„We Hung on Every Word of Translation.“ Die Bedeutung Anglophoner Translator Innen Im Spanischen Bürgerkrieg (1936–1939)

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„We Hung on Every Word of Translation.“ Die Bedeutung Anglophoner Translator Innen Im Spanischen Bürgerkrieg (1936–1939) „We hung on every word of translation.“ Die Bedeutung anglophoner Translator_innen im Spanischen Bürgerkrieg (1936–1939) Masterarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Master of Arts (MA) an der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz vorgelegt von Julia KÖLBL am Institut für Theoretische und Angewandte Translationswissenschaft Begutachterin: Ao. Univ.-Prof.in Mag.a Dr.in phil. Michaela Wolf Graz, 2019 Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort ................................................................................................................................ 3 Einleitung ............................................................................................................................. 4 1. Der Spanische Bürgerkrieg ........................................................................................ 6 1.1. Der Konflikt ....................................................................................................................... 6 1.2. Die Internationalen Brigaden ........................................................................................... 11 2. Die anglophonen Interbrigadist_innen .................................................................... 15 2.1. Freiwillige aus Australien ................................................................................................ 15 2.2. Freiwillige aus Großbritannien ......................................................................................... 18 2.3. Freiwillige aus Irland ....................................................................................................... 23 2.4. Freiwillige aus Kanada ..................................................................................................... 26 2.5. Freiwillige aus den USA .................................................................................................. 30 2.6. Zusammenfassung ............................................................................................................ 34 3. Übersetzen und Dolmetschen bei den Internationalen Brigaden .......................... 37 3.1. Forschungsstand ............................................................................................................... 37 3.2. Einsatzbereiche von Translator_innen ............................................................................. 40 4. Anglophone Translator_innen ................................................................................. 43 4.1. Der Bürgerkrieg in schriftlicher Erinnerung .................................................................... 43 4.2. Anglophone Translatoren ................................................................................................. 52 4.3. Anglophone Translatorinnen ............................................................................................ 67 5. Netzwerk Spanischer Bürgerkrieg ........................................................................... 75 5.1. Die Akteur-Netzwerk-Theorie (ANT) von Bruno Latour ................................................ 75 5.2. Männerspezifische translatorische Akteur-Netzwerke ..................................................... 80 5.2.1. Arnold Jeans, Großbritannien .................................................................................. 81 5.2.2. Henning Sorenson, Kanada ...................................................................................... 86 5.2.3. Joseph Dallet, USA .................................................................................................. 90 5.3. Frauenspezifische translatorische Akteur-Netzwerke ...................................................... 95 5.3.1. Agnes Hodgson, Australien ...................................................................................... 96 5.3.2. Aileen Palmer, Australien ........................................................................................ 98 5.3.3. Rosita Davson und Nan Green, Großbritannien ..................................................... 104 5.3.4. Helen Grant und Charlotte Haldane, Großbritannien ............................................. 108 5.3.5. Fredericka Martin und Mildred Rackley, USA ...................................................... 111 Zusammenfassung ........................................................................................................... 115 Bibliografie ....................................................................................................................... 120 Tabellenverzeichnis ......................................................................................................... 132 2 Vorwort Als ich im März 2018 völlig unerwartet von Michaela Wolf gefragt wurde, Teil des von ihr initiierten Forschungsprojektes „Dolmetschen und Übersetzen bei den Internationalen Brigaden im Spanischen Bürgerkrieg, 1936–1939“ zu werden, wusste ich noch nicht, dass ich bereits ein Jahr später eine Masterarbeit zum Thema schreiben würde. Mit jedem Buch, das ich im Rahmen des Projektes las und mit jeder Geschichte, die ich dadurch kennenlernen durfte, wuchs auch mein Interesse an der weiteren Erforschung der Tätigkeiten freiwilliger Frauen und Männer im Bürgerkrieg. Den Fokus der Masterarbeit auf anglophone Translator_innen zu legen, war nicht nur durch meine Fremdsprachenkombination, sondern vor allem durch mein Aufgabengebiet im Projekt – die Bearbeitung der Freiwilligen aus dem englischsprachigen Raum – bedingt. Ich möchte diese Arbeit daher Michaela Wolf widmen, die mich nicht nur immer wieder aufs Neue mit ihrer Neugierde und Begeisterung für die Aufarbeitung dieses noch wenig erforschten Gebietes des Bürgerkrieges angesteckt hat, sondern mir von Anfang an großes Vertrauen bei der Erstellung meiner Arbeit geschenkt und in jeder Schreibphase die bestmögliche Betreuung gewährleistet hat. Abschließend möchte ich auch noch bei Jana Beck für ihre Genauigkeit und Geduld bei der Korrektur meiner Masterarbeit bedanken. 3 Einleitung Vor 80 Jahren endete der Spanische Bürgerkrieg mit dem Sieg der Nationalisten unter Francisco Franco, der Spanien jahrzehntelang diktatorisch regieren würde. Über die Dauer des Konfliktes wurde die Gegenseite von ungefähr 35.000 Freiwilligen aus 53 Nationen unterstützt, die als Internationale Brigaden an der Seite der Republikanischen Armee kämpften. Die durch den Einsatz der Internationalen Brigaden vorherrschende Sprachenvielfalt machte die Arbeit von Translator_innen unerlässlich. Bereits das Zitat im Titel dieser Masterarbeit „We hung on every word of translation“1, das dem Erinnerungsbericht eines US-amerikanischen Freiwilligen entnommen ist, lässt die Bedeutung und Notwendigkeit von Sprachmittlung im Bürgerkrieg erahnen. Die Übersetzungs- und Dolmetschtätigkeit im Spanischen Bürgerkrieg ist bislang jedoch nur vereinzelt Gegenstand der Forschung gewesen (siehe u.a. Baigorri Jalón 2012, 2019a und 2019b; Rodríguez Espinosa 2016, 2018a bzw. 2018b und Wolf 2017). Mit dieser Arbeit soll die sprachmittlerische Tätigkeit anglophoner Freiwilliger im Spanischen Bürgerkrieg erstmals umfassend auf Basis von translationswissenschaftlichen Fragestellungen aufgearbeitet werden. Vorrangiges Ziel ist es, Erkenntnisse über die Art der Handlungsbereiche, in denen translatorische Tätigkeiten im Bürgerkrieg ausgeführt wurden sowie über die darin agierenden Akteur_innen zu gewinnen. Die Untersuchung könnte ebenso erste wertvolle Aufschlüsse im Hinblick auf eine Translationstypologie im Kontext des Bürgerkrieges geben bzw. die Grundlagen dafür schaffen und somit zur Erweiterung des Verständnisses der Rolle von Translation im Spanischen Bürgerkrieg beitragen. Es gilt herauszufinden, worin die Spezifik der translatorischen Tätigkeit anglophoner Freiwilliger im Spanischen Bürgerkrieg lag und in welchen Bereichen diese in ihrer Funktion als Translator_innen tätig waren. Damit verbunden stellt sich auch die Frage nach der Rolle, die den Männern und Frauen in den jeweiligen Handlungsfeldern zukam und ob eine gewisse Rollenvielfalt manifest wurde. Wenn ja, inwieweit war die translatorische Tätigkeit mit weiteren Handlungsbereichen verknüpft und in welcher Form prägten die sprachmittlerischen Tätigkeiten dieser Personen in den translationsrelevanten Handlungsfeldern den Alltag bzw. Ablauf des Bürgerkrieges mit? 1 Tisa, John (1985:56) 4 Basierend auf diesen Fragestellungen wird zunächst davon ausgegangen, dass sich die Handlungsbereiche der männlichen und weiblichen Translator_innen stark voneinander unterscheiden, da Männer und Frauen nicht in denselben Funktionen nach Spanien kamen. Es wird weiter angenommen, dass die sprachlichen Kompetenzen der Translator_innen dazu führten, dass diese in den spezifischen Handlungsbereichen multiple Rollen innehatten, die durch ihre translatorische Tätigkeit bedingt waren. In ihren vielfältigen Funktionen – insbesondere jedoch in ihrer Rolle als Sprachmittler_innen – trugen sie aufgrund der Notwendigkeit von Translation maßgeblich zur Erreichung der jeweiligen Netzwerkziele bei und prägten somit in weiterer Folge den Kriegsalltag entscheidend mit. Im Zuge der Aufarbeitung der Fragestellungen wird methodisch in verschiedenen Schritten vorgegangen. Zunächst werden die politischen und sozio-kulturellen Hintergründe des Bürgerkrieges aufgearbeitet. Darüber hinaus wird näher auf den Aufbau und den Einsatz der Internationalen Brigaden sowie länderspezifisch auf die anglophonen Freiwilligen aus Australien, Großbritannien, Irland, Kanada und den USA eingegangen. In einem weiteren Schritt wird der Forschungsstand im Hinblick auf die Übersetzungs- und
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