmots (Marmotawhichlive flaviventris), outwest, live incolonies. (Marmota monax),found intheeastern United States, live alone. Yellow-bellied species have different livingpatterns. Suchis the case withmarmots. Woodchucks Many factors determine ifaspecieslives alone orinagroup. Even closely related Connect to Your World Ke in agroup. Living in groups also has benefits and costs. and Living groups also in benefits has y

one member of agroup inany attack, letting others the escape. animals are easier for predators to spot, apredator can usually capture only eyes and ears group inthe helps predators. indetecting Although groups of Living inagroup increases chances the of reproductive success. Having more reproduce by helping to gather for food or protecting members. newborn reproductive members of group the can provide assistance do who to those follow other members of group the feeding to sites. good Immature or non- group. Living inagroup may to lead improved foraging, as an individual can groupLiving inasocial provides significant to benefits individuals within the SocialBehavior of Benefits suchSome species, as emperor the penguins shown in which the benefits ofwhich benefits the group living outweigh its costs. a constantly changing membership. behaviors Social evolve in inspecies in groups. groups These may have structure or may adefinite they social have MAI MAI C

o Eusocial behavior isanexample ofextreme altruism. performing them. Some behaviors benefitother gr Social behaviors are interactions between ordifferent membersofthesame species. Living ingroups also hasbenefitsandcosts. an Connect passing parasites to each other. As group risk. the sizeincreases,does so together ingroups have also an increased chance of contracting or diseases mates, group can between to lead conflicts members. Animals that live increased competition. Alimited amount of resources, such or as food from predators as easily as an individual can. Group living leadsto also in large groups leadsto increased visibility. hide cannot animals groupof A Living in a group comes also at some cost to an individual. Living together Costs SocialBehavior of n N N y drawbacks? c ID ID ept E E AS A

Social behaviors enhance thebenefitsofliving What is the benefit of doing group work in class? Are there there Are class? in work group doing of benefit the is What 7D

oup membersat acost to theindividual figure 4.1, Chapter 27: Animal Behavior live together

797 CorrectionKey=B DO NOT EDIT--Changes mustbemadethrough “File info” 798

attract amate. (including human-made items) to shiny andbrightly colored objects birds dec population to evolve over time. a population, causing the increase infrequency within success, alleles for these traits certain traits improve mating Weinberg equilibrium.When is afactor that violates Hardy- Populations that sexual selection Recall from TheEvolution of Evolu FIGURE Unit 8:Animals CO NNE 4.2 t orate theirbowers with io C

T Male satin bower-

n T O members of the same or different species. different or same ofthe members Social behaviors are between interactions Infer

themselves and group their by keeping an eyeout for predators. lookout for group. the While vigilant individuals forage benefit also less, they example, foraging, while one or more members as a of agiraffe herd serve will intruder to force it to leave. Keeping watch is another For defense tactic. of birds,flocks sometimes of different join together will species, to harass the Another defensive behavior is mobbing by birds. When apredator is spotted, protective circle surrounding younger the members of family the group. and group. the For example, threatened, when an elephant herd form will a Defensive behaviors include aggressive actions to protect individual the both Defense behaviors are more elaborate. For example, as shown in in nature, such as leg-waving the dance display of jumping the spider, other spring have chance best the While of some behaviors survival. may simple be genes. By beingchoosy about amate, afemale can help ensure that her off- displays to judge condition the of potential their mate or quality the of his tospecies attract females. Scientists that theorize females courtship use Courtship displays are behaviors most often by used members male of a Selection Mate Chemical performed by ascoutinorder bee to locate source afood outside hive. the Sound its between tail legs, may help to identifyan animal’s status group. inthe Visual presence inthe raise alarm of danger, and attract amate. Animals communication use as away to keep incontact with one another, Communication mate easier, selection and often they involve signals. specialized owntheir or other behaviors These species. help to make interactions such as behaviorsSocial are behaviors animals interacting when use with members of Touch an animal’s readiness to mate, increasing reproductive success. othersalert to presence the of athreat. Mating are to advertise calls used also shared ayoung between penguin and its parents. and calls Alarm distress calls mate. Odors are to identifygroup used also members and mark territory. chemicals same Often,the these announce species. an animal’s readiness to chemicals released by an animal that behavior the affect of other individuals of when choosingwhen amate. decorated with brightly colored and shiny Females objects. bowers the inspect satin bowerbird of Australia constructs anest site, abower, called that is MAI

How might the size of a group affect its defense? its affect agroup of size the How might N

ID

Ges Bee Anim

E Som A s use their antennae, their s use for example, to interpret dance waggle the tures or postures, such as submissive the posture of adog with its

als often use calls to oftenals identifyoffspring, calls use call such as specific the e animals communicate by using pheromones. 7D

F igure 4.2, igure 4.2, P heromones the male male the are are

©Staffan Widstrand/Nature Picture Library CorrectionKey=B DO NOT EDIT--Changes mustbemadethrough “File info”

©Marie Read a cost to the individual performing them. a cost performing to individual the at group members behaviorsother Some benefit

escape, but it isto harmful caller. the other benefits colonyCalling members it because gives to time them as asaground likelytwice killed to squirrel be that not does call. of colony. the But are calls alarm costly. ground Acalling squirrel is individual spots apredator, it may rest the give to alert an call alarm hunted by predators from air the and on ground. the When an squirrels are active during late the spring and summer, are they ing Sierra the Nevada mountains inCalifornia.When ground colonies on open grasslands such as alpine the grasslands surround- helping closerelatives survive. either directly from an individual to its offspring or indirectly by transmittedcan be and therefore spread inapopulation two ways, behavior could spread through apopulation. He that realized alleles addressed puzzle this by asking how involved alleles inaltruistic to increase fitness? British evolutionary biologist William Hamilton How can we explain evolution the of ifbehavior altruism is supposed E donorthe ensures that fed it when be it is hungry. will do notfew nights. ifthey eatBystarve giving every up some food, is small. But there is alarge for benefit bat, hungry the vampire because bats regurgitatewill for blood other bats that are hungry. The cost to donor the bat vampire bats form feeding relationships with one another. Bats that have fed helpedmembers inreturn. be with expectation that the will For they example, though only one member of pride the may have made kill. the Forals. example, lionesses hunt inagroup and share prey the catch, they even cooperation, reciprocity, and altruism. duc Most interactions social animals between improve and repro survival the T individuals that performHow them. could such behaviors evolve? In some however, cases, behaviors to social reduce seem fitness the of the remember that animals typically perform behaviors that aid own their fitness. share or food warmth or warn others about an approaching predator. But Individuals that group live inasocial often help one another. may They squirrel, shown in behaviorthe of Belding’s ground squirrels. ABelding’s ground animal appears itself for to of sacrifice good group. the Consider fitness to help other members group. of its social In other words, the MAI volution of Altruism ypes of Helpful SocialBehavior Helpful of ypes Reci Coo Altruism tion of individuals. both The three kinds of behavior helpful social are N ID peration involves behaviors that improve fitness the of individu- both procity involves behaviors inwhich individuals help other group E A is akindof behavior inwhich an animal reduces its own F igure 4.3, is a small rodent is asmall that lives inlarge ­ the presence ofapredator. alarm call to alert herrelatives to Belding’ FIGURE animal performs itinreturn. eventually benefitwhenanother performing thebehavior will yours” kindofway. Each animal “You scratch myback, I’ll scratch Reciprocity can bethoughtofina VOCABULARY R 4.3 s ground squirrel gives an E Chapter 27: Animal Behavior ADI

An adult female N G TOOLB o x

799 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=B

When an animal reproduces, its offspring gets half of its alleles. But its relatives also share some of the same alleles, in the following proportions: • Parents and siblings share 50 percent of the animal’s alleles. • Nephews and nieces share 25 percent of its alleles. • First cousins share 12.5 percent of its alleles. The total number of genes an animal and its relatives contribute to the next generation is called its inclusive fitness. It includes both direct fitness from reproduction and indirect fitness from helping kin survive. When natural selection acts on alleles that favor the survival of close relatives, it is called kin selection. If kin selection explains the squirrels’ altruism, callers should be closely related to others in the group. Ground squirrel colonies are made up of closely related females and unrelated males. Males do not call much. Nor do adult females foraging alone. The ones that risk their lives are adult females foraging near their daughters, siblings, and nieces. They are warning their relatives. Infer Why is altruistic behavior not very common?

MAIN IDEA 7D Eusocial behavior is an example of extreme altruism.

READING TOOLBox Relationships within populations of some social animals are very specialized. Eusocial species live in large groups made up of many individuals, most of VOCABULARY whom are members of nonreproductive castes such as workers or soldiers. All The term eusocial comes from of the young in the colony are the offspring of one female, called the queen. the Greek prefix eu-, which means “good, well, or true” and Other adults look for food, defend the colony, care for the queen, and raise the Latin word socius, which her offspring. Eusocial behaviors likely evolve by kin selection. means “companion.” Social Insects Many social insects, such as bees, ants, and wasps, are haplodiploid, which means their sex is determined by the number of chromosome sets in an individual. Males are haploid and females are diploid. Female social insects produce daughters through eggs fertilized by sperm. Unfertilized eggs pro- duce sons. In these animals, daughters share half of their mother’s alleles but all of their father’s alleles. Sisters therefore share up to 75 percent of their alleles overall with one another, compared with 50 percent in humans and most other animals. The very close relationship between sisters in a colony may influence the evolution of eusociality in these insects. As shown in Figure 4.4, weaver ants are one example of a eusocial insect species. The three main castes of this species are a queen, major workers, and minor workers. The worker ants work together to weave their nests from leaves that hang from branches throughout one tree or several trees located next to one another. The ants communicate by secreting pheromones. For example, the queen secretes pheromones that induce workers to groom or feed her. If threatened, major worker ants may release pheromones to call in reinforcements to help protect the nest.

800 Unit 8: Animals DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=B

FIGURE 4.4 Social Behavior of Ants

Ants live together in colonies. Each ant has an important part to play within the colony.

Cooperation

After pulling together two leaves, weaver ants attach one leaf to another by using their mandibles to gen- tly squeeze a larva, which produces a silk that glues the leaf edges to each other.

Ant Castes

Queen The queen lays eggs inside the nest.

Minor worker The smaller Major worker The larger minor worker spends major worker defends most of its time within the territory surround- the nest tending the lar- ing the nest, tends the vae and egg chambers. queen, and forages for food.

CRITICAL What genetic benefit does a worker ant receive 7D VIEWING by taking care of its siblings? (bg) ©D. Clyne/OSF/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes. All rights reserved.; (tl) ©Wayne Lawler; Ecoscene/Corbis; (cl) ©Richard Seaman; (bl) ©Alex Wild 2006 ©Richard Seaman; (bl) ©Alex All rights reserved.;Lawler; Ecoscene/Corbis; (cl) (tl) ©Wayne Animals/Earth Scenes. Clyne/OSF/Animals (bg) ©D.

Chapter 27: Animal Behavior 801 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=B

DATA ANALYSIS 2G Constructing Bar GraphS An ethogram is a catalogue of the types of behaviors an animal may perform. A time budget shows how much time organisms TABLE 1. KITE BEHAVIOR spend engaged in each type of behavior. Scientists can use these Behavior Time (min) time budgets to compare patterns of behavior between different Active perching 162 species, or between different sexes or age groups of the same species. Hunting flight 194 Table 1 contains data that were recorded through observations Cruising flight 4 of male and female black-shouldered kites, a type of hawk, Other flight 7 during the summer. Feeding nestlings 26 1. Graph Data Construct a time budget that shows the Source: Jaksic et al. The Condor 89:4. percent of time (per 24-hour period) the hawks spent in each behavior. (Hint: Remember to convert the amount of time to a percent before graphing.) 2. Analyze What behavior did the hawks spend the most time engaged in? Why do you think this behavior was most common?

Other Eusocial Animals Eusocial termites, snapping shrimp, and naked mole rats are all normal, diploid animals. But their colonies are still made up of closely related animals. These animals often live in areas where it is difficult for individuals to survive on their own. For example, naked mole rats live in colonies of 70 to 80 indi- viduals dominated by a single queen and a few fertile male “kings.” Most of the colony are the queen’s siblings or offspring. Nonreproducing adults are either soldiers or workers. Soldiers defend the colony, while workers work together as a chain gang to dig through the soil to find edible tubers. This eusocial behavior may have evolved due to the amount of work needed to find food. If leaving the colony leads to starvation, kin selection may favor staying in the burrow to work together as a group instead. Apply How are eusocial behavior and a species’ level of relatedness connected?

Self-check Online HMDScience.com 27.4 Formative Assessment go online Reviewing Main Ideas Critical thinking CONNECT TO 1. Outline the costs and benefits of 5. Connect Give an example of Genetics living in a group. 7D reciprocal behavior from everyday 7. How is a haplodiploid 2. Use an example to explain what social life. species different from a behavior is. 6. Analyze Why might a juvenile diploid species? 3. What are the three types of helpful scrub jay help its parents raise a behavior? new brood of chicks instead of building its own nest? 4. What characteristic makes a social group eusocial?

802 Unit 8: Animals CorrectionKey=B DO NOT EDIT--Changes mustbemadethrough “File info”

©Jim Wallace/Duke University Photography FIGURE 5.1 cultural behavior insight cognition VOCABULARY place images inthecorrect order. sequences ofimages andcan tothe ability remember long have shown that lemurs have than other primates, studies to ha 27.5 ve fewer cognitive abilities

While considered Animal Cognition Animal intelligence is difficult to intelligence define. Animal difficult is toability thinkabouttheworld? from where didhumancognition come? Anddoother animals share ofthis aspects invented from objects, theclothes we wear to thebuildings inwhichwe live. But No onewould denythat humansare intelligent animals. We surround ourselves with Connect to Your World Ke behaviors requiring complex cognitive abilities.

y an animal’s cognitive abilities to distinguish difficult can from be other factors tive abilities more can be and objectively measured. described However, even a higherlevel of cognition can solve more complex problems. behavior includes also awareness and ability the to judge. Animals with mental process of knowing through perception or reasoning. Cognitive

FIGURE 5.1, pares with ahuman’s is no longer of a focus research. Instead, as shown in to human standards. Today, learning how an animal’s level of intelligence com- studies was determining animal acertain was whether “intelligent” according In of first half the century, 20th the of focus the many animal intelligence MAI MAI C

o In co Cognitive may ability provide anadaptive advantage for livinginsocial groups. Some animals can s Animal intelligence isdifficultto define. N n N ID c ID posture is an example of cognition on adifferent level. it argued can be that its ability to perceive changes inits trainer’s animals. While horse the was unable to solve mathematical problems, trates how it to can determine be difficult cognitive the abilities of correct answer, and would stop tapping its hoof. This example illus- able to perceive increased tension the inits trainer it when neared the changes posture inthe or expressions facial of its trainer. The horse was nothing to do with mathematical Instead, skills. it was relying on was found that horse’s the ability to tap out correct the answer had hoof to tap out correct the answer. However, upon closer inspectionit HansClever able to be seemed to solve math questions by using its that might an affecting animal’s be behavior. tha Analyze ept ntrast to intelligence, to and define which measure, is difficult cogni- E E scientists study an animal’s cognitive abilities. For e n its “intelligence” when studying animal behavior? A AS

Some animals other thanhumanse

xample, early inthe 1900s,ahorse inGermany nicknamed Why do scientists focus on an animal’s cognitive abilities rather rather abilities cognitive animal’s an on focus scientists Why do olve problems.

Cognition xhibit Chapter 27: Animal Behavior

is the

803 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=B

MAIN IDEA Some animals can solve problems. Web Scientists sometimes study how animals think by giving them problems to solve. If cognition involves the ability to invent new behaviors in new situa- HMDScience.com tions, then animals with cognitive abilities should be able to solve problems GO ONLINE they have never encountered before. Different species react to new situations Animal Cognition with varying amounts of success. Problem-Solving Behavior Researchers have observed extremely complex problem-solving behavior in primates, dolphins, and the corvids—a group of birds that includes crows, ravens, and jays. In one classic study, a chimpanzee was placed in a room containing boxes, sticks, and a banana hung out of reach. At first, the chimp sat around and did nothing. But after a while it suddenly piled up the boxes and climbed up to knock down the fruit with a stick. This ability to solve a problem mentally without repeated trial and error is called insight. Tool Use Tools are inanimate objects that help an animal accomplish a task, such as collecting hard-to-reach foods. A number of different animals use tools. For example, Australian bottlenose dolphins use pieces of sponge to cover their snouts when foraging. In addition to protecting their noses from stonefish stings, this method also helps to scare up fish from the ocean floor. Some primates and New Caledonian crows have been observed making tools. Chimpanzees trim sticks to make termite probes. As shown in Figure 5.2, brown capuchin monkeys use rocks to crack open palm nuts. In one experiment, crows given straight wires bent the wire to make a hook and then used it to fish food out of a tube. Tool use itself is not a sign of cognitive ability. But making tools suggests that an animal can understand cause and effect, and can make predictions about its own behavior. Contrast What is the difference between insight and associative learning?

FIGURE 5.2 Brown capuchin MAIN IDEA monkeys use a rock to crack open the hard shells of palm nuts. Cognitive ability may provide an adaptive advantage for living in social groups. Animals we recognize as the most “intelligent” often have two things in common. They have relatively large brains for their body size, and they live in complex social groups. More neurons may mean more interconnections and greater opportunities for complex behaviors to emerge. But evidence suggests that it is just as important to live in a group with a complex social system. ©Pete Oxford/Minden Pictures ©Pete

804 Unit 8: Animals CorrectionKey=B DO NOT EDIT--Changes mustbemadethrough “File info”

©Michael Brooke/OSF/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes. All rights reserved. Connect 27.5 3. 2. 1. Re th of information to individual’s the advantage. animals These must able be to reproducing on depend remembering and beingable to avast use amount to enhance transmission the and expression of cultural behaviors. cultural behavior. However, living groups closetogether insocial may help scientists would argue that transmission the of birdsong is an example of behavior not does require living incomplex For societies. example, some behavior is taught to one generation by another. The development of cultural learning, rather than by The key to selection. cultural behavior is that the • • • •

e elephants shown in cognitive abilities. group mightselect for increased Explain how livinginac insight means. what solving aproblem by using Use anex to define? Why isanimal intel vi Animals that live inlarge groups structure, with adefinitesuch social as Cultural behavior use t use keep t rem ide e

wi ntify otherntify individuals group inthe ember which individuals are and allies their rivals What is an example of cultural behavior from your life? your from behavior cultural of example an is What his information to own their advantage Formative Assessment rack of constantly the changing state of affairs among individuals ng ample to explain

M ligence difficult ai is behavior that is spread through apopulation by n I omplex social F igure d e as 5.3, are surrounded by politics.and Surviving 5. 4. C

ri

nearby door? to determine whichkey opensa a table. How mightyou use insight Analyze reasoning. of of snow monkeys. Is thisanexample about thepotato-washing behavior Apply t cultural behavior? Explain your ical

In Section 2, y 2, In Section

th There are thr i n ki ng ou learned ee keys on go FIGURE 5.3 6. S within theirgroup. animals tha ci

online CO human behavior? might scientists learn about primate behavior? What inter Why are scientists so ent NNE HMDScience.com Self-check Online ested in studying ested instudying Chapter 27: Animal Behavior Chapter 27: Animal Behavior ific C

t form close bonds T Elephants are social

T

Proc O e ss

805 CorrectionKey=A DO NOT EDIT--Changes mustbemadethrough “File info” Unit 806

CHAPTER summarize Use Concept Map 27.2 27.1 27 Key Con Key G N I D A E R

8: beh ing tions. can learned behaviors. behavior. B tha cyc to vidual’s a its tion to B Instinct andLearningInstinct Adaptive Value ofBehavior

Animals

ehavior oth way

tri the beh

t les.

are aviors

modify tha are your gger

genes c of ir Clas S

Migr avior.

Hib two epts

wel

t env con components.

mai has

lets

spe ummary are not sical

ernation ation Innate Many l-being.

ironment.

trolled ex their and An

ntaining

the

cific a org res es B

amples

which concept x o b l o o T iologic

conditioning ani

ponses on anisms environment behaviors

pot

behavior controls behavior Cyclical behavior beh

mal’s

Int by

and cy

ential include hom

al

ernal aviors.

an clical of Animals A

mig clock beh res to map

sti ani ass eostasis.

s

to

s pond sti and mulus ration to

avior

mal’s

behavior hav

ociative are Som

and muli like mak

adap

affect that ext e

inborn

rap

e

bio can

operant the both e are is

tha

Man ernal

beh

an t

a idly are

logical

Sy

to

s.

le two t be typ one

an

org

aff aviors y arning.

innat

n

instinctiv able

new

sti and

con ani e animal’s

th ect anism

beh

below condition- muli of

clo mal

sidered esi

e

ada

to

situa- occ an inf

aviors and ck.

int

z

le cha orma- ptively ind

ur e

e

to arn eract

Y

i- nge in

ou as learned B

ig

r Use Process Diagram a below No

stimulus. I Stimulus occurs dea

t behaviors

27.4 27.3 27.5 es

to

summarize

the members species. benefit intera group. Social benefits risk costs rat cert Every population Cultural animals awar animals. animal requiring Some altruism. are them. the members ior Social Behavior Evolution ofBehavior Animal Cognition

es

scientists

an to individual benefits co ain eness, O

cel

of ctions

include

behavior Eusoci animals

behaviors quickly sts. ex sti rganisms Sensory intel

Social behavior

ls

other can Altruistic behavior

Chara

repr mulus ample

outweigh

compl det

your of at Animals

perc

ligence by a

sol

between the oduction. al

ect the of are proc

group energ cteristics perf behavior

other adap le

ve behavior

not

eption, of

living

ex has

arning

use co s able same enhance

is probl

behavior ess include orming

extr

es cognitiv st is perf

the t behavior y

costs

instinctive

than

difficult

to

of to in co on dia

eme

s

ra ems

Three re orm

co

s of

a their

sts, study are

gram ther an asoning,

humans

and sts. incre animal s

e

through animal’ opportunit

behavior

abilities.

that

to than ca environment

like benefits. the

ased

behaviors tegories define,

cognition

and is

exhibit the cognitiv by s

spre

the respons survivor

s

sel

judgment.

Even one for

y

animal ad use

ection.

of Benefits co

behaviors

e which and

through

. include

though

behavior sts, of abilities e ship

to behav- insight.

and

Some

the

and of

a

of

al

(l) ©Scott Tysick/Masterfile; (r) ©Staffan Widstrand/Nature Picture Library CorrectionKey=B DO NOT EDIT--Changes mustbemadethrough “File info”

CHAPTER 27 TOOLBOXREADING

the terms are connected. below, write asentence ortwo to clearly explain how each other invarious ways. For each group ofwords The vocabulary terms in thischapter are related to V the two terms ineach ofthefollowing pairs. Describe onesimilarity andonedifference between Compare andContrast R 27.2 27.1 Chapter vo 10. 12. 11. 8. 6. 4. 2. 5. 9. ocabulary C 3. 7. 1. eviewing

meaning “to move.” Explain thisconnection. The term kinesis definition ofanaltruistic individual? meaning “other.” How isthismeaning related to the The term altruism meaning of pheromone? meaning “impulse.” How dothese words relate to the Greek words pherein, meaning “to carry,” and horme, The term pher this meaning relates to habituation. habitus, whichmeans “condition orhabit.” Explain how The term habituation innatinstinct, meaning relates to stimulus. which means “t The term stimuluscomes from aLatin word, stimulare, altruism, eusoci survivorship, t stimulus, taxis territori cultural beha classic

r innate instinct biological clock circ taxis kinesis stimulus eleaser adian rhythm al conditioning, operant conditioning Review ality, optimal foraging onnections c V abulary vior, imitation ocabulary e erritoriality omone comes from acombination ofthe o goad, prod, orurge.” Explain how this al comes from theGreek word kinein, comes from theLatin word alter, comes from theLatin word W Greek and ord O ri g L ins 27.3 atin

optimal foraging territori survivorship operant conditioning classical conditioning imitation imprinting habituation ality R

20. 24. 22. 25. 23. 18. 16. 14. 21. 19. 13. 15. 17. eviewing Review Games•ConceptMapSectionSelf-Checks Go online

What are some ofthecharacteristics ofinnate behaviors? to lead to migration insongbirds. Identify theinternal ande respons What istherole ofthenervous system inananimal’s insight? What is theconnec What are thechar is thisanaltruistic behavior? and sounds analarm call ifabird ofprey issighted. Why In themeerkat group, oneanima performances ofsage grouses? mates by acourtship display suchasthecompetitive What informa in agroup? food during da Arctic ground squirrels live ingroups andforage for your answer. and benefitofthisbehavior to thesongbirds? Explain hawk Groups of small songbirds often will mobanowl ora time-consuming behavior isimportant. boundaries oftheterritory withurine.Explain whythis 3000 squar The territory ofapack ofgray wolves can bemore than Describe thebenefitsandcosts ofmigratory behavior. forimportant ananimal’s survival? How t istheability When doeshabituation occur? . They fly around itandcall loudly. What isthecost HMDScience.com Interact 7D e to astimulus?

e kilometers. Thealpha male marksthe 27.5 27.4 M tion mightbeprovided to potential ylight. Whatylight. isthecost offoraging AIN

eusocial kin selection inclusive fitnes altruism pheromone cultural beha insight cognition acteristics ofeusocial behavior? i o adapt behaviors to new situations ve Review tion between cognitive and ability 7D

IDEAS xternal factors that are likely vior 11a s l always stands guard Chapter 27: Animal Behavior 11a, 11B 7D 7D

807 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=B

Critical Thinking 26. Connect Your alarm clock wakes you up, and you get Analyzing Data Construct a Bar Graph ready for school. You eat breakfast but then eat one The graph below shows a time budget for different more slice of toast. After stepping outside, you go back behaviors exhibited by grizzly bears in a national park in in to get a lighter jacket. Identify all the stimuli in this the Yukon Territory, Canada. Use the data to answer the scene and whether they are internal or external. next three questions. 11a, 11B

27. Apply A zookeeper needs to use a scale to measure the Grizzly Bear Behavior weight of an otter. How might she use operant condi- 60 tioning to get the otter onto the scale? Eating 50 28. Analyze Gray wolves live in packs with about 6 to 15 Resting 40 members. Young pups remain behind while the older Foraging animals hunt for prey as a group. They often seek out 30 old, sick, and slower prey animals. All of the adults Traveling regurgitate food for the pups. Suggest two costs and 20 Interaction with two benefits of gray wolf feeding behavior. 10 di erent species Interaction between Percent time spent in behavior Percent 0 29. Infer The unison call is performed by a pair of whoop- female and cubs ing cranes. The male and female each have their own Behavior notes and perform this call often when they arrive at their nesting area. Suggest some reasons why the birds Source: MacHutchon Ursus 12:2001. 7D perform this call. 34. Analyze What behavior did the bears engage in most of 30. Apply You buy a bag of raisins. There are no directions the time? on how to open it. There is no tab to pull. You do not 35. Analyze Do the bears interact more often with other have scissors to cut the bag open. You examine the bag bears or with other species in this park? for a few seconds and then pull the seams of the sealed top apart to open it. What type of problem-solving 36. Infer What can you infer about the habitat based on behavior did you demonstrate? Explain your answer. the data for foraging and eating? Interpreting Visuals Use the photograph to answer the next three questions. Making Connections 37. Write a Fable You may remember reading Aesop’s fables as a child. A fable is a story that ends with a moral, or lesson, such as “the early bird gets the worm.” This chapter described reasons for animal behaviors, various types of responses, and the situations in which behav- iors might occur. Write a short fable about an animal’s behavior, in which the moral of the story illustrates the adaptive value of the behavior. 38. Analyze Consider again the chimpanzee shown on the chapter opener. Why might scientists be interested in studying tool use in primates such as chimpanzees?

31. Infer Why do you think the baby elephants are traveling between the adults? 11B 32. Analyze For which elephants might there be a benefit for this type of behavior and for which elephants might there be a cost? 11B 33. Evaluate If there is a benefit, does it outweigh the cost? Explain your answer. 7D ©Gallo Images/Terra/Corbis

808 Unit 8: Animals Biology End-of-Course Exam Practice

Record your answers on a separate piece of paper. 11A MULTIPLE CHOICE 4

2D 1 Students plan an experiment to determine whether fish exhibit different feeding behaviors when presented with food flakes of different colors. The students predict that fish will be able to see brightly colored flakes more easily and will therefore eat more of these flakes. This prediction most closely resembles a scientific — A theory B hypothesis C conclusion D law The action illustrated above will most likely result 12A in a response produced by the — 2 A female ground squirrel may send out a call A nervous system warning her offspring that a predator is near. B respiratory system Often, the mother sacrifices her own life since the C endocrine system predator can more easily locate her from the call. Even though this behavior results in death, it is D immune system beneficial to her in that — 6F A half of her alleles are preserved in each offspring 5 Alleles for Rabbit Fur Color and Nose Color B all of her alleles are preserved in each offspring Allele Trait C the predator may be less likely to attack the F Gray Fur population again f Brown Fur D the alleles that caused her behavior will no N Pink Nose longer be in the gene pool n Black Nose 12C 3 When a frog hunts, it catches its prey with flicks In a hypothetical rabbit species, fur color and of its long, sticky tongue. Energy obtained from nose color are traits that are each controlled by eating the insect that is not used or stored in the one gene that can occur in a dominant form or body is — a recessive form. Females of the species prefer to mate with gray males with pink noses over brown A passed on to offspring males with black noses. A gray female (Ff ) with B recycled within the frog a black nose (nn) mates with a gray male (Ff ) C lost to the environment as heat with a pink nose (Nn) and produces a litter of D available to organisms that eat the frog eight rabbits. Theoretically, how many of the offspring will have brown fur and black noses? THINK THROUGH THE QUESTION A 0 Consider the flow of energy through an energy B 1 ­pyramid. In which directions does energy flow? C 2 D 4

Chapter 27: Animal Behavior 809 DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=A

UNIT 8: animals 3A, 3D, 11C, 12F ZINE at HMDSCIENCE.COM BIOINternet MAGAZINE

Go online for the latest biology news and updates on all BioZine articles.

Expanding the Textbook

News Feeds

Science Daily

CNN

BBC

Emperor tamarins are omnivores that eat fruits, insects, flowers, and nectar. As seed dispersers for a variety of plant species, these primates are important to the health of the Careers tropical rain forest ecosystems in which they live.

Bio Bytes

Opinion Poll The Loss of Biodiversity Extinction is occurring at its fastest rate in Strange Biology the last 100,000 years. As humans develop land for agriculture and other human needs, ecosystems are changed. Each time an acre of land is lost, species that once lived there may be lost as well. Rain forests, for example, are areas with high biodiver- sity, and wide swaths are being destroyed by humans. Why is biodiversity important? How does its loss affect you? ©Claus Meyer/Minden Pictures

810 Unit 8: Animals CorrectionKey=A DO NOT EDIT--Changes mustbemadethrough “File info”

(tr) ©Gerry Ellis/Minden Pictures; (cr) ©Manfred Kage/Peter Arnold, Inc.; (b) ©Getty Images; (br) ©Sally A. Morgan; Ecoscene/Corbis TECHNOLOGY the specialized microbes to thesite to break down thetoxins. contaminated site. Whenthisisthecase, theclean-up crew adds Sometimes theneededmicrobes donot naturally occur inthe polluted environment iscalled bioremediation. and most other animals. Usingmicroorganisms to clean upa Some bacteria can eat substances that would befatal to humans Microorganisms can beused to clean upwastes that are spilled. Bioremediation • • • • • thatspecies are threatened with extinction include by end the of century. this Across animal globe, the of extinction,gone over be will of half species these living100 million At species on Earth. current rates Biologists estimate that there are 10and between Biodiversity at Risk we are even aware of existence. their dreds of thousands disappear of will species before 20minutes! every we aspecies number; lose Hun- currentthe rate of extinction greatly exceeds that year. 10and per between to 100species be However, background, or normal, extinction rate is calculated Usingoccurring. from evidence fossil the record, the Read More >>

Extin 70 per 30 per 28 per 21 per 12 per

bacteria diebecause they have runoutoffood. hasbeencomplWhen thespill surviv will Oxygen andnutrientsare added so that more bacteria molecules suchascarbon dioxide andwater. smaller orcompletely parts, degrade itinto inorganic form that isnot dangerous, break thecompound into break themdown. They may change thetoxin to another Surviving bact The waste most kills bacteria, butafew survive andadapt. Toxic waste, suchascrudeoil,isspilled onsoil orinwater. ction is anatural process and is always cent of plants all cent of amphibians all cent of reptiles all cent of mammals all cent of birds all

at e to helpbreak down thetoxins. HMDScience.com eria feed onthetoxins that were spilled and

etely broken down, 11C 12F (colored SEM; magnification 300 magnification SEM; (colored inate soil polluted by oilspills. putida bacteria (inset) to decontam- Clean-up crews use thePseudomonas they mightthey have able been to gain by studying it. biologistsbecomes extinct, whatever lose knowledge not addictive. aplant, Everytime animal, or microbe is 200times strongerpainkiller than morphine, but is fromextract skinof the an Ecuadorianfrog. The biologists are developing on an based apainkiller from plants, animals, and microbes. For example, approximatelybe annually. $33trillion market value, biologists estimate that cost the would had on to pay their based for ecosystem services have an services These economic value. If humans vegetation, and of dispersal nutrient seeds, cycling. and drought control, pollination of crops and other of charge, including air and water purification, flood human communities free with anumber of services Ecosystems provide Biodiversity The Value of In ad dition, 40percent of medicines are all derived 3 ) BioZine 811 CorrectionKey=A DO NOT EDIT--Changes mustbemadethrough “File info” Unit 812 UNIT 8 UNIT more efficient and stable that that stable and efficient more Read More >> that live in an ecosystem, the the ecosystem, an in live that In general, the more species species more the general, In • • sity. Two of unanswered these questions include questions remain about how to best protect biodiver- As you have learned, biodiversity valuable. is very Yet Unanswered Questions birds and to help insects reproduce. them staple crop plants, animal need pollinators such as many plants, including 75percent of world’s the more oxygen than an orchard of apple full trees. Also, Forbe. example, arain forest can produce much tem, more the efficient and stable that ecosystem will sity plays an important inecosystem part stability. current population. argue In they fact, that biodiver- simply to harvested provide for of needs the its must maintainedEarth be for future generations, not arguments as shortsighted. is that Their view the • • • include following: the to develop. Arguments infavor of development andin azoo rest the of world the belongs to humans Some people might suggest that biodiversity belongs Does Biodiversity Really Matter?

harming country’s the economic growth? How can biodiversity without preserved be biodiversity are located indeveloping countries. Som How c In ge Con increasing human population. as farmland to provide more for food arapidly Lan arewho living inpoverty. Eco livesspecies forever. New replace species old ones. The r 8:

Animals

B nomic development provides jobs to people d set aside asbetterd set wildernesscould used be servation biologistsservation pro-development the view 12F e of areas the with highest the amount of neral, more the that species live inan ecosys- ise and of ofise is part fall species nature. No io ecosystem will be. be. will ecosystem an we slow down current the extinction rate?

at Z HMDScience.com ine

3A, 3D, 12F

endangered specieslistin1999. ha 80 and90percent. populations had declinedbetween By themid-1970s, peregrine falcon ve rebounded. CAREERS will dojust fine.”will they’re always gettinginto trouble. ButIthink they haven’t had parents,” Montoya says. “Just like juveniles, first year they are pretty vulnerable because they isn’t easy to keep tabs onafalcon, however. “Their monitors falcons that have already beenreleased. It have beenraised incaptivity back into thewild, and the falcon since 1992. Hehelps release falcons that Montoya’s life work. Hehasmonitored andresearched Texas. falcons to bereintroduced to anarea near ElPaso, Mexico. Hiswork helpedto make itpossible for the he found apopulation ofAplomados inChihuahua, Montoya decidedto go looking for theraptors, and United States duringthefirst half ofthe20thcentury. of prey that disappeared from thesouthwestern He became interested in theAplomado falcon, abird at Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge inTexas. In 1990,Angel Montoya was astudentintern working Conservation Biologist inAction University Science, New Mexico State edu The P tit A Read More >> n Restora l g cation e e eregrine Fund l M Senior Field Biologist, tion oftheAplomado falcon became onto T

hey w at M.S., Wildlif M.S., T oday, their numbers HMDScience.com y a ere taken offthe e

(tr) ©blickwinkel/Alamy; (cr) ©The Peregrine Fund