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To Insure Prejudice: Racial Disparities in Taxicab Tipping Essay
Alabama Law Scholarly Commons Essays, Reviews, and Shorter Works Faculty Scholarship 2004 To Insure Prejudice: Racial Disparities in Taxicab Tipping Essay Ian Ayres Fredrick E. Vars University of Alabama - School of Law, [email protected] Nasser Zakariya Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.ua.edu/fac_essays Recommended Citation Ian Ayres, Fredrick E. Vars & Nasser Zakariya, To Insure Prejudice: Racial Disparities in Taxicab Tipping Essay, 114 Yale L.J. 1613 (2004). Available at: https://scholarship.law.ua.edu/fac_essays/125 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at Alabama Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Essays, Reviews, and Shorter Works by an authorized administrator of Alabama Law Scholarly Commons. Essay To Insure Prejudice: Racial Disparities in Taxicab Tipping t t t Ian Ayres,t Fredrick E. Vars,t t and Nasser Zakariya CONTENTS IN TRO DU CTION ........................................................................................1615 I. RACE AND THE HISTORY OF TIPPING ..........................................1619 II. D ESCRIPTION OF D ATA .....................................................................1623 III. R ESULTS ...........................................................................................1626 A. Lower Tips for Minority Drivers................................................ 1627 B. Lower Tips by Minority Passengers ..........................................1628 C. Driver and PassengerRacial Intersections ...............................1629 t William K. Townsend Professor of Law, Yale Law School. Please send comments to [email protected]. This Essay is dedicated to Underhill Moore and Suzanne Perry. Moore took to the streets of New Haven during the 1930s to see whether people observed traffic and parking meter regulations. Underhill Moore & Charles C. Callahan, Law andLearning Theory: A Study in Legal Control, 53 YALE L.J. 1 (1943). -
Paragraphs and Essays: with Integrated Readings
Paragraphs and Essays With Integrated Readings Eleventh Edition Lee Brandon Mt. San Antonio College Kelly Brandon Santa Ana College Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States 01801_01_fm_pi-xxii.indd i 11/13/09 3:00:24 PM To Sharon © 2011, 2008, 2005 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning Paragraphs and Essays with Integrated Part and Chapter Opener Photo: John Foxx/Stockbyte/Getty Images Readings, Eleventh Edition Transitional Words Photo: John Foxx/Stockbyte/Getty Images Lee Brandon, Kelly Brandon Text credits appear on page 530, which constitutes an extension of the Senior Publisher: Lyn Uhl copyright page. Director of Developmental English: ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright Annie Todd herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by Development Editor: Karen Mauk any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, Associate Editor: Janine Tangney information networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except Editorial Assistant: Melanie Opacki as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Media Editor: Emily Ryan Senior Marketing Manager: Kirsten Stoller For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Marketing Coordinator: Ryan Ahern Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, Marketing Communications Manager: 1-800-354-9706 Martha Pfeiff er For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all Senior Content Project Manager: requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions. Margaret Park Bridges Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to [email protected]. -
Racial Disparities in Taxicab Tipping
Essay To Insure Prejudice: Racial Disparities in Taxicab Tipping t t t Ian Ayres,t Fredrick E. Vars,t t and Nasser Zakariya CONTENTS IN TRO DU CTION ........................................................................................1615 I. RACE AND THE HISTORY OF TIPPING ..........................................1619 II. D ESCRIPTION OF D ATA .....................................................................1623 III. R ESULTS ...........................................................................................1626 A. Lower Tips for Minority Drivers................................................ 1627 B. Lower Tips by Minority Passengers ..........................................1628 C. Driver and PassengerRacial Intersections ...............................1629 t William K. Townsend Professor of Law, Yale Law School. Please send comments to [email protected]. This Essay is dedicated to Underhill Moore and Suzanne Perry. Moore took to the streets of New Haven during the 1930s to see whether people observed traffic and parking meter regulations. Underhill Moore & Charles C. Callahan, Law andLearning Theory: A Study in Legal Control, 53 YALE L.J. 1 (1943). Nearly seventy years later, Perry conducted a pilot study of taxi and pizza delivery tipping that was the inspiration and foundation for the present effort. The authors thank Aditi Bagchi, Caroline Harada, Lee Harris, and Ian Slotin for their heroic efforts as auditors. Orley Ashenfelter, Jennifer Brown, Marcus Cole, Emma Coleman, John Donohue, Ted Eisenberg, Daniel Ho, Christine Jolls, Neal Katyal, Steve Levitt, Michael Lynn, and seminar participants at Georgetown, Princeton, the University of New South Wales, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and Yale provided helpful comments. The data and statistical analysis (in Stata format) for this Essay are available at http://www.yalelawjournal.org. tt Associate, Miller Shakman & Hamilton LLP. ttt Ph.D. candidate, Department of the History of Science, Harvard University. -
Local Tourism Industry
CAMPUSCAMPUS REPORTS REPORTS Scholars release survey findings on locallocal tourism tourism industry industry How is Hong Kong viewed by international tourists? Visitors were generally satisfied with the current environmental having a higher level of acceptability than the non-Asian visitors. conditions in Hong Kong, and the quality of air and the environment • Cultural tourism: Western visitors participated more frequently in in Hong Kong was not a major concern to the majority of visitors. cultural tourism activities and at a deeper level than Asian These findings were released last month by researchers at the visitors. Department of Hotel and Tourism Management, who have • Cross-border tourism: In spite of nearly a decade-long effort to completed a major survey on international tourists’ perceptions of develop the Pearl River Delta as a single tourist destination, the Hong Kong environment and their behaviour in the territory. tourists were likely to take day trip forays into either Macau or The researchers interviewed at random a total of 2,068 visitors Guangdong Province, but rarely both. There is little evidence of from Australia, Chinese mainland, Singapore, Taiwan, the UK and extended touring in the Pearl River Delta. the US at the Departure Hall of the Hong Kong International • Tourist-host contact: Most respondents perceived their contact Airport from August to December 1999. with local residents positively. Results from the survey, led by • Tipping behaviour: Even though Dr Bob McKercher, Associate there was a slight adaptation to Professor of the Department, can local tipping habits, respondents be summarised as follows: who tipped more often at home • Environmental quality: Compared did the same while travelling with non-Asian visitors (from the abroad. -
Racial Disparities in Taxicab Tipping
AYRES_POST_FLIP_1_LM_AS_AW_LM 5/3/2005 3:14:19 PM Essay To Insure Prejudice: Racial Disparities in Taxicab Tipping Ian Ayres,† Fredrick E. Vars,†† and Nasser Zakariya††† CONTENTS INTRODUCTION........................................................................................ 1615 I. RACE AND THE HISTORY OF TIPPING ............................................... 1619 II. DESCRIPTION OF DATA..................................................................... 1623 III. RESULTS ........................................................................................... 1626 A. Lower Tips for Minority Drivers................................................ 1627 B. Lower Tips by Minority Passengers .......................................... 1628 C. Driver and Passenger Racial Intersections ............................... 1629 † William K. Townsend Professor of Law, Yale Law School. Please send comments to [email protected]. This Essay is dedicated to Underhill Moore and Suzanne Perry. Moore took to the streets of New Haven during the 1930s to see whether people observed traffic and parking meter regulations. Underhill Moore & Charles C. Callahan, Law and Learning Theory: A Study in Legal Control, 53 YALE L.J. 1 (1943). Nearly seventy years later, Perry conducted a pilot study of taxi and pizza delivery tipping that was the inspiration and foundation for the present effort. The authors thank Aditi Bagchi, Caroline Harada, Lee Harris, and Ian Slotin for their heroic efforts as auditors. Orley Ashenfelter, Jennifer Brown, Marcus Cole, Emma