Tobacco and Development
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The Network The Development Studies Network Ltd is a registered, not for profit, organisation that provides information and discussion on social and economic development issues. It publishes a quarterly journal, Development Bulletin, runs regular seminars on developing policy and annual conferences on international development. Members of the Network are encouraged to contribute information and papers to the Development Bulletin. Subscription to the Development Bulletin includes membership of the Network. This allows you to publicise in the Development Bulletin information about new development-related books, papers, journals, courses or conferences. Being a member of the Network allows you special discounts to Network seminars and conferences. Network Office Bearers National Patron Advisory Board The Right Honourable Mr Ian Sinclair Janet Hunt Dr John Browett, Dean, School of Social Sciences and Board of Directors Director Development Studies Centre, Flinders University Dr Pamela Thomas Professor John Overton, Director, Development Studies Associate Professor Joe Remenyi, Deakin University Centre, Massey University Dr Robert Crittenden, ANUTECH Pty Ltd Dr Terry Hull, Director, Demography Program, Australian Dr Elspeth Young, Australian National University National University Dr Gary Simpson, Project Management and Design Pty Ltd Dr Malama Meleisea, UNESCO, Bangkok Professor Gavin Jones, Australian National University Mr Bob McMullan, MP, Canberra Dr Sharon Bessell, Australian National University Associate Professor Mark McGillivray, RMIT University Editorial Board Dr Pamela Thomas,' Managing Editor Editor Dr Penelope Schoeffel, University of Auckland Dr Pamela Thomas Dr Elspeth Young, Australian National University Professor Dick Bedford, University ofWaikato Associate Editors Professor Dean Forbes, Flinders University Tanya Mark Professor R. Gerard Ward, Australian National Catherine Baird University Professor Cherry Gertzel, Curtin University Professor Joe Remenyi, Deakin University (Book Review Editor) Correspondence Development Bulletin Development Studies Network Ltd Research School of Social Sciences, Australian National University Canberra ACT 0200, Australia Tel: 61 2 6125 2466, 61 2 6125 8257 Fax: 61 2 6125 9785 E-mail: [email protected] ISSN 1035-1132 The Development Studies Network Ltd A.C.N. 084 750 989 Features Introduction: Including tobacco on the development agenda 4 Pamela Thomas Sustainable health development: Negotiation of the WHO Framework 6 Convention on Tobacco Control Allyn L. Taylor and Douglas W Bettcher Trade agreements and tobacco control: How WTO agreements 11 may stand in the way of reducing tobacco use Neil Collishaw and Cynthia Callard Tobacco control in developing countries 15 Prabhat jha, Frank J Chaloupka, Hana Ross and Christina Czart The tobacco epidemic: Some future scenarios 19 judith Mackay Tobacco control and gender: A need for new approaches for the 23 Asia-Pacific region enI , Martha Morrow Youth smoking and tobacco tax 27 joyTowmend Challenging tobacco transnationals: Infact's Kraft boycott 29 Kathryn Mulvey c Special Report: Criminal organizations and cigarette smuggling 33 The International Comortium ofInvestigative journalists (I) The Australian National Tobacco Strategy 35 Leanne Wells I , Australia's national tobacco campaign: Strong medicine for a big problem 39 David Hill The Politics of tobacco control in Australia 43 john Ballard c Learning from experience: Future directions for tobacco control 47 jane Martin, Trish Cotter and Rob Moodie Protecting young children from environmental tobacco smoke 52 0 Trish Cotter The social and ec6nomic impacts of tobacco in Asia and the Pacific 55 Harley Stanton Fighting tobacco in Asia 59 MaryAssunta Thai tobacco control: Development through strategic alliances 63 Prakit Vateesatokit Smoking and development in the Pacific 6 7 Harley Stanton Tobacco control: The Fiji experience 69 Margaret Cornelius The current tobacco situation in Papua New Guinea 72 Paul Freeman Tobacco use prevention and control activities in the Republic of Palau 7 6 Annabel Lyman Youth tobacco use in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands 7 8 Abrahams and Norma Ada April2001 Viewpoint Becoming a professional victim 79 Francis X Hezel Update Capacity building in the wake ofconflict: Local N GOs in East Timor 82 /an Patrick Publications Books 87 Reports and monographs 92 en Newsletters and journals 96 I • Conferences Conference reports 97 c Courses 101 (]) Resources Organisations 103 I • Materials 107 Electronic fora 109 c From the press 111 ACFOA Briefing 0 Building a secure region 115 2 Development Bulletin 54 Editor's notes It is not often in development research, practice or theory that most current development concerns can be clearly illustrated in a single case study. This special issue of Development en Bulletin investigates the way globalisation, world trade agreements, multinational corporations, donor assistance and governance impact on opportunities for poverty Q) reduction and social and economic development. Tobacco provides the case study. If current trends continue, by 2020 tobacco will cause more deaths than HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis combined. Tobacco is perhaps among the greatest but least recognised I , causes of poverty and underdevelopment. This issue was timed to provide information on, and support for, the global meeting of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control being organised by the World Health Organisation in Geneva at the end of April 200I. Through our extensive network of 0 readers, we hope that the information included here will lead to global strategies that will support poverty reduction and healthful development. With support from the Australian Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care, we have asked economists, medical specialists, lawyers, anthropologists, health promotion experts, social scientists, journalists, marketing specialists and lobbyists to consider the relationship between tobacco and development. We also sought information on effective z tobacco control strategies and the experiences of different countries in developing and implementing such strategies. Support for this special issue We are very grateful for financial support and encouragement from the Tobacco and Alcohol Strategies Section of the Australian Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care. We are also grateful for AusAID's assistance in funding the printing and distribution of an additional 500 copies for distribution in the Asia-Pacific region. The collaborative effort of two Australian government agencies is in keeping with good development principles. We would like to point out that the views or recommendations in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of the Department of Health and Aged Care, the Department 0 of Foreign Affairs and Trade or the Development Studies Network. I ' From the field • In keeping with the tobacco theme, Francis Hezel of the Melanesian Seminar considers the growth of the 'victim mentality' in the Republic of the Marshall Islands in relation to litigation between the Marshallese Government and a leading American tobacco manufacturer. ACFOA briefing ACFOA Policy Director Jim Redden and Policy Officer Andrew Nette report on the ACFOA 200 I aid budget submission. This report, which provides a concise overview of crucial development issues, incorporates the views ofACFOA's I 00-plus member agencies. Back half Tanya Mark has put together the back half of this Development Bulletin. She has searched the press, the Internet, libraries and academic bookshelves for up-to-date information on tobacco-related research, publications, courses, materials and websites. Enjoy smoke-free reading and thinking. Pamela Thomas April2001 3 Introduction: Including tobacco on the development agenda Pamela Thomas, Development Studies Network, The Australian National University Tobacco use is rapidly becoming a critical development issue for address tobacco control. The Framework Convention on Tobacco the twenty-first century. However, it is still not widely considered Control (FCTC) will provide an integrated global regulatory to be a developmental problem. In many countries it has low environment for tobacco control. This will help countries in their priority as either a health or economic issue. In many developing attempts to control the marketing and distribution of tobacco countries, tobacco production and the manufacture of cigarettes . products by the large and powerful multinational tobacco are considered important opportunities for export earnings - corporations and will provide an accepted framework within which approaches that are promoted by multinational tobacco companies. small and poorer developing countries can participate in global There is limited consideration of the social and economic costs of tobacco control initiatives. WHO has strongly promoted tobacco tobacco use or its long-term impact on health. Currently, 4 million control for some years through its Tobacco-Free Initiatives and, in people die each year from tobacco-related illnesses; by the year the Pacific, its Tobacco or Health programme. The FCTC is the 2030, it is estimated that this will have risen to 8 million, most of first global tobacco control initiative. Allyn Taylor and Douglas whom will live in developing countries. Betcher provide background information on the work ofWH 0 This special volume of Development Bulletin provides a chilling and the development of the FCTC. case study of the role tobacco plays in social