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460271 1 En Bookfrontmatter 1..26 Regional Geology Reviews Series Editors Roland Oberhänsli, Potsdam, Brandenburg, Germany Maarten J. de Wit, AEON-ESSRI, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa François M. Roure, Rueil-Malmaison, France The Geology of series seeks to systematically present the geology of each country, region and continent on Earth. Each book aims to provide the reader with the state-of-the-art understanding of a regions geology with subsequent updated editions appearing every 5 to 10 years and accompanied by an online “must read” reference list, which will be updated each year. The books should form the basis of understanding that students, researchers and professional geologists require when beginning investigations in a particular area and are encouraged to include as much information as possible such as: Maps and Cross-sections, Past and current models, Geophysical investigations, Geochemical Datasets, Economic Geology, Geotourism (Geoparks etc), Geo-environmental/ecological concerns, etc. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8643 Zakaria Hamimi • Ahmed El-Barkooky • Jesús Martínez Frías • Harald Fritz • Yasser Abd El-Rahman Editors The Geology of Egypt 123 Editors Zakaria Hamimi Ahmed El-Barkooky Department of Geology Department of Geology Benha University Cairo University Benha, Egypt Giza, Egypt Jesús Martínez Frías Harald Fritz Institutes of Geosciences Department of Geology and Environment Ciudad University Earth Science Madrid, Spain University of Graz Vienna, Austria Yasser Abd El-Rahman Department of Geology Cairo University Giza, Egypt ISSN 2364-6438 ISSN 2364-6446 (electronic) Regional Geology Reviews ISBN 978-3-030-15264-2 ISBN 978-3-030-15265-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15265-9 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Book Cover Photo: Gravity-controlled east-vergent recumbent fold in the area north of Nuweiba’ City, western side of Gulf of Aqaba, Sinai (Photo by: Prof. M.A. Abd El-Wahed, Tanta University, Egypt) This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface Why This Book? The passion to understand the Geology of Egypt could be traced back to 1150 BC. In this year, the oldest geological map in the world was prepared to illustrate the geology of the Hammamat-Fawakhir area in the central part of the Eastern Desert of Egypt. This beautifully colored papyrus map, which is preserved in the Egyptian Museum in Turin (Italy), describes the distribution of sedimentary and igneous, mostly granitic, rocks in black and red colors, respectively. The map shows also the siltstone and sandstone (Bekhen stone) quarry and the gold-bearing quartz veins and the settlements that are related to the gold exploitation from the igneous rocks at Bir Umm Fawakhir area. In 1990 (A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam), Rushdi Said invited 40 scholars to participate in assembling the large amount of information that was accumulated since his earlier book on the Geology of Egypt, which was published by Elsevier in 1962. From 1990 to 2019, huge amount of data stemmed from advances in many techniques have been accumulated on diverse disciplines related to the geological evolution of Egypt. Thus, various ideas have been changed and many new models have been raised regarding our understanding of the geology of Egypt. In such circumstances, a new updated book on the Geology of Egypt becomes a must to integrate these new enormous data and to exhibit the revised thoughts and new models related to the geological evolution of Egypt. This is exactly the aim of our resurgent “Geology of Egypt” book, which presents the essence of data accumulated for almost 30 years since 1990 and their interpretation from the perspectives of the invited authors. Content This volume contains 18 chapters written by the following 58 contributors (arranged in alphabetical order): Abd El-Aziz Khairy Abd El-Aal, Abdel-Rahman Fowler, Adel R. Moustafa, Adel Surour, Ahmed El-Kammar, Ahmed Hassan Ahmed, Ahmed Madani, Ahmed N. El-Barkooky, Amr Abdelnasser, Baher El Kalioubi, Basem Zoheir, Bassem Abdellatif, Fathy Abdalla, Fekri A. Hassan, Hassan Khozyem, Hassan M. Helmy, John Dolson, K. R. McClay, Kamal Ali, Kamal Sakr, Karim Abdelmalik, L. Folco, M. Ligi, Marwah M. Kamal El-Din, Mohamed A. Hamdan, Mohamed Abd El-Wahed, Mohamed Ahmed, Mohamed El-Ahmadi Ibrahim, Mohamed El-Alfy, Mohamed El-Rawy, Mohamed El-Sharkawi, Mohamed Z. El-Bialy, Mona H. Darwish, Mortada El Aref, Nader A. Edress, Nagy Shawky Botros, Robert J. Stern, Samar Nour-El-Deen, Samir Khalil, Sultan Awad Sultan Araffa, W. Bosworth, W. U. Reimold, Wael Hagag, Wagieh E. El-Saadawi, Yasser Abdelrahman, Zainab M. El-Noamani, Zakaria Hamimi. We would like first to thank all of them for their valuable and impressive contributions to the Geology of Egypt. Chapter 1 “History of the Geological Research in Egypt” comprises six separate sections. In the first section, Mohamed El-Sharkawi highlighted the stages of the geological research in v vi Preface Egypt before the establishment of the Egyptian Geological Survey and Stages after. Hume’s book and Said’s ‘62 & ‘90 Books are dealt with in this part. In the second section, Nagy Shawky Botros shed much light on the History of geological mapping in Egypt since the Turin papyrus map that was drawn during the reign of Ramses IV (1156–1150 BC) and reveals the Bekhen stone quarries and the Fawakhir gold mines in the Wadi Hammamat in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. He addresses three episodes of mapping. In the third section, Ahmed A. Madani provides a noteworthy idea about the geological remote sensing publications in Egypt throughout some statistics on Satellite Sensors and techniques. In fourth section, Mohamed Ahmed and Bassam Abdellatif dealt with monitoring spatiotemporal variabilities in Egypt’s groundwater resources using GRACE data. In fifth section, Yasser M. Abd El-Rahman gave a comprehensive idea about geochronological measurements of the Egyptian basement complex and associated mineralization. In the last section, Sultan Awad Sultan Araffa briefly described several airborne survey data which are mainly magnetic, electromagnetic and in several sur- veys, total count (TC) radiation for Thorium, Uranium, and Potassium elements data. These airborne surveys were carried out for some authorities and institutions in Egypt, such as the Egyptian Geological Survey and Mining Authority (EGSMA), the Nuclear Materials Cor- poration (NMC), the Desert Research Institute (DRI), and the Egyptian General Petroleum Corporation (EGPC). Chapter 2 “Precambrian Basement Complex of Egypt, by Mohammed Z. El-Bialy” reviews different aspects of the Precambrian basement complex of Egypt based on the author’s*quarter-century research experience in the petrology and geochemistry of the dif- ferent basement rocks both in Sinai and the Eastern Desert of Egypt. This chapter presents integrated digest of the up-to-date published information, data, and ideas on the various Precambrian basement rock units. Apart from the introduction section, this chapter discusses three main topics, namely, nature and evolution of the basement crust, review of the Egyptian basement classifications and the Precambrian basement succession. The last topic is the most voluminous and covers the major part of the chapter. This foremost section provides a comprehensive preview on these basement rock units in a geochronological order starting from the oldest Archean–Mesoproterozoic “Metacratonic Gneisses of Uweinat-Kamil inlier”. With the exception of the Neoproterozoic “Alaskan-type mafic-ultramafic complexes” and “Katherina Volcanics” rock units, introduced herein for the first time, the rest of rock units dealt with have been formerly identified, although under different names, in earlier classifications. Chapter 3 “Structural and Tectonic Framework of Neoproterozoic Basement of Egypt: From Gneiss Domes to Transpression Belts, by: Abdel-Rahman Fowler and Zakaria Hamimi” addresses the Neoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the Egyptian Eastern Desert basement which is documented, predominantly through its history of structural events, and to a lesser degree, important magmatic and sedimentation events. Main outline of this chapter includes (1) introductory statement,
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