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Who Freed Athens? J
Ancient Greek Democracy: Readings and Sources Edited by Eric W. Robinson Copyright © 2004 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd The Beginnings of the Athenian Democracv: Who Freed Athens? J Introduction Though the very earliest democracies lildy took shape elsewhere in Greece, Athens embraced it relatively early and would ultimately become the most famous and powerful democracy the ancient world ever hew. Democracy is usually thought to have taken hold among the Athenians with the constitutional reforms of Cleisthenes, ca. 508/7 BC. The tyrant Peisistratus and later his sons had ruled Athens for decades before they were overthrown; Cleisthenes, rallying the people to his cause, made sweeping changes. These included the creation of a representative council (bode)chosen from among the citizens, new public organizations that more closely tied citizens throughout Attica to the Athenian state, and the populist ostracism law that enabled citizens to exile danger- ous or undesirable politicians by vote. Beginning with these measures, and for the next two centuries or so with only the briefest of interruptions, democracy held sway at Athens. Such is the most common interpretation. But there is, in fact, much room for disagree- ment about when and how democracy came to Athens. Ancient authors sometimes refer to Solon, a lawgiver and mediator of the early sixth century, as the founder of the Athenian constitution. It was also a popular belief among the Athenians that two famous “tyrant-slayers,” Harmodius and Aristogeiton, inaugurated Athenian freedom by assas- sinating one of the sons of Peisistratus a few years before Cleisthenes’ reforms - though ancient writers take pains to point out that only the military intervention of Sparta truly ended the tyranny. -
Marathon 2,500 Years Edited by Christopher Carey & Michael Edwards
MARATHON 2,500 YEARS EDITED BY CHRISTOPHER CAREY & MICHAEL EDWARDS INSTITUTE OF CLASSICAL STUDIES SCHOOL OF ADVANCED STUDY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON MARATHON – 2,500 YEARS BULLETIN OF THE INSTITUTE OF CLASSICAL STUDIES SUPPLEMENT 124 DIRECTOR & GENERAL EDITOR: JOHN NORTH DIRECTOR OF PUBLICATIONS: RICHARD SIMPSON MARATHON – 2,500 YEARS PROCEEDINGS OF THE MARATHON CONFERENCE 2010 EDITED BY CHRISTOPHER CAREY & MICHAEL EDWARDS INSTITUTE OF CLASSICAL STUDIES SCHOOL OF ADVANCED STUDY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON 2013 The cover image shows Persian warriors at Ishtar Gate, from before the fourth century BC. Pergamon Museum/Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin. Photo Mohammed Shamma (2003). Used under CC‐BY terms. All rights reserved. This PDF edition published in 2019 First published in print in 2013 This book is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. More information regarding CC licenses is available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Available to download free at http://www.humanities-digital-library.org ISBN: 978-1-905670-81-9 (2019 PDF edition) DOI: 10.14296/1019.9781905670819 ISBN: 978-1-905670-52-9 (2013 paperback edition) ©2013 Institute of Classical Studies, University of London The right of contributors to be identified as the authors of the work published here has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Designed and typeset at the Institute of Classical Studies TABLE OF CONTENTS Introductory note 1 P. J. Rhodes The battle of Marathon and modern scholarship 3 Christopher Pelling Herodotus’ Marathon 23 Peter Krentz Marathon and the development of the exclusive hoplite phalanx 35 Andrej Petrovic The battle of Marathon in pre-Herodotean sources: on Marathon verse-inscriptions (IG I3 503/504; Seg Lvi 430) 45 V. -
Registration Certificate
1 The following information has been supplied by the Greek Aliens Bureau: It is obligatory for all EU nationals to apply for a “Registration Certificate” (Veveosi Engrafis - Βεβαίωση Εγγραφής) after they have spent 3 months in Greece (Directive 2004/38/EC).This requirement also applies to UK nationals during the transition period. This certificate is open- dated. You only need to renew it if your circumstances change e.g. if you had registered as unemployed and you have now found employment. Below we outline some of the required documents for the most common cases. Please refer to the local Police Authorities for information on the regulations for freelancers, domestic employment and students. You should submit your application and required documents at your local Aliens Police (Tmima Allodapon – Τμήμα Αλλοδαπών, for addresses, contact telephone and opening hours see end); if you live outside Athens go to the local police station closest to your residence. In all cases, original documents and photocopies are required. You should approach the Greek Authorities for detailed information on the documents required or further clarification. Please note that some authorities work by appointment and will request that you book an appointment in advance. Required documents in the case of a working person: 1. Valid passport. 2. Two (2) photos. 3. Applicant’s proof of address [a document containing both the applicant’s name and address e.g. photocopy of the house lease, public utility bill (DEH, OTE, EYDAP) or statement from Tax Office (Tax Return)]. If unavailable please see the requirements for hospitality. 4. Photocopy of employment contract. -
The Phocian Betrayal at Thermopylae
historia 68, 2019/4, 413–435 DOI 10.25162/historia-2019-0022 Jeffrey Rop The Phocian Betrayal at Thermopylae Abstract: This article makes three arguments regarding the Battle of Thermopylae. First, that the discovery of the Anopaea path was not dependent upon Ephialtes, but that the Persians were aware of it at their arrival and planned their attacks at Thermopylae, Artemisium, and against the Phocians accordingly. Second, that Herodotus’ claims that the failure of the Pho- cians was due to surprise, confusion, and incompetence are not convincing. And third, that the best explanation for the Phocian behavior is that they were from Delphi and betrayed their allies as part of a bid to restore local control over the sanctuary. Keywords: Thermopylae – Artemisium – Delphi – Phocis – Medism – Anopaea The courageous sacrifice of Leonidas and the Spartans is perhaps the central theme of Herodotus’ narrative and of many popular retellings of the Battle of Thermopylae in 480 BCE. Even as modern historians are appropriately more critical of this heroizing impulse, they have tended to focus their attention on issues that might explain why Leo- nidas and his men fought to the death. These include discussion of the broader strategic and tactical importance of Thermopylae, the inter-relationship and chronology of the Greek defense of the pass and the naval campaign at Artemisium, the actual number of Greeks who served under Leonidas and whether it was sufficient to hold the position, and so on. While this article inevitably touches upon some of these same topics, its main purpose is to reconsider the decisive yet often overlooked moment of the battle: the failure of the 1,000 Phocians on the Anopaea path. -
Athens & 1 Day Cruise to 3 Argosaronic Islands
Athens & 1 Day Cruise to 3 Argosaronic Islands Athens – 1 Day Cruise to Aegina, Hydra & Poros 4 Days / 3 Nights Daily Departures Day 1 – Arrival in Athens Upon arrival at Athens International Airport, you will be met by our representative and transferred to your hotel. Balance of the day at leisure. If time permits depending on your arrival time to Athens, you may enjoy one of our optional tours. (Cape Sounion or Athens By Night Tour with Traditional Greek show). Day 2 – Athens After breakfast at hotel, pick up for our Athens Sightseeing Tour. Our Athens Half Day Tour begins with a panoramic drive around Syntagma square, passing by many sightseeing hot spots such as National Garden, Hadrian’s Arch, St. Paul’s Church, Parliament, Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Catholic Cathedral and Schliemann’s House. We will then drive past the Athens Trilogy which includes the University of Athens, the Academy of Athens, and the National Library. Our licensed guide will make you feel as if you are experiencing firsthand Athens’s old and new history as you look at these stately buildings. We continue for a photo stop at Panathenaic Stadium, otherwise known as Kallimarmaro Stadium, where the first Olympic Games took place in 1896. As we proceed, we pass by Zappeion and the Temple of Olympian Zeus. Last but not least, we make our way to the archaeological site of Acropolis, an UNESCO’S world heritage monument and we visit Propylae, as well as the small Temple of Athena Nike. Of course, our visit shall not be completed without the Parthenon and Erechtheion. -
The Case of the Salamis's Battle
Dynamical Systems Theory compared to Game Theory: The case of the Salamis’s battle Konstantina Founta1, Loukas Zachilas1 1Dept. of Economics, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece Email: [email protected], [email protected] 1. Abstract In this paper, we present an innovative non–linear, discrete, dynamical system trying to model the historic battle of Salamis between Greeks and Persians. September 2020 marks the anniversary of the 2500 years that have passed since this famous naval battle which took place in late September 480 B.C. The suggested model describes very well the most effective strategic behavior between two participants during a battle (or in a war). Moreover, we compare the results of the Dynamical Systems analysis to Game Theory, considering this conflict as a “war game”. Keywords: Discrete Dynamical Systems, Modeling Strategic Behavior, Game Theory, Battle of Salamis. 2. Introduction In recent years, many researchers have studied the players’ behavior either through Game theory or through Dynamical Systems. Some of the notable works are Archan and Sagar [2] who present a possible evolutionary game-theoretic interpretation of non- convergent outcomes. They highlight that the evolutionary game dynamics is not about optimizing (mathematically) the fitness of phenotypes, but it is the heterogeneity weighted fitness that must be considered. They mention that heterogeneity can be a measure of diversity in the population. In our research, this is described by the asymmetry in the conflict. In addition, Toupo, Strogatz, Cohen and Rand [3] present how important the role of the environment of the game is for the decision-makers. They suggest simulations of agents who make decisions using either automatic or controlled cognitive processing and who not only compete, as well as affect the environment of the game. -
Ceramic Production and Exchange in the Late Mycenaean Saronic Gulf
Ceramic Production and Exchange in the Late Mycenaean Saronic Gulf William D. Gilstrap A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Archaeology University of Sheffield February 2015 Abstract This thesis examines the production, exchange and consumption of pottery around the Saronic Gulf, Greece, during Late Mycenaean period, specifically Late Helladic IIIB1 to Late Helladic IIIC Phase 1, roughly 1300-1130 BC. While the focus of many studies of Mycenaean political economy has fallen on Messinia and the Argolid, the choice of the Saronic Gulf offers the chance to examine ceramic crafting, movement and use in an area which hosts no accepted ‘palatial’ centres. It aims to examine the role of pottery in everyday social and economic transaction, taking a ‘bottom-up’ approach to shedding light on Mycenaean society and economy. Pottery from a wide range of sites has been studied: urban centres such as Athens; harbours at Kanakia on Salamis and Kalamianos in coastal Corinthia; small settlements of Stiri in Corinthia, Myti Kommeni on Dokos and Lazarides on Aegina; sanctuary sites of Eleusis and Ayios Konstantinos, Methana; and finally the settlement and pottery production site of Kontopigado, Alimos near the Attic coast. Based on typological and macroscopic fabric studies, a large number of samples have been chosen for examination by an integrated programme of petrographic, chemical (by neutron activation analysis) and microstructural analysis (by scanning electron microscopy), in order to group and characterise to pottery according to composition, to reconstruct key aspects of ceramic manufacture and, where possible, to suggest the area or location of their production. -
Sea-Level Changes and Shelf Break Prograding Sequences During the Last 400 Ka in the Aegean Margins: Subsidence Rates and Palaeogeographic Implications
ARTICLE IN PRESS Continental Shelf Research 29 (2009) 2037–2044 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Continental Shelf Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/csr Sea-level changes and shelf break prograding sequences during the last 400 ka in the Aegean margins: Subsidence rates and palaeogeographic implications V. Lykousis à Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 47 km Athens-Sounio Avenue, Anavyssos 19013, Athens, Greece article info abstract Article history: The subsidence rates of the Aegean margins during the Middle-Upper Pleistocene were evaluated based Received 21 February 2008 on new and historical seismic profiling data. High-resolution seismic profiling (AirGun, Sparker and Received in revised form 3.5 kHz) have shown that (at least) four major oblique prograding sequences can be traced below the 26 September 2008 Aegean marginal slopes at increasing subbottom depths. These palaeo-shelf break glacial delta Accepted 24 November 2008 sediments have been developed during successive low sea-level stands (LST prograding sequences), Available online 6 December 2008 suggesting continuous and gradual subsidence of the Aegean margins during the last 400 ka. Subsidence Keywords: rates of the Aegean margins were calculated from the vertical displacement of successive topset-to- Aegean margins foreset transitions (palaeo-shelf break) of the LST prograding sediment sequences. Sea-level The estimated subsidence rates that were calculated in the active boundaries of the Aegean Subsidence rates microplate (North Aegean margins, Gulfs of Patras and Corinth) are high and range from 0.7 to Palaeogeography À1 À1 Middle-Upper Pleistocene 1.88 m ka , while the lowest values (0.34–0.60 m ka ) are related to the low tectonic and seismic activity margins like the margin of Cyclades plateau. -
The Guardian Search Jobs Sign in Search US Edition Available for Everyone, Funded by Readers
Support the Guardian Search jobs Sign in Search US edition Available for everyone, funded by readers Contribute Subscribe News Opinion Sport Culture Lifestyle More Travel US Europe UK Greek Islands holidays Is Kythira the perfect Greek island? Andrew Bostock has spent much of his life living in and writing guidebooks on Greece but in Kythira with its gorges, waterfalls and perfect beaches he’s finally found the idyll he has always dreamed of Dream destination … Kaladi, Kythira. Photograph: Alamy Andrew Bostock Thu 3 Sep 2015 01.30 EDT 1,370 125 In my 30-year hunt to find the perfect Greek island, I’ve visited around 40 of them – but my quest has been beset by twin, linked, problems. Firstly, many of them follow a fairly set pattern: a small main town or port, two or three amazing beaches and, if you’re lucky, a ruin or old church atop the island’s one hill. For many this is all that is needed for a week or two away, but I’ve always yearned for more. The second problem is that the larger islands can be blighted by an overabundance of visitors. Travellers in search of their own little bit of paradise go to more off-the-beaten-track islands, but these tend to get smaller and smaller, thus exacerbating problem number one. This year I followed advice from Greek friends and made for Kythira, and I think my hunt may just be over. The port at Avlemonas. Photograph: Alamy Kythira can be troublesome to get to, a positive advantage in the perfect island stakes. -
Ancient Greece - Moving Ships Over Land
Ancient Greece - Moving Ships Over Land In ancient times, there was no waterway for sailors to easily reach Athens if they were traveling to and from Greece’s Ionian coast. A piece of land, called the Isthmus of Corinth, was “in the way.” Without a “shortcut,” across the Isthmus, ships would have to sail from the Ionian Sea to the Aegean Sea by rounding the Peloponnesian Peninsula. Not only was that a long sail, it was a dangerous one. Gale-force winds often trouble sailors at Cape Matapan and Cape Maleas (with its treacherous shoreline). So ... the ancients invented a way to help boats cross the Isthmus on land. They made a road - known as “The Diolkos” - which served as an overland passage between the relatively quiet waters of the Gulf of Corinth and the Saronic Gulf. This image depicts what is left of the Diolkos (which today lies next to the Corinth Canal). We’re not exactly sure when it was first created, but ancient writers referred to it. Those writings reach-back to Aristophanes (at least) who lived between 446 BC and c. 386 BC. Scholars believe that his phrase “as fast as a Corinthian” referred to the Diolkos (and a Corinthian’s ability to swiftly move from Corinth to Athens via the overland passage). Ships carrying goods, or ships bound for war, could cross the Isthmus via the Diolkos. It measured somewhere between 3.7 to 5.3 miles (6 to 8.5 km) and likely remained in use from circa 600 BC to the middle of the first century AD. -
The Role of Weather During the Greek–Persian “Naval Battle of Salamis” in 480 B.C
atmosphere Article The Role of Weather during the Greek–Persian “Naval Battle of Salamis” in 480 B.C. Christos Zerefos 1,2,3,4,*, Stavros Solomos 1, Dimitris Melas 5, John Kapsomenakis 1 and Christos Repapis 1,4 1 Research Centre for Atmospheric Physics and Climatology, Academy of Athens, 106 80 Athens, Greece; [email protected] (S.S.); [email protected] (J.K.); [email protected] (C.R.) 2 Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 115 27 Athens, Greece 3 Navarino Environmental Observatory (N.E.O.), 24 001 Messinia, Greece 4 Mariolopoulos-Kanaginis Foundation for the Environmental Sciences, 106 75 Athens, Greece 5 Department of Applied and Environmental Physics, School of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54 124 Thessaloniki, Greece; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 14 July 2020; Accepted: 6 August 2020; Published: 8 August 2020 Abstract: The Battle of Salamis in 480 B.C. is one of the most important naval battles of all times. This work examines in detail the climatically prevailing weather conditions during the Persian invasion in Greece. We perform a climatological analysis of the wind regime in the narrow straits of Salamis, where this historic battle took place, based on available station measurements, reanalysis and modeling simulations (ERA5, WRF) spanning through the period of 1960–2019. Our results are compared to ancient sources before and during the course of the conflict and can be summarized as follows: (i) Our climatological station measurements and model runs describing the prevailing winds in the area of interest are consistent with the eyewitness descriptions reported by ancient historians and (ii) The ancient Greeks and particularly Themistocles must have been aware of the local wind climatology since their strategic plan was carefully designed and implemented to take advantage of the diurnal wind variation. -
Itinerary Cyclades Islands
Itinerary Cyclades islands 1st day Athens-Kythnos approx 38nm 2nd day Kythnos – Tinos approx 20nm 3rd day Tinos-Siros approx 19nm 4th day Siros-Kythnos approx 30nm 5th day Kythnos-Spetses approx 60nm 6th day Spetses-Hydra approx 15nm 7th day Hydra– Poros approx 13nm 8th day Poros – Athens approx 30nm Total 246nm approx 11 hrs cruising This itinerary can be changed according to your clients requirements and always weather permitting. KEA Kea is part of the Cyclades group of Greek Islands. It is also known by the name Tzia and lies to the south of Lavrion town, Attican near Athens. It counts on important archaeological sites, locations of unique natural beauty, wonderful beaches and picturesque villages surely worth visiting. Starting with the capital village of Ioulida or Chora with the medieval castle and the famous Stone Lion, to the heart of nightlife in Vourkari and the beautiful port of Korissia, and from the ancient site of Piiessa in Pisses to the beautiful walking trails of Otzias village... Kea offers a wide variety of beaches where you can spend a lovely time. The capital Ioulida and the other villages - especially Otzias and Koundouros- have nice cafes, tavernas and restaurants TINOS This is the holy island of Our Lady, which in August is swamped by pilgrims who have come to pray in her church or in fulfillment of a vow. A line of mountains, whose highest peak is Mt Tsiknias (in the myth the home of the wind-god Aeolus), runs the length of the island. On its lower slopes, walls like the fortifications of old castles divide the terraced fields.