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New Empires and New Faiths

Each civilization that you will study in this unit made important contributions to history. • The Romans invented concrete and used the arch in building. • The helped shape the West’s religious beliefs. • The Muslims spread the religion of Islam and invented algebra.

500 B..C.. 100 100 B..C..

AncientAncient 509 B.C. 312 B.C. 146 B.C. 44 B.C. RomeRome Romans Rome Julius becomes a build destroys is killed Cha 9 pters 8 & the Wall painting of a young couple of Way

Rise of Rise of c. A.D.30 c. A.D. 100 ChristianityChristianity preaches Churches founded Chapter 10 in Galilee and throughout Roman Judaea world

St. Matthew

IslamicIslamic Civilization Chapter 11

Islamic prayer rug

254 (l)Cott DIV f.25v Portrait of St. Matthew/British Library, /Bridgeman Art Library, (tr)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (br)Ancient Art & Architecture Collection 254-257 UO3-824133 8/3/04 5:29 PM Page 255

N 0° 30°E 0° 30°E N W E Chapters 8 & 9 S W E Chapter 10 Chapter 11 S

60°N 60°N 60°N

EUROPE Caspian Caspian Sea Caspian Sea EUROPE Sea Black Sea Black Sea

T T T i i i g g g r r r E i E i E i up s up s up s h R h R h R . ra . ra . ra . R t t t e e e s 30°N s 30°N s 30°N s u R R R d . . n . I

. . Persian . R Persian AFRICA R Gulf AFRICA R e e e l l l

Red i i

i Gulf Persian

N N N Sea Gulf Red Sea

60°E 0°N 0° 0°N Chapters Chapter Chapter 8 & 9 10 11 0 1,000 mi. 11 0 1,000 km 0° 30°E Mercator projection

A..D.. 300300 A..D.700.700 A..D.. 1100 1100

A.D.476 A.D.534 Western Justinian Roman reforms Empire in battle ends

A.D.392 A.D. 1054 Eastern Orthodox becomes Rome’s and Roman official religion Catholic Churches separate of (“Holy Wisdom”)

A.D.624 c. A.D.830 c. A.D.1200 Muhammad Baghdad reaches its Muslim rule founds Islamic height as center of reaches to state in Arabia Islamic learning northern

Mosque in Baghdad

(t)Pierre Belzeaux/Photo Researchers, (c)Brian Lawrence/SuperStock, (l)Nik Wheeler 254-257 UO3-824133 3/29/04 6:39 PM Page 256

EUROPE 1 1 2 3

Mediterranean Sea See Ancient Rome Chapters 8 & 9 4

2 Roman Pantheon

AFRICA

See Ancient Rome Chapters 8 & 9

c. 6 B.C.–A.D.30 63 B.C.–A.D.14 Crucifixion led to rise of c. A.D. 10–65 c. A.D. 280–337 Roman Christianity Christian thinker Chapter 8, page 289 Chapter 10, page 346 Chapter 10, page 349 Chapter 9, page 321

256 256–257 ©Worldsat International Inc. 2004, All Rights Reserved, (t)Ric Ergenbright, (c)Sean Sexton Collection/CORBIS, (bl)Robert Emmett Bright/Photo Researchers, (bcl)Scala/Art Resource, NY, (bcr)Danita Delimont/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection, (br)Werner Forman/Art Resource, NY 254-257 UO3-824133 3/29/04 6:59 PM Page 257

3 Hagia Sophia

ASIA

See Ancient Rome Chapters 8 & 9

4 Mount of the Beatitudes

See Rise of Christianity Chapter 10

5 Kaaba 5

Arabian See Islamic Civilization Sea Chapter 11

c. A.D. 570–632 A.D. 354–430 Muslims believe Allah A.D. 1048–1131 Christian C. A.D. 500–548 dictated the Quran to Islamic poet philosopher Byzantine empress Muhammad and philosopher Chapter 10, page 357 Chapter 9, page 331 Chapter 11, page 376 Chapter 11, page 392

257 (t to b)Brian Lawrence/SuperStock, Richard T. Nowitz/CORBIS, Nabeel Turner/Getty Images, (l to r)Scala/Art Resource, NY, Scala/Art Resource, NY, Earl & Nazima Kowall/CORBIS, Bettmann/CORBIS 258-261 Ch8 CO-824133 3/22/04 1:58 PM Page 258

The 258–259 Roy Rainford/Robert Harding/Getty Images Rise of Rome

Ruins of the in Rome,

500 B..C.. 300 300 B..C.. 100 100 B..C.. A..DD.. 100100

451 B.C. 267 B.C. 27 B.C. A.D. 96 Romans Rome controls Octavian Rule of the adopt the most of Italy becomes Rome’s Good first emperor begins 258-261 Ch8 CO-824133 3/22/04 2:01 PM Page 259

Chapter Overview Visit Chapter Preview jat.glencoe.com for a preview While the Chinese civilization arose in East , the of Chapter 8. Romans created an empire that covered much of the Mediterranean world. Read this chapter to discover how the Romans were able to win control of such a large area. View the Chapter 8 video in the World History: Journey Across Time Video Program. Rome’s Beginnings The civilization of Rome began in Italy. Rome grew from a small city into an economic and military power. The Rome was a republic for almost 500 years. During this time, it gradually expanded the right to vote. After many years of war and following the destruction of the Carthaginian Empire, Rome took control of the Mediterranean region. The Fall of the Republic As Rome’s territory grew, the army gained political power. The Roman Republic, weakened by civil wars, gave way to the . The Early Empire and many of his successors governed well. Rome’s empire grew larger and wealthier.

Know-Want-Learn Make this foldable to help you organize what you know, what you want to know, and what you learn about the rise of Rome.

Step 1 Fold four sheets of Step 3 Place the folded one Reading and Writing in half from top to bottom. on top of the other. Staple the four Before reading the sections together and label the top chapter, write what you four tabs: Rome’s Beginnings,The already know about the Roman Republic,The Fall of the beginning of Rome, the Republic, and The Early Empire. rise and fall of its republic, and the early Roman Empire under the Staple here. Rome’s Step 2 On each folded paper, make a Beginnings tabs of your foldable. cut 1 inch from the side on the top flap. Also write one question you have on each tab. As Cut 1 inch from you read, summarize the edge through the what you learn under top flap only. each tab.

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Taking Notes Note Taking Did you know that when you take notes, you remember more than three-fourths of the information you recorded? That is why it is important to learn to take careful notes as you are reading. Read this paragraph from Section 3.

Trouble in the Republic Rome’s armies were victorious wher- ever they went. Yet problems were build- ing at home. Dishonest officials stole money, and the gap between rich and poor was growing. Thousands of farmers faced ruin, and the cities were becoming over- crowded and dangerous. —from page 278

Here is one method of note taking for the Authors of textbooks above paragraph. help with note taking by giving you headings and subheadings. If you Topic Important Details are not sure of the main Republic’s Problems 1. dishonest officials topic, it is a safe bet 2. gap between rich that headings in bold and poor are important. 3. farmers faced ruin 4. cities overcrowded

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Make a T-Chart Read to Write On page 273, read about Read the first few pages of Section 2 and Rome’s first code of use this T-chart as a guide to help you practice laws, the Twelve Tables. taking notes. Come up with your own 12 Tables of School Law, and explain why Main Topic Important Details each one should be used to govern the Rome’s government 1. students in your school.

2.

Social groups in Rome 1.

2.

Roman law 1.

2.

As you read Section 1, write the names of important people or places on the left column of your note-taking paper. On the right side, list details from your reading.

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Rome’s Beginnings

What’s the Connection? Meeting People In previous chapters, you learned (RAHM•yuh•luhs) about the civilization of ancient and Remus (REE•muhs) Greece. Greek ways did not die with (ih•NEE•uhs) the end of Greece’s freedom. They (LA•tuhnz) were adopted and spread widely by Etruscans (ih•TRUHS•kuhnz) another civilization, Rome. Tarquins (TAHR•kwihnz) Focusing on the Building Your Vocabulary • Geography played an important role republic (rih•PUH•blihk) in the rise of Roman civilization. legion (LEE•juhn) (page 263) • The Romans created a republic and Reading Strategy conquered Italy. By treating people Summarizing Information Use a fairly, they built Rome from a small diagram like the one below to show city into a great power. (page 265) how the Etruscans affected the development of Rome. Locating Places (SIH•suh•lee) Apennines (A•puh•NYNZ) Etruscans (LAY•shee•uhm) River (TY•buhr) (ih•TRUR•ee•uh)

650 B..C.. 450 450 B..C.. 250 250 B..C.. ITALY c. 650 B.C. 509 B.C. 267 B.C. Rome Etruscans rule Rome becomes Rome controls Rome a republic most of Italy

Sicily AFRICA

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The Origins of Rome Italy 500 B.C. Geography played an important role in the rise of Roman civilization. P S Reading Focus If you were founding a new city, what A L 45° o R. natural features would influence your choice of a build- N P ing site? As you read this section, think about the choices that the early Romans made. N ETRURIA KEY T WE i b Carthaginians e

r

R Etruscans

Italy is in an important location in the S . A Corsica P middle of the Mediterranean region. It is a E Latins N long, narrow peninsula with a distinctive LATIUM N Rome IN shape: it looks like a high-heeled boot jut- ES CA ting into the sea. The heel points toward Tyrrhenian M P A Greece and the toe toward the island of Sea N I Sicily (SIH • suh • lee). Across the top of the 0 100 mi. A 40°N 0 100 km boot are the , craggy mountains that Azimuthal Equidistant projection Ionian separate Italy from European lands to the Sea M north. Another mountain range, the e di ter Sicily Apennines (A•puh• NYNZ), runs all the way ra Strait of Carthage ne an Messina down the boot from north to south. S AFRICA ea The landscape of Italy is similar to that 10°E 15°E of Greece, but the Apennines are not as rugged as Greece’s mountains. They can be crossed much more easily. As a result, the people who settled in Italy were not split up In 500 B.C. the Etruscans and the Greeks into small, isolated communities as the occupied much of Italy. 1. Which civilization do you think most Greeks were. In addition, Italy had better influenced the Latins who settled Rome? farmland than Greece. Its mountain slopes Explain your answer. level off to large flat that are ideal for 2. How was Rome’s location advantageous growing crops. With more capacity to pro- for the Latins’ conquest of Italy? Find NGS online map resources @ duce food, Italy could support more people www.nationalgeographic.com/maps than Greece could. Historians know little about the first people to live in Italy. There is evidence, Where Was Rome Located? Geography however, that groups from the north played a major part in the location of slipped through Italy’s mountain passes Rome. The site chosen for Rome was between about 1500 B.C. and 1000 B.C. about 15 (24 km) up the Tiber River Attracted by the mild climate and rich soil, (TY•buhr) from the . The a small but steady stream of newcomers set- Tiber River gave the Romans a source of tled in the hills and on the plains. Among water and a way to the rest of the these peoples were a -speaking people Mediterranean world. At the same time, who built the city of Rome on the of Rome was far enough from the sea to Latium (LAY•shee•uhm) in central Italy. escape raids by pirates.

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boys were abandoned near the Tiber River. Rescued by a wolf and raised by a shep- The Aeneid herd, they decided to build a city in 753 B.C. Two legends describe the beginning of Rome. The twins quarreled, however, and Remus One says that after Troy was destroyed, made fun of the wall his brother was build- Aeneas and the other Trojans went in search ing. In a fury, Romulus lashed out at Remus of another place to live. and killed him. Romulus went on to “Weeping, I drew away become the first of Rome, the from our old country.... new city he named after himself. I took to the open sea, The seeds of Rome are traced borne outward into exile with my people, my son, even farther back in the Aeneid, a my hearth gods, and the famous epic by the Roman poet greater gods....Now . The Aeneid is the story of the making landfall under Trojan hero Aeneas (ih • NEE • uhs). the southwind there, I He and a band of followers are said plotted out on that to have sailed the Mediterranean curved shore the walls of a colony—though fate Sea after the Greeks captured Troy. opposed it—and I After many adventures, the Trojans devised the name landed at the mouth of the Tiber. Aeneadae for the people, Virgil Through warfare and then marriage to the from my own.” local king’s daughter, Aeneas united the —adapted from Virgil, Aeneid Trojans and some of the Latins (LA • tuhnz), the local people. He thus became the “father” of the Romans. What type of person do you think Aeneas was to build a new city after having the Historians are not sure how Rome first one destroyed? began. They think that Latins lived in the area of Rome as early as 1000 B.C. They built huts on Rome’s hills, tended herds, and In addition, Rome was built on seven grew crops. Sometime between 800 B.C. and hills. The Romans did this on purpose. The 700 B.C., they decided to band together for hills were very steep, making it easy to protection. It was this community that defend the city against enemy attack. Rome became known as Rome. was also located at a place where people could easily cross the Tiber River. As a Early Influences After about 800 B.C., result, Rome became a stopping place for other groups joined the Romans in Italy. people traveling north and south in western Two of these groups, the Greeks and the Italy and for merchant sailing in the Etruscans (ih•TRUHS•kuhnz), played a major western Mediterranean. role in shaping Roman civilization. Many Greeks came to How Did Rome Begin? Two different leg- and Sicily between 750 B.C. and 550 B.C., ends describe how Rome began. The tradi- when Greece was busily building overseas tional story is that twin brothers named colonies. From the Greeks, Romans learned Romulus (RAHM • yuh • luhs) and Remus to grow olives and grapes. They also (REE•muhs) founded the city. As babies, the adopted the Greek alphabet, and they

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The Birth of a Republic Etruscan jewelry The Romans created a republic and conquered Italy. By treating people fairly, they built Rome from a small city into a great power. Reading Focus Have you heard the phrase “winning hearts and minds”? It means convincing people to support you rather than just forcing them to obey. Read on to learn how the Romans not only conquered other people in Italy but also won their hearts and minds.

The Etruscans ruled Rome for more than 100 years. Under the Etruscans, Rome became wealthy and powerful. However, would eventually model their architecture, the ruling family, called the Tarquins , and literature after the Greeks. (TAHR•kwihnz), grew more and more cruel. Rome’s early growth was influenced Finally, in 509 B.C., the Romans rebelled. most, however, by the Etruscans. The They overthrew the Tarquins and set up a Etruscans lived north of Rome in Etruria republic (rih•PUH•blihk). A republic is a form (ih•TRUR•ee•uh). After 650 B.C., they moved of government in which the leader is not a south and took control of Rome and most of king or queen but someone put in office by Latium. citizens with the right to vote. In a republic, The Etruscans were skilled metalwork- the citizens have the power. The rise of the ers who became rich from mining and Roman Republic marked the beginning of a trade. They forced enslaved people to do new chapter in Rome’s history. the heaviest work and made their own lives comfortable. Their tomb paintings show men and women feasting, dancing, and playing music and sports. Some murals also show bloody battle scenes, revealing the Etruscans’ pride in their military. The Etruscans changed Rome from a vil- lage of straw-roofed huts into a city of wood and brick buildings. They laid out streets, temples, and public buildings around a central square. Etruscans also taught Romans a new of dress, featur- ing short cloaks and —loose garments draped over one shoulder. More impor- tantly, the Etruscan army would serve as a model for the mighty army the Romans eventually assembled. Etruscan murals often showed lively scenes of daily life, such as religious ceremonies or Explain How did geography people enjoying music and feasts. How did help the Romans prosper? the Etruscans become wealthy?

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At the time Rome became a republic, it Why Was Rome So Strong? Rome was was still a small city, surrounded by ene- able to conquer Italy because the Romans mies. Over the next 200 years, the Romans were excellent soldiers. In the republic’s fought war after war against their neigh- early days, every male citizen who owned bors. In 338 B.C. they finally defeated the land had to serve in the army. Discipline other Latins living nearby. Next they was harsh, and deserters were punished by attacked the Etruscans and defeated them death. The tough discipline helped mold in 284 B.C. By 267 B.C., the Romans had also Roman soldiers into fighters who did not conquered the Greeks in southern Italy. give up easily. In addition, they were prac- With this victory, the Romans became the tical problem solvers. masters of almost all of Italy. For example, Roman armies at first fought like Greek armies. Row upon row of RomanRoman LegionaryLegionary soldiers marched shoulder to shoulder, keeping their shields together and holding long spears. Roman generals soon realized A soldier's armor was made of that this way of fighting was slow and hard iron strips joined by leather ties. to control. They reorganized their soldiers into smaller groups called legions (LEE • juhnz). Each legion had about 6,000 men and was further divided into groups of 60 to 120 soldiers. These small groups could quickly cut through enemy lines. Roman soldiers, or , were armed with a short sword called a and a spear called a pilum. Each unit also carried its own standard—a tall pole topped with a symbol. In battle, standards helped keep units together because the sol- diers could see them above the action.

The long iron Shrewd Rulers The Romans were not only point on the good fighters but also smart planners. As spear was made they expanded throughout Italy, they built to bend after the spear was Shields were permanent military settlements in the areas thrown, made from they conquered. Then they built roads preventing an sheets of wood between these towns. These roads allowed glued together enemy from troops to travel swiftly to any place in their using it. and covered with leather or growing territory. cloth. To rule their new conquests, the Romans created the Roman Confederation. At first, the was made up of ordi- Under this system, Romans gave full citi- nary citizens. Later the army contained well- trained professional soldiers and was one of the zenship to some peoples, especially other best fighting forces in the world. What was a Latins. They could vote and serve in the standard, and why did the army carry them? government, and they were treated the

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same as other citizens under the law. The Romans granted other peoples the status of allies. Allies were free to run their own local affairs, but they had to pay taxes to the republic and provide soldiers for the army. The Romans made it clear that loyal allies could improve their position and even become Roman citizens. With these policies, the Romans proved themselves clever rulers. They knew that conquered peoples would be more loyal to the government if they were well treated. Rome’s generosity paid off. As a result, the republic grew stronger and more unified. All the same, Rome was not afraid to use force if necessary. If conquered peoples revolted against Roman rule, their resist- ance was swiftly put down. This mosaic, or picture made from bits of stone, Describe How did Rome shows a group of Roman legionaries. How rule its new conquests? many soldiers made up a legion?

Study CentralTM Need help with the material in this section? Visit jat.glencoe.com

What Did You Learn? Reading Summary 1. Where did the Greeks live in 4. Summarize Describe the Italy, and how did they influ- Roman conquest of Italy. Review the ence Roman civilization? • The Romans, a Latin-speaking 5. Compare and Contrast people, settled the region of 2. Describe the two legends that How did geography affect the Rome on the west side of Italy. tell of the . development of civilization in The region’s geography, as well as Then describe how and when Greece and Italy? Etruscan and Greek ideas, helped Rome was actually founded. 6. Expository Writing Write a Rome grow. Critical Thinking short essay discussing the rea- 3. Geography Skills Draw a sons Rome was so successful in its conquest of Italy. • In 509 B.C. the Romans overthrew diagram like the one below. List Etruscan rule and established a examples of how geography 7. Taking Notes republic. By about 275 B.C., determined Rome’s location. Use the blue subheads in Roman legions had conquered Section 1 to create notes most of Italy. The Location of Rome about Rome’s beginnings. List each subhead on the left of a T-chart and details on the right.

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The Roman Republic

What’s the Connection? Meeting People Romans had suffered under cruel Cincinnatus (SIHN•suh•NA•tuhs) Etruscan . When they had the (HA•nuh•buhl) chance to create their own govern- Scipio (SIH•pee•OH) ment, they chose something very different. Building Your Vocabulary (puh•TRIH•shuhn) Focusing on the plebeian (plih•BEE•uhn) • Rome’s republic was shaped by a (KAHN•suhl) struggle between wealthy landowners (VEE•toh) and regular citizens as it gradually (PREE•tuhr) expanded the right to vote. (page 269) (DIHK•TAY •tuhr) • Rome slowly destroyed the Carth- aginian Empire and took control of Reading Strategy the entire Mediterranean region. Categorizing Information Complete (page 274) a chart like the one below listing the government officials and legislative Locating Places bodies of the Roman Republic. Carthage (KAHR• thihj) Officials Legislative Bodies Cannae (KA• nee) Zama (ZAY• muh)

450 B..C.. 300 300 B..C.. 150 150 B..C..

451 B.C. 264 B.C. 146 B.C. ITALY Romans adopt the Rome destroys Rome Twelve Tables begin Carthage Carthage GREECE

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Both patrician and plebeian men were Rome’s Government Roman citizens. They had the right to vote

Michael Holford Rome’s republic was shaped by a strug- and the responsibility to pay taxes and gle between wealthy landowners and regular citi- serve in the army. However, had zens as it gradually expanded the right to vote. less . Marriage between mem- Reading Focus Do you know where our word bers of the two classes was forbidden. republic comes from? It is made up of two Latin words Plebeians also lacked an important political meaning “thing of the people.” Read on to learn about right: they could not hold public office. the republican government that early Romans created. How Did Rome’s Government Work? Early Romans were divided into two Rome had a tripartite, or three-part, govern- classes: patricians and plebeians. The ment. One group of people ran the govern- patricians (puh• TRIH• shuhnz) were wealthy ment, another group made laws, and a third landowners. These nobles made up Rome’s group acted as judges. It had checks and . Most of Rome’s people, how- balances so that one group could not get too ever, were plebeians (plih• BEE• uhnz). This strong, but it did not separate powers like group included artisans, shopkeepers, and our government does today. In the Roman owners of small farms. Republic, the top government officials were

In Motion Growth of the Roman Republic 500–146 B.C.

50 °N 10°W 0° 10°E20°E30°E 0 500 mi.

0 500 km Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection ATLANTIC OCEAN N

W E P S A L S PYR R. EN A EE P A . 40°N S d Da e R Tiber R. P r nub Black Sea E ia N t SPAIN N ic I S Corsica N e Rome E a S New ITALY Carthage Sardinia ASIA GREECE MINOR Carthage AFRICA Sicily SYRIA 40°E Cyprus Mediterranean Sea 30°N KEY During the early years of the Rome, 500 B.C. Territory added by 264 B.C.

Republic, Rome gained territory N i

B.C. l Territory added by 146 e

around the Mediterranean Sea. R 1. What major islands did Rome . conquer? 2. Why do you think Rome did not expand farther north? 268-276 Ch8 S2-875047 9/22/06 7:02 PM Page 270

Rome’s most important legislative, or lawmaking, body was the . This was A Roman a select group of 300 patrician men who Sometimes military leaders returning to served for life. In the beginning, the Senate Rome after a victory took part in a great only gave advice to the . Over time, parade called a triumph. the power of the Senate grew. By the “Thus arrayed [decora- B.C., it could also propose laws, hold tively dressed], they debates, and approve building programs. entered the city, hav- Another legislative body was the ing at the head of the procession the spoils Assembly of Centuries. It elected consuls and trophies and fig- and , and passed laws. Like the ures representing the Senate, the Assembly of Centuries was captured forts, cities, under the control of the patricians. mountains, rivers, lakes, and seas— Plebeians Against Patricians As you might everything, in fact, that they had taken.... expect, plebeians complained about having Roman soldiers [When] . . . the victori- so little power in the Roman Republic. After ous general arrived at the ...he all, they fought alongside patricians in the rode up to the Capitol. There he performed certain army, and their tax payments helped the rites and made offerings.” republic thrive. —Zonaras, “A ” Eventually, the plebeians took action to bring about change. In 494 B.C. many ple- beians went on strike. They refused to serve Why do you think the military leaders and in the army. They also left the city to set up a their troops were dressed decoratively republic of their own. These moves fright- before the triumph? ened the patricians into agreeing to share power. In 471 B.C. the plebeians were allowed to set up their own body of representatives, the consuls (KAHN • suhlz). Two consuls— called the Council of the Plebs. The assembly both patricians—were chosen every year. elected who brought plebeian con- They headed the army and ran the govern- cerns to the government’s attention. The trib- ment. Because they served such short unes also won the right to veto government terms, there was little risk that they would decisions. In 455 B.C. plebeians and patricians abuse their power. The consuls also kept were allowed to marry, and in the B.C., each other in line because each could veto plebeians were allowed to become consuls. (VEE• toh), or reject, the other’s decision. The The most far-reaching political reform word veto is Latin for “I forbid.” Rome had came in 287 B.C. In that year, the Council of other important officials called praetors the Plebs finally gained the power to pass (PREE• tuhrz). Their main job was to interpret laws for all Romans. Now all male citizens the law and act as judges in court. Various had equal political standing, at least in the- other officials performed specialized ory. In practice, a few wealthy patrician fam- duties–keeping tax records, handling public ilies still held most of the power, and women festivals, and so forth. remained without a voice in government.

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The Roman Republic had become more rep- resentative, but it was far from a full-fledged ut/Dagli Orti democracy.

Who Was Cincinnatus? An unusual fea- Before Rome ture of the Roman Republic was the office Roman Dinner Parties of dictator (DIHK• tay• tuhr). We define a dic- became a powerful empire, Romans tator today as an oppressive ruler with ate simple meals of porridge, dried The Art Museum Beir Archive/Archeological complete control over the state. Roman dic- vegetables, and greens. People rarely tators also had complete control, but they ate meat or seafood. After Rome’s served the people and ruled on a temporary conquests, the dining habits of wealthy basis during emergencies. The Senate Romans changed. Newly rich Romans appointed a dictator in times of great dan- showed off their wealth with expensive ger. As soon as the danger was past, Roman feasts that included exotic foods and gave up their power. lively entertainment for their guests. The best-known early is At Roman dinner parties, guests Cincinnatus (SIHN • suh • NA • tuhs). About reclined on couches. The enslaved 460 B.C., a powerful enemy had surrounded servants served the food, which would a Roman army. Officials decided that the be carried into the banquet room on crisis called for a dictator and that great silver platters. Roman dishes Cincinnatus was the man for the job. The might include boiled stingray garnished officials found Cincinnatus plowing his fields. A loyal and devoted citizen, with hot raisins; boiled crane with Cincinnatus left his farm and gathered an turnips; or roast flamingo cooked with army. He defeated the enemy in short order dates, onions, honey, and wine. and returned to Rome in triumph. A wealthy Roman woman Although he probably could have contin- reclining on a couch ued ruling, Cincinnatus did not want power. Having done his duty, he returned to his farm a mere 15 or 16 days later. Romans strongly believed in civic duty, or the idea that citizens have a responsibility to help their country. Cincinnatus was widely admired for his civic duty in his own time and in later ages. George Washington, for one, took inspiration from his example. Like Cincinnatus, Washington was a farmer when he was asked to head an army: the Continental Army in the American War for Independence. After leading the Americans Connecting to the Past to victory, Washington returned to his plan- 1. Whose eating habits changed after Rome tation home. Only later, and with some became wealthy and powerful? reluctance, did he agree to become the first 2. Describe how their eating habits changed. president of the . 268-276 Ch8 S2-875047 9/14/06 2:33 PM Page 272

UCIUS QUINCTIUS

L Archives North Wind Picture CINCINNATUS c. 519–438 B.C. The loyal devotion of Cincinnatus greatly impressed the Roman historian . In his , Livy advised his readers to listen to the worthwhile story of Cincinnatus, whose virtue rose high above any rewards that wealth could bring. According to Livy, Cincinnatus lived in Rome but owned and worked a four-acre field on the other side of the Tiber River. On the day that the officials looked for Cincinnatus, they found him hard at work in his field, covered with dirt and sweat. Cincinnatus was surprised when the officials asked him to put on his and listen as they explained the wishes of the The officials explained the emergency Cincinnatus is asked to lead Rome. situation to Cincinnatus. He agreed to the Senate’s request that he become a dictator. Cincinnatus and the officials crossed the Tiber River to Rome. The next morning, “The city was in the before daylight, Cincinnatus went to the grip of fear.” Forum and gathered his forces to attack —Livy,The Rise of Rome the enemy. The story of Cincinnatus was important to the ancient Romans for several reasons. He was victorious in battle and yet quickly gave up the Name a modern-day leader that you think . Perhaps more impor- historians will write about with great tantly, he did his civic duty by admiration. Explain why. responding to a call to serve. 268-276 Ch8 S2-824133 3/22/04 2:44 PM Page 273

Roman Law One of Rome’s chief gifts to the world was its system of law. The legal system of the United States owes much to the Roman system. Rome’s first code of laws was the Twelve Tables, adopted about 451 B.C. Before this time, Rome’s laws were not written down. As a result, plebeians claimed that Twelve Tables c. 451 B.C. patrician judges often The Twelve Tables were laws written favored their own class. on tablets that described the rights They demanded that the of each person in the Roman Republic. laws be put in writing for The laws were the first set of rules everyone to see. to govern Rome. Writing the laws The patricians finally down and putting them on public agreed. They had the laws display ensured that everyone carved on bronze tablets knew the laws and that judges did that were placed in not apply the laws differently to Rome’s marketplace, or different people. the Forum (FOHR • uhm). The laws on the Twelve Tables The Twelve Tables became These bundles of explained a person’s rights concerning the basis for all future rods and axes, property, wills, public behavior, family Roman laws. They estab- called , law, and court actions. The Twelve lished the principle that symbolized the Tables were the first step toward legal authority of equal rights for citizens of all classes all free citizens had the Roman leaders. right to be treated equally in ancient Rome. They were also a by the legal system. first step toward the idea of the rule The Twelve Tables, however, applied of law that we still uphold today. only to Roman citizens. As the Romans took over more lands, they realized that new rules were needed to solve legal disputes between citizens and noncitizens. They cre- is called the “rule of law.” In the age of Rome, ated a collection of laws called the Law of the rule of law was still a new idea. In many Nations. It stated principles of justice that lands, people at the top of society often had applied to all people everywhere. special privileges and did not have to obey These standards of justice included ideas the same laws or use the same courts as peo- that we still accept today. A person was seen ple lower down. In some places, people at the as innocent until proven guilty. People bottom of society did not have any legal accused of crimes could defend themselves rights at all. The rule of law is one of the key before a judge. A judge had to look at the ideas that the Romans gave to the world. It is evidence carefully before making a decision. still the basis of our legal system today. The idea that the law should apply to Contrast Before 471 B.C., everyone equally and that all people should what right did patricians have that plebeians be treated the same way by the legal system did not?

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800 B.C. by the Phoenicians. As you learned Rome Expands earlier, the Phoenicians were sea traders from Rome slowly destroyed the Carthaginian the Middle East. Empire and took control of the entire Mediterranean Carthage ruled a great trading empire region. that included parts of northern Africa and Reading Focus When you achieve a victory—whether southern Europe. By controlling the move- it is in academics, sports, or some other field—do you ment of goods in this region, Carthage then strive for more success? That may have been how made itself the largest and richest city in the the Romans felt once they had taken over Italy. Read on western Mediterranean. to learn how they continued to expand their power. The Both Carthage and While Rome developed its government, Rome wanted to control the island of Sicily. it also faced challenges abroad. The Romans In 264 B.C. the dispute brought the two had completed their conquest of Italy. powers to blows. The war that began in However, they now faced a powerful rival in 264 B.C. is called the First Punic War. the Mediterranean area. This enemy was the Punicus is the Latin word for “Phoenician.” state of Carthage (KAHR•thihj) on the coast of The war started when the Romans sent an . It had been founded around army to Sicily to prevent a Carthaginian

In The Punic Wars 264 –146 B.C. Motion N

KEY Rome at the start of ATLANTIC N 1st Punic War W Carthaginian Empire OCEAN E Hannibal’s route S Scipio’s route 40°E A L P S Battle PY Po R. REN E A . 40°N ES d R r Tiber R. ia Black Sea t ic SPAIN S Corsica ea Rome CannaeMACEDONIA 10°W New ITALY Carthage Sardinia ASIA GREECE MINOR Carthage Sicily Corinth SYRIA Rhodes Zama Crete Cyprus AFRICA Mediterranean Sea 30°N

After winning the Second Punic 0 500 mi.

0 500 km EGYPTN

War, Rome became the strongest i Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection l

e Mediterranean power. R 20°E30°E . 1. From what direction did Hannibal attack Rome? 2. Why do you think Hannibal took the route he did instead of sailing straight across to Rome? 268-276 Ch8 S2-875047 9/14/06 10:52 AM Page 275

takeover. The Carthaginians, who already not happy about Carthage gaining land on had colonies on the island, were deter- the European mainland west of Rome. They mined to stop this invasion. helped the people living in Spain rebel Up until then, the Romans had fought against Carthage. Of course, Carthaginians their wars on land. However, they soon were angry. To punish Rome, Carthage sent realized they could not defeat a sea power its greatest general, Hannibal (HA • nuh • like Carthage without a navy. They quickly buhl), to attack Rome in 218 B.C. This started built a large fleet of ships and confronted the . their enemy at sea. The war dragged on for Hannibal’s strategy was to take the more than 20 years. Finally, in 241 B.C., fighting into Italy itself. To do this, Rome crushed Carthage’s navy off the coast Hannibal gathered an army of about of Sicily. Carthage was forced to leave Sicily 46,000 men, many horses, and 37 elephants. and pay a huge fine to the Romans. The He landed his forces in Spain and then island then came under Roman rule. marched east to attack Italy. Even before reaching Italy, Hannibal’s The Second Punic War To make up for its forces suffered severe losses crossing the loss of Sicily, Carthage expanded its empire steep, snowy Alps into Italy. The brutal into southern Spain. Roman leaders were cold, gnawing hunger, and attacks by

In December 218 B.C., Hannibal’s forces and the Roman army met in bat- tle near the Trebbia River in northern Italy. In a well-planned attack, the Carthaginian forces badly defeated the Romans. Hannibal made good use of his elephants in the attack, but most died following the battle. At what other battle in Italy were the Romans defeated by Hannibal?

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mountain tribes killed almost half of the More Conquests While Carthage was no soldiers and most of the elephants. The longer a military power, it remained a remaining army, however, was still a pow- trading center. In 146 B.C. Rome finally erful fighting force when it reached Italy. destroyed its great rival in the Third Punic The Romans suffered a severe loss in War. Roman soldiers burned Carthage and 216 B.C. at the (KA•nee) in enslaved 50,000 men, women, and chil- southern Italy. Even though Hannibal’s army dren. Legend says that the Romans even was outnumbered, it overpowered the Ro- spread salt on the earth so no crops would man force and began raiding much of Italy. grow. Carthage became a , The Romans, however, raised another or regional district. army. In 202 B.C. a Roman force led by a During the Punic Wars, Rome success- general named Scipio (SIH • pee • OH) in- fully battled states in the eastern Med- vaded Carthage. Hannibal, who was wag- iterranean. In 148 B.C. Macedonia came ing a war in Italy, had no choice but to under Roman rule. Two years later, the rest return home to defend his people. of Greece became Roman. In 129 B.C. Rome At the Battle of Zama (ZAY•muh), Scipio’s gained its first province in Asia. It was no troops defeated the Carthaginians. Carthage wonder that the Romans began to call the gave up Spain to Rome. It also had to give up Mediterranean —”our sea.” its navy and pay a large fine. Rome now Describe How did Rome ruled the western Mediterranean. punish Carthage at the end of the ?

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What Did You Learn? Reading Summary 1. Who were the top government 4. Geography Skills Where was officials in the Roman Republic, Review the Carthage located, and why did and what were their duties? it compete with Rome? • During the Roman Republic, the government changed as the ple- 2. What does mare nostrum 5. Summarize What other beians, or lower classes, and the mean, and why did the Romans conquests did Rome carry patricians, or ruling class, strug- use the term? out during the period of the gled for power. Critical Thinking Punic Wars? 3. Sequencing Information 6. Evaluate Why do you think the legacy of Roman law is • Beginning in 264 B.C., Rome Draw a diagram to describe considered so important? fought and won a series of wars the sequence of events from with Carthage and other powers the start of the First Punic War 7. Persuasive Writing Write a and gained control of the to the start of the Second speech demanding equal rights Mediterranean region. Punic War. for plebeians in the early republic. Rome Invades Sicily

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The Fall of the Republic

What’s the Connection? Meeting People By the end of the Third Punic War, Rome ruled the Mediterranean (jool•yuhs SEE•zuhr) world. All was not well, however. Octavian (ahk•TAY •vee•uhn) Closer to home, the republic faced Antony (AN•tuh•nee) increasing dangers that would soon (SIH•suh•ROH) lead to its end. Augustus (aw•GUHS•tuhs) Focusing on the Building Your Vocabulary • The use of enslaved labor hurt latifundia (LA•tuh•FUHN•dee•uh) farmers, increased and (try•UHM•vuh•ruht) corruption, and brought the army into politics. (page 278) Reading Strategy • Military hero Julius Caesar seized Finding the Main Idea Use a chart like power and made reforms. (page 280) the one below to identify the main ideas of Section 3 and supporting details. • The Roman Republic, weakened by civil wars, became an empire under Main Idea Augustus. (page 282) Supporting Supporting Supporting Locating Places Detail Detail Detail (ROO•bih•KAHN) (AK•shee•uhm) Supporting Supporting Supporting Detail Detail Detail

100100 B..C.. 60 60 B..C.20.20 B..C..

GAUL 82 B.C. 44 B.C. 27 B.C. becomes Group of Octavian ITALY SPAIN dictator of senators murder becomes Rome’s Rome ASIA Rome Julius Caesar first emperor MINOR GREECE

CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome 277

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Rome had few privileged citizens com- Trouble in the Republic pared with the many Romans who farmed The use of enslaved labor hurt farmers, small plots of land. In the B.C., how- increased poverty and corruption, and brought the ever, these farmers were sinking into army into politics. poverty and debt. Why? Many of them had Reading Focus Poverty, corruption, unemployment, been unable to farm because they were crime, and violence are problems we hear about today. fighting in Rome’s wars. Others had suf- Read on to learn how the Romans struggled with these fered damage to their farms during same issues 2,000 years ago. Hannibal’s invasion of Italy. Moreover, small farmers could not com- Rome’s armies were victorious wher- pete with wealthy Romans who were buy- ever they went. Yet problems were building ing up land to create latifundia (LA • tuh • at home. Dishonest officials stole money, FUHN • dee • uh), or large farming estates. and the gap between rich and poor was These rich landowners used a new source growing. Thousands of farmers faced ruin, of labor—the thousands of and the cities were becoming overcrowded brought to Italy during the wars. By using and dangerous. these enslaved people to tend their crops, wealthy Romans could force owners of Rich Versus Poor As you read in Section 2, small farms out of business. most of the people who ruled Rome were Faced with debts they could not pay patricians—rich people who owned large off, many farmers sold their land and farms. These rich landowners ran the Senate headed to the cities, desperate for work. and held the most powerful government However, jobs were hard to find. Enslaved jobs. They handled Rome’s finances and people did most of the work. If free men directed its wars. Despite some gains for the were lucky enough to be hired, they plebeians, many people became very earned low wages. These conditions cre- unhappy about this situation. ated widespread anger.

This image shows Romans farming their land. Why were Roman farmers becoming poor in the 100s B.C.?

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Roman politicians were worried about Gracchus riots breaking out, but they quickly turned (left) and his brother the situation to their advantage. To win the believed that mov- votes of the poor, they began providing ing poor Romans cheap food and entertainment. This policy from the city to farms would help of “bread and circuses” helped many dis- solve the republic’s honest rulers come to power. problems. What happened to the Why Did Reform Fail? Not all wealthy peo- Gracchus brothers? ple ignored the problems facing the Roman Republic. Two prominent officials who worked for reforms were Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus (GRA•kuhs). These brothers thought poor. In return for their service, he paid that many of Rome’s problems were caused them wages and promised them the one by the loss of small farms. They asked the thing they desperately wanted—land. Senate to take back public land from the rich Marius changed the Roman army from and divide it among landless Romans. citizen volunteers to paid professional sol- Many senators, however, were among diers. The new troops, however, were those who had claimed parcels of public motivated by material rewards rather than land. Putting their own interests above the a sense of duty. They felt loyal to their general welfare, they fought the Gracchus general, not to the Roman Republic. This brothers’ proposals. A band of senators even gave individual generals a great deal of went so far as to kill Tiberius in 133 B.C. influence and good reason to become Twelve years later, Gaius met the same fate. involved in politics. They needed to get These were dark days for the Roman laws passed that would provide the land Republic, when the people charged with they had promised their soldiers. making and upholding the laws could so Marius’s new military system led to shockingly violate them. new power struggles. It was not long before Marius faced a challenge from a rival gen- The Army Enters Politics Matters only eral with his own army, a man named Sulla. worsened as the Roman army took on a new In 82 B.C. Sulla drove his enemies out of role. Until now, the army had mostly stayed Rome and made himself dictator. out of government affairs. Things changed Over the next three years, Sulla changed when a military leader named Marius the government. He weakened the Council became consul in 107 B.C. Previously, most of the Plebs and strengthened the Senate. soldiers were owners of small farms. Now Then he stepped down from office. He because this type of farmer was disappearing, hoped that the Roman Republic could heal Marius began to recruit soldiers from the its wounds and recapture its glory. Instead, Rome plunged into an era of civil wars for the next 50 years. Ambitious men saw how Web Activity Visit jat.glencoe.com and Sulla used an army to seize power. They click on Chapter 8—Student Web Activity to decided to follow the same path. learn more about the rise of Rome. Explain What change did Marius make to the Roman army?

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Julius Caesar Caesar’s Military Campaigns The mem- bers of the Triumvirate each had a military Military hero Julius Caesar seized command in a remote area of the republic. power and made reforms. was in Spain, Crassus in Syria, and Reading Focus Did you know that George Washington, Caesar in Gaul (modern ). While in Andrew Jackson, William H. Harrison, Zachary Taylor, Gaul, Caesar battled foreign tribes and Ulysses S. Grant, and Dwight D. Eisenhower all com- invaded Britain. He became a hero to manded armies before becoming president? Read to Rome’s lower classes. Senators and others learn about a famous Roman who made a similar jump back home in Rome feared that Caesar was from military leader to political leader. becoming too popular and might seize power like Sulla. After Sulla left office, different Roman After Crassus was killed in battle in leaders battled for power, supported by 53 B.C., the Senate decided that Pompey their loyal armies. In 60 B.C. three men were should return to Italy and rule alone. In on top: Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar 49 B.C. the Senate ordered Caesar to give up (jool • yuhs SEE • zuhr). Crassus was a mili- his army and come home. Caesar faced a tary leader and one of the richest men in difficult choice. He could obey the Senate Rome. Pompey and Caesar were not as rich, and perhaps face prison or death at the but both were successful military men. hands of his rivals, or he could march on Drawing on their wealth and power, they Rome with his army and risk a civil war. formed the to rule Rome. Caesar decided to hold on to his 5,000 A triumvirate (try • UHM • vuh • ruht) is a loyal soldiers. He marched into Italy by political alliance of three people. (ROO • bih • KAHN),a

Caesar’s Rise to Power

Caesar was part of the First Triumvirate, whose members are shown below. A scene showing a battle between Romans and

Caesar

280 CrassusCHAPTER 8 The PompeyRise of Rome (tl)Archaeological Museum, /E.T. Archives, London/SuperStock, (bl)Louvre, /Bridgeman Art Library, (c)Reunion des Musees Nationaux/Art Resource, NY, (r)Ronald Sheridan/Ancient Art & Architecture Collection 277-283 Ch8 S3-824133 3/17/05 12:20 PM Page 281

small river at the southern boundary of his more free workers. These measures made command area. By doing so, Caesar knew Caesar popular with Rome’s poor. that he was starting a civil war and that there Caesar also created a new calendar with was no turning back. The phrase “crossing 12 months, 365 days, and a leap year. The the Rubicon” is used today to mean making calendar, as it was called, was used a decision that you cannot take back. throughout Europe until A.D. 1582. That Art Library, (r)Mary Evans Picture Library Art Library, Pompey tried to stop Caesar, but Caesar year it was modified slightly to become the was the better general. He drove Pompey’s Gregorian calendar. This calendar, based on forces from Italy and then destroyed the birth of Christ, has been used in the Pompey’s army in Greece in 48 B.C. United States since its beginning and is used by most countries in the world today. Caesar’s Rise to Power In 44 B.C. Caesar While many Romans supported Caesar, had himself declared dictator of Rome for others did not. His supporters believed he life. This broke with the Roman tradition was a strong leader who brought peace and that allowed dictators to hold power for order to Rome. His enemies, however, only short periods of time. To strengthen his feared that Caesar wanted to be king. These hold on power, Caesar filled the Senate with opponents, led by the senators Brutus and new members who were loyal to him. Cassius, plotted to kill him. Caesar ignored At the same time, Caesar knew that a famous warning to “beware the Ides of (l)SuperStock, (c)Museo e Gallerie Nazionali di Capodimonte, , Italy/Bridgeman reforms were needed. He granted citizen- March” (March 15). On that date in 44 B.C., to people living in Rome’s territories Caesar’s enemies surrounded him and outside the Italian peninsula. He started new stabbed him to death. colonies to provide land for the landless and created work for Rome’s jobless people. He Explain Why did Brutus, ordered landowners using slave labor to hire Cassius, and others kill Caesar?

Caesar crossing the Rubicon

Brutus (left) was one of the senators who killed Caesar. Antony (above) supported Caesar and his nephew Octavian and fought against Caesar’s assassins.

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Rome Becomes an Empire The Roman Republic, weakened by civil Cicero Calls wars, became an empire under Augustus. for War Reading Focus Have you ever been in a traffic jam This excerpt is from Cicero’s sixth speech and wished that a police officer would show up to get about the struggle between Octavian and things moving? Read on to learn how Romans wel- Antony ( ): comed the arrival of a strong new ruler. “Therefore, when I saw that a nefarious [evil] war was waged against the republic, I thought that no delay ought to be interposed to our Caesar’s death plunged Rome into pursuit of ; another civil war. On one side were forces and I gave my vote that led by the men who had killed Caesar. On we ought to pursue with the other side was Caesar’s grandnephew war that most audacious Octavian (ahk • TAY • vee • uhn), who had [bold] man, who . . . was at this moment attack- inherited Caesar’s wealth, and two of ing a general Caesar’s top generals, Antony (AN • tuh • of the Roman nee) and Lepidus. After defeating Caesar’s people.... assassins, these three men created the I said further, in 43 B.C. that . . . the garb of war The Second Triumvirate The members of should be the Second Triumvirate began quarreling assumed by almost at once. Octavian soon forced the citizens, in order that all men might Cicero Lepidus to retire from politics. Then the apply themselves with more two remaining leaders divided the Roman activity and energy to avenging world between themselves. Octavian took the injuries of the republic.” the west; Antony took the east. —Cicero, “The Sixth Oration of In short order, though, Octavian and M.T. Cicero Against Marcus Antonius” Antony came into conflict. Antony fell in love with the Egyptian queen VII and formed an alliance with her. Octavian Why did Cicero want Rome to fight told the Romans that Antony, with Antony? Cleopatra’s help, planned to make himself the sole ruler of the republic. This alarmed many Romans and enabled Octavian to declare war on Antony. over, but so was the republic. Octavian In 31 B.C., at the (AK • would lay the foundation for a new system shee • uhm) off the west coast of Greece, of government—the Roman Empire. Octavian crushed the army and navy of . The couple then fled Who Was Augustus? Octavian could to . A year later, as Octavian closed in, have made himself dictator for life, like they killed themselves. Octavian, at the age Julius Caesar did. He knew, though, that of 32, now stood alone at the top of the many people favored a republican form of Roman world. The period of civil wars was government. One such person was

282 CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome Bettmann/CORBIS 277-283 Ch8 S3-824133 3/17/05 12:24 PM Page 283

Cicero (SIH • suh • ROH), a political leader, writer, and Rome’s greatest public speaker. Cicero had argued against dictators and called for a representative government with limited powers. Cicero’s speeches and swayed many Romans. Centuries later, his ideas would also influence the writers of the United States Constitution. Although Cicero did not live to see Octavian rule, he had supported him, hoping he would At the Battle of Actium, Octavian’s forces defeated those of Antony after Cleopatra’s restore the republic. In 27 B.C. Octavian ships retreated. How did the Battle of Actium announced that he was doing just that. affect the history of Rome? He knew the Senate wanted this form of “emperor.” Octavian also took the of government. However, Octavian also knew Augustus (aw•GUHS•tuhs)—“the revered or that the republic had been too weak to solve majestic one.” From this point on, he was Rome’s problems. Although he gave some known by this name. power to the Senate, he really put himself in charge. His title, , translates to Explain How did Octavian’s “commander in chief,” but it came to mean government reflect the ideas of Cicero?

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What Did You Learn? Reading Summary 1. What is a triumvirate? 5. Analyze What was the “bread Review the 2. Who was Cicero, and how did and circuses” policy, and how he influence the writers of the did Roman politicians benefit • As the gap between the ruling from it? class and the poor in Rome United States Constitution? increased, a number of reforms Critical Thinking 6. Analyze What reforms did Julius Caesar put in place that failed, and generals began to 3. Understanding Cause and gather power. increased his popularity with Effect Draw a diagram like the poor and working-class Romans? one below. Fill in the chain of • Julius Caesar became dictator effects that was caused by the 7. Persuasive Writing Imagine and carried out reforms to aid thousands of enslaved prison- you are a Roman citizen. Decide Rome’s poor. Later he was assas- ers that were brought to Italy whether you would have been sinated by members of the from Rome’s many wars. for or against Julius Caesar’s Senate. rise to power and his reforms. Then write a newspaper edito- • Caesar’s grandnephew Octavian rial explaining your views. Be defeated Antony and Cleopatra sure to include facts to support and became Augustus, the first your opinions. Roman emperor. 4. Summarize What reforms did the Gracchus brothers suggest?

CHAPTER 8 The Rise of Rome 283 North Wind Picture Archive 284-285 Ch8 YD-824133 3/22/04 8:05 PM Page 284 Nimatallah/Art Resource, NY Was Caesar a Reformer or a Dictator?

Great Reformer Was Caesar a great reformer or an During his life, Julius Caesar was ambitious dictator? Those who saw him as a great leader and reformer said that he greatly admired by many people. He was • won the support of his soldiers also hated and feared by many others. through his military leadership Some believed he was too ambitious— and strategy exceptionally eager for fame and power— and that his ambition would keep him • treated many of his defeated from acting in Rome’s best interest. enemies generously and appointed some of them— including Brutus—to gov- ernment positions • ended the rule of corrupt Roman nobles • brought order and peace to Rome • restored cities that had been destroyed by the republic • strengthened and expanded the state of Rome • started public jobs pro- grams to aid the poor • granted Roman citizen- ship to people from for- states. eign countries or

The assassination of Julius Caesar

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Ambitious

Bridgeman Art Library Dictator Caesar also had many enemies, including some who had been his friends. They saw Caesar as a dan- gerous dictator and thought he was taking advantage of his growing power. They said that he • became an enemy when he refused to follow the Senate’s order to return to Rome • started a civil war that led to the destruction of the republic • increased the number of senators to add to his number of supporters • treated his defeated enemies with cruelty • punished those who wanted to uphold the traditions and laws of the republic • weakened the Senate to gain absolute power over Rome Julius Caesar • kept hidden any facts that did not make him look brave and intelligent • sought glory for himself at the expense of the republic. Checking for Understanding 1. Define ambition. Identify some ways ambition can be a positive characteristic and some ways it can be a negative characteristic. 2. What could Caesar have done to show his enemies that he was not abusing his power? 3. Do you think Caesar was a great leader and reformer or an ambi- tious dictator? Write a brief essay that explains how you view Caesar. Use facts to support your position. 285285285285 286-294 Ch8 S4-824133 3/22/04 8:08 PM Page 286

The Early Empire

What’s the Connection? Meeting People You learned in Section 3 that (kuh•LIH•gyuh•luh) when Octavian became Augustus, the Nero (NEE•roh) Roman world began to change. The (HAY•dree•uhn) republic gave way to an empire, and peace and prosperity spread Building Your Vocabulary throughout the Mediterranean. (pahks roh•MAH•nah) Focusing on the aqueduct (A•kwuh•DUHKT) • By expanding the empire and currency (KUHR•uhn•see) reorganizing the military and government, Augustus created a new Reading Strategy era of prosperity. (page 287) Cause and Effect Use a chart like • Rome’s system of roads, aqueducts, the one below to show the changes ports, and common currency made Augustus made in the Roman Empire the empire rich and prosperous. and the effect of each change. (page 290) Causes Effects Locating Places River (RYN) Danube River (DAN•YOOB) Puteoli (pyu•TEE•uh•LY) (AHS•tee•uh)

A.D.10 A.D. 110 A.DD. 210 BRITAIN . .10 . . 110 . . 210

GAUL A.D.14 A.D.96 A.D.180 ITALY GREECE Augustus dies Rule of the Good Pax Romana SPAIN Rome Emperors begins ends

PALESTINE EGYPT

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This force consisted of about 9,000 men in The Emperor Augustus charge of guarding the emperor. The By expanding the empire and reorgan- later became very influ- izing the military and government, Augustus cre- ential in Roman politics. ated a new era of prosperity. Augustus’s legions conquered new ter- Reading Focus What makes a good or bad leader? ritories and added vast stretches of north- Think about this question as you read about Augustus ern Europe to the empire. All of Spain and other Roman emperors. and Gaul came under Roman rule, as did land in what is today Austria, , Augustus paved the way for 200 years of , and Bulgaria. peace and prosperity in Rome. The emperors Meanwhile, Augustus rebuilt Rome with who followed him were not all good rulers, stately palaces, fountains, and splendid pub- but they helped the Roman Empire reach its lic buildings. “I found Rome a city of brick,” peak. For centuries, the Mediterranean he boasted, “and left it a city of marble.” The region had been filled with conflict. Under arts flourished as never before, and Augustus Augustus and his successors, the region was also imported grain from Africa to feed the under the control of one empire. A long era poor. He knew that a well-fed population of peace began with Augustus and lasted would be less likely to cause trouble. until A.D. 180. It was called the Pax Romana Augustus devoted much of his energy to (pahks roh•MAH•nah), or “Roman Peace.” improving Rome’s government. During his reign, more than 50 million people lived in What Did Augustus Achieve? Upon the Roman Empire. To rule this huge popu- becoming emperor in 27 B.C., Augustus set lation, Augustus appointed a , or out to make the empire strong and safe. To , for each of Rome’s provinces. provide security, he built a permanent, These new officials replaced the politicians professional army of about 150,000 men— who had been chosen by the Senate. all Roman citizens. Augustus also created a Augustus often traveled to the provinces to special unit called the Praetorian Guard. see how the were doing.

The city of Rome at the height of the Roman Empire

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TheThe Julio-ClaudianJulio- EmperorsEmperors Augustus also reformed the legal system. He created a set of laws for Emperor Accomplishments people in the provinces who were Tiberius 14–37 A.D. not citizens. As time passed, how- ever, most of these people gained cit- Great military leader; regulated business izenship. The laws of Rome then to prevent fraud; kept Rome’s economy applied to everyone, although the stable legal system generally stressed the authority of the government over 37–41 A.D. Caligula the rights of the individual.

Abolished sales tax; allowed people in exile to return; increased court system’s Who Came After Augustus? power After ruling for almost 40 years, Augustus died in A.D. 14. No law 41–54 A.D. stated how the next emperor was to be chosen. Augustus, however, Built new harbor at Ostia and new had trained a relative, Tiberius, aqueduct for Rome; conquered most of Britain to follow him. The next three emperors—Caligula(kuh•LIH•gyuh• luh), Claudius, and Nero (NEE • Nero 54–68 A.D. roh)—also came from Augustus’s Constructed many new buildings; gave family. They are called the Julio- slaves the right to file complaints; Claudian emperors. Unfortunately, assisted cities suffering from disasters they were not all fit to lead. Tiberius and Claudius ruled capa- bly. Caligula and Nero, however, proved to be cruel leaders. The four emperors who followed Augustus Mental illness caused Caligula were all relatives of Augustus. 1. Under which emperor was Britain to act strangely and to treat people conquered? cruelly. He had many people mur- 2. Conclude Why do you think the Roman dered, wasted a lot of money, and Empire remained at peace even with weak even gave his favorite horse the emperors such as Caligula and Nero? position of consul. Eventually, the Praetorian Guard killed him and Augustus also reformed the Roman tax put Claudius on the . system. Previously, individual tax collectors Nero was also a vicious man. Among paid the government for the right to do the those he had killed were his mother and two job. To make their investment worthwhile, wives. He is best remembered for having tax collectors were allowed to keep some of “fiddled while Rome burned.” According to the money they gathered. Many of them, legend, he was playing music miles from however, were dishonest and took too much. Rome when a fire destroyed much of the city Augustus solved this problem by making in A.D. 64. Eventually, he committed suicide. tax collectors permanent government work- Explain What did Augustus ers. This change made the tax system fairer. do to make the empire safer and stronger?

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Augustus AUGUSTUS 63 B.C.–A.D. 14 Octavian was born to a wealthy family in a small Italian town southeast of Rome. During his youth, Octavian suffered a number of illnesses. He refused to let his illnesses interfere with his life, however, showing the determination that would later make him Rome’s first emperor. Octavian’s father was a Roman , but it was Octavian’s great-uncle—Julius Caesar—who first introduced Octavian to public life in Rome. In his late teens, Octavian joined Caesar in Africa and then the following year in Spain. At the age of 18, while Octavian was studying at school, he learned that his great-uncle had been murdered. In his will, Caesar had adopted Octavian as his son. Caesar had also made Octavian his heir—a position that Antony had assumed would be his. Against his family’s advice, Octavian went to Rome to claim his inheritance. By the time he reached Rome, however, Antony had seized Caesar’s papers and money and refused to give them to Octavian. With remarkable political savvy for someone so young, Octavian turned the situation around in his favor. He won the hearts of Caesar’s soldiers and the “I extended the frontiers people of Rome by celebrating the public games that Caesar had started. of all the provinces of the In his rise to power and during his reign as .” Emperor Augustus, Octavian pushed himself and —Augustus, “Res Gestae: The his loyal followers with relentless energy. In his Accomplishments of Augustus” private life, however, he lived simply and quietly and shunned personal luxury. He was devoted to his wife, Drusilla, and Augustus overcame the obstacles of illness and spent his spare time with her at political enemies to become a great emperor. their home on the outskirts of Can you think of any present-day individuals Rome. who overcame obstacles to excel at something?

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rebellions in the empire, including the Unity and Prosperity Jewish rebellion in Palestine. Troops com- Rome’s system of roads, aqueducts, manded by his son defeated the ports, and common currency made the empire rich and destroyed the Jewish temple in and prosperous. Jerusalem in A.D. 70. Reading Focus Do you find that you are more pro- During his reign, began con- ductive when you are not worried about conflicts at struction of the —a huge home or school? Read to learn how the Roman Empire amphitheatre—in central Rome. His son prospered during its time of peace. Titus, then his other son , ruled

Rome after he died. Both sons oversaw an (l)Seamus Culligan/ZUMA/CORBIS, (r)Jonathan Blair/CORBIS After Nero committed suicide, Rome era of growth and prosperity in Rome. passed through a period of disorder until During Titus’s reign, two disasters struck Vespasian, a general and one of Nero’s pro- the empire. The volcano consuls, took the throne. Vespasian restored erupted, destroying the city of , peace and order. He put down several and a great fire badly damaged Rome.

Living in the Shadow of Mt. Vesuvius Mt. Vesuvius today Ancient Pompeii was a busy port town. Its citizens were going about their day on August 24, A.D. 79, when Mt. Vesuvius erupted and buried the town in volcanic ash. About 20,000 people escaped, but thousands of others died. Not until centuries later—in the 1500s—were the preserved at Pompeii discovered.

Today, about 600,000 people live near Mt. Vesuvius. Some people even live on the volcano’s beautiful green slopes. Scientists warn that the volcano is overdue to erupt again and suggest that people move away from the highest-risk areas. Would you choose to live near Mt.Vesuvius? Why or why not? The ruins of Pompeii 290 286-294 Ch8 S4-824133 3/22/04 8:15 PM Page 291

The “Good Emperors” At the beginning of the A.D. 100s, a series of rulers who were Ric Ergenbright not related to Augustus or Vespasian came to power. These five emperors—, , Hadrian (HAY•dree•uhn), Antoninus Roman Aqueducts Transporting Pius, and —are known as water is a complex problem. Roman the “good emperors.” They presided over engineers solved it by building nearly a century of prosperity, from A.D. 96 aqueducts. Roman aqueducts carried to A.D. 180. Agriculture flourished, trade water across a valley or hillside using increased, and the standard of living rose. gravity, aboveground stone arches, and During this time, the emperor came to overshadow the Senate more than ever underground pipes made of stone or before. The five “good emperors” did not clay. Between 312 B.C. and A.D. 226, abuse their power, however. They were 11 aqueducts were built to bring water among the most devoted and capable rulers to Rome from as far away as 57 miles. in Rome’s history. They improved Roman Once the water made it to Rome, it life in many ways, naming trained officials was held in collecting tanks. Most to carry out their orders. people gathered water from these Among the achievements of these public tanks. Only the rich and high- emperors were programs to help ordinary ranking officials had private water people. Trajan gave money to help poor tanks in their homes. parents raise and educate their children. Many Roman aqueducts still stand Hadrian made Roman law easier to under- and are used today. Engineers in ancient stand and apply. Persia, India, and passed laws to help orphans. All the Egypt built similar emperors supported public build- water systems ing projects. They built arches and monuments, bridges and roads, hundreds of years and harbors and aqueducts. An before the aqueduct (A • kwuh • DUHKT) is a Romans. However, human-made channel for carrying historians agree water long distances. that the Romans were the greatest A Unified Empire Later emperors aqueduct builders continued to conquer new territory of the ancient for Rome. The empire reached its world. largest size under Trajan. It spread well beyond the Mediterranean, Roman aqueduct including Britain in the north and part of Mesopotamia in the east. Connecting to the Past Trajan’s successors, however, realized 1. How did the Romans transport water that the empire had grown too big to rule to the city of Rome? effectively. Hadrian began to pull back. He 2. Why do you think that only the removed troops from most of Mesopotamia. rich and powerful had private water supplies? 286-294 Ch8 S4-875047 9/14/06 10:58 AM Page 292

In The Roman Empire: Trade and Expansion Motion

Extent of Roman Extent of Roman Extent of Roman B.C. N Empire, 146 N Empire, 44 B.C. N Empire, A.D. 14

WE WE WE

S S S

40 N Black Sea ° ITALY 40N ITALY Black Sea 40N ITALY Black Sea SPAIN Rome ASIA SPAIN Rome ASIA SPAIN Rome ASIA Mediterr Medit Medit an MINOR err err e an MINOR an MINOR Carthage a e e n S Carthage an Carthage an ea Se Se 0 500 mi. GREECE 0 500 mi. a GREECE 0 500 mi. a GREECE

0 500 km 0 500 km 0 500 km Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection

The “Good Emperors” of the Pax Romana

Nerva Trajan Hadrian Antoninus Pius Marcus Aurelius A.D. 96–98 A.D. 98–117 A.D. 117–138 A.D. 138–161 A.D. 161–180 Reformed land Expanded the Built Hadrian’s Promoted art and Helped unite laws in favor of empire to its Wall in Britain; science; built new the empire the poor; revised largest size; built made Roman public works; economically; taxes many new public laws easier to passed laws to aid reformed works understand orphans Roman law

In Europe, he set the empire’s northern empire, though, were Roman law, Roman boundaries at the Rhine River (RYN) and rule, and a shared identity as Romans. Danube River (DAN • YOOB). He also built Roman culture had been carried into Hadrian’s Wall across northern Britain to every province by the soldiers who keep out the and Scots—two warlike protected the empire and by the officials people who lived in northern Britain. sent to govern. The Romans were gener- In the A.D. 100s, the Roman Empire was ous in granting . In A.D. 212 one of the greatest empires in history. It every free person was made a Roman included about 3.5 million square miles citizen. (9.1 million square km). Its people spoke dif- ferent languages—mostly Latin in the west A Booming Economy Most people in the and Greek in the east. They also practiced Roman Empire made a living from the different local customs. What unified the land. Small farms dotted northern Italy. In

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KEY Roman Empire, Horses Spices SPICES A.D. 200 10 W 0 10 E 30 E40E50E Marble Timber ° °North ° 20°E ° ° ° Hadrian’s TradeN route Wild animals 50 Metals °N Wall Sea Traded goods:E Olive oil Wine ATLANTIC BRITAIN W R Perfume Wool h GlasswareS OCEAN i n

e Grain R . Da nub e R. GAUL C a sp i 60°E A a d n SPAIN r S 40 Massalia i Black Sea e °N ITALY at a Tarraco ic CorsicaRome S Ostia ea From Puteoli T Ch Sardinia ig ina ASIA r GREECE i SPICES a s ic MINOR R fr . A Carthage Sicily om SYRIAEup Fr hra tes Cyprus Sidon R Crete . 3 Mediterranean Sea 0°N PALESTINE 0 500 mi. EGYPT Red N ARABIA F i Sea 0 500 km l ro e m Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection AFRICA R. In d SPICES ia

At its height, the Roman Empire had conquered an area about the size of the United States. 1. What feature made up the far northern border of the Roman Empire? 2. Describe in general the trade items that came from the various regions of the empire.

southern and central Italy, latifundia, produced goods and cities became centers or large estates worked by enslaved for making glass, bronze, and brass. people, were common. On these estates Traders came from all over the and in the provinces of Gaul and Spain, empire—and beyond—to ports in Italy. farmers produced grapes and olives. The Two of the largest port cities were Puteoli making of wine and olive oil became (pyu•TEE•uh• LY) on the Bay of Naples and big business. In Britain and Egypt, the Ostia (AHS • tee • uh) at the mouth of the chief crops were grains. Bountiful harvests Tiber. The docks were lively places. Luxury from these regions kept Rome’s people items, including silk goods from and well fed. spices from India, poured in to satisfy the Agriculture was the most important rich. Raw materials, such as British tin, part of the economy, but industry was Spanish lead, and iron from Gaul, went to important too. Potters, weavers, and jewelers the workshops of Roman cities.

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Roads and Money A good transportation , NY network was vital to the empire’s trade. During the Pax Romana, Rome’s system of roads reached a total length of 50,000 miles (80,000 km). On the seas, the helped to rid the Mediterranean of pirates. Goods could be shipped more safely to and , (others)The Newark Museum/Art Resource from Rome’s ports. Rome’s trade was helped by a common currency (KUHR • uhn• see), or system of Roman coins could be used throughout most of the empire, making trade much easier. How money. Roman coins were accepted through- else did Rome improve trade during the empire? out the Mediterranean region by A.D. 100. Merchants could use the same money in Gaul Shopkeepers, merchants, and skilled work- or Greece as they did in Italy. The Romans ers benefited from the empire’s trade. Rich also created a standard system of weights and Romans built great fortunes and lived in measures. This made it easier for people to luxury. However, most city dwellers and price goods, trade, and ship products. farmers remained poor, and many remained enslaved. Ongoing Inequality The Roman Empire’s Identify Who were the

prosperity did not reach all of its people. “Good Emperors,” and what did they accomplish? Architecture Collection, (tr)Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY Art & (tl)B. Wilson/Ancient

Study CentralTM Need help with the material in this section? Visit jat.glencoe.com

What Did You Learn? Reading Summary 1. What was the Pax Romana? 4. Sequencing Information Review the 2. What products came from the Describe the sequence of farms of Italy, Gaul, and Spain? emperors who ruled Rome, • Augustus conquered new lands from Augustus through the and created a professional mili- Critical Thinking “Good Emperors.” tary and a system of . 3. Organizing Information 5. Analyze Why was Rome’s He improved the tax system and Draw a diagram like the one the legal system, ushering in the creation of a common currency below. Add details about the important? Pax Romana. improvements and changes Augustus made to the Roman 6. Evaluate Who do you think was a more important leader, • Under Vespasian, his sons, and Empire during his reign. Julius Caesar or Augustus? the five good emperors, Romans Explain. continued to be prosperous. They built an elaborate system of 7. Creative Writing Write a roads and developed a common short play in which several Changes Under Augustus currency that promoted trade Roman citizens discuss one and economic growth. of the emperors mentioned in this section and his accomplishments.

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Study anywhere, anytime! Download quizzes and flash cards Section Rome’s Beginnings to your PDA from glencoe.com.

Vocabulary Focusing on the republic • Geography played an important role in the rise of Roman civilization. legion (page 263) • The Romans created a republic and conquered Italy. By treating people fairly, they built Rome from a small city into a great power. (page 265)

Section The Roman Republic

Vocabulary Focusing on the patrician • Rome’s republic was shaped by a struggle between plebeian wealthy landowners and regular citizens as it grad- consul ually expanded the right to vote. (page 269) veto • Rome slowly destroyed the Carthaginian Empire praetor and took control of the entire Mediterranean region. dictator (page 274) Roman consul Section The Fall of the Republic

Vocabulary Focusing on the latifundia • The use of enslaved labor hurt farmers, increased poverty and triumvirate corruption, and brought the army into politics. (page 278) • Military hero Julius Caesar seized power and made reforms. (page 280) • The Roman Republic, weakened by civil wars, became an empire under Augustus. (page 282)

Section The Early Empire

Vocabulary Focusing on the Pax Romana • By expanding the empire and reorganizing the military and government, aqueduct Augustus created a new era of prosperity. (page 287) currency • Rome’s system of roads, aqueducts, ports, and common currency made the empire rich and prosperous. (page 290)

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Review Vocabulary Section 2 • The Roman Republic Each of the following statements is false. 9. How did the roles of patricians and ple- Replace each word in italics with a word that beians differ in Roman society? makes the statement true. Write the correct 10. Explain how Rome gradually defeated the words on a separate sheet of paper. Carthaginians. ___ 1. A legion is a form of government in Section 3 • The Fall of the Republic which the citizens choose their leader. 11. How did weaken the Roman ___ 2. Patricians included artisans and Republic? shopkeepers. 12. How did Augustus change the Roman ___ 3. The judge in a Roman court case was a Republic? consul. Section 4 • The Early Empire ___ 4. In early Rome, the role of praetor lasted 13. Was Augustus a successful ruler? Explain only until a crisis had passed. your answer. ___ 5. Large farming estates that used 14. How did the Roman Empire change dur- enslaved people to tend crops were ing the Pax Romana? called aqueducts. ___ 6. A veto was a human-made channel for Critical Thinking carrying water. 15. Compare In the chapter, Cincinnatus is compared to George Washington. Think of Review Main Ideas another person or character who is similar to Section 1 • Rome’s Beginnings Cincinnatus. Explain how they are similar. 7. Describe the role geography played in the 16. Explain Why did Caesar fight Pompey? rise of Roman civilization. 17. Predict What do you think would have 8. How did treating people fairly help Rome happened if Hadrian had tried to further to increase its power? expand the Roman Empire?

Taking Notes Note Taking

18. Read the following paragraph from page 269. Take notes on the information by making a T-chart.

Early Romans were divided into two classes: patricians and plebeians. The patricians were wealthy landowners. These nobles made up Rome’s ruling class. Most of Rome’s people, however, were plebeians. This group included artisans, shopkeepers, and owners of small farms. To review this skill, see pages 260–261.

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Self-Check Quiz To help prepare for the Geography Skills Chapter Test, visit jat.glencoe.com Study the map below and answer the follow- ing questions. 19. Place Which areas did Rome control after Building Citizenship the Punic Wars? 24. Making Connections Use the Internet 20. Human/Environment Interaction What and your local library to research the does the building of Hadrian’s Wall say Twelve Tables. Work with your classmates about the Picts and Scots? to design a similar series of laws, and 21. Region Why was it important to the record them, using modern language. How Romans to control Mediterranean lands? is your law code similar to and different from the Twelve Tables? Using Technology Growth of Rome 25. Creating Promotional Materials Use the Internet to find at least five places related Hadrian’s North 10°E 20°E30°E Wall to ancient Rome that can be visited by Sea N BRITAIN tourists. Create a guidebook or brochure Rh i n WE e on the computer advertising these links to

R C . S a the past and persuading people to visit sp GAUL . i D R a that area. Share your final product in a anu be n 40 Black Sea S °N ITALY e report to the class. a Rome SPAIN ASIA Ti gr MINOR is GREECE R Eup . Carthage Actium hra tes Mediterranean Sea R. AFRICA PALESTINE 0 500 mi. SYRIA

EGYPT Red Sea

0 500 km . Analyze

Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection R le 30 i °N N 0° Augustus wrote a historical document describing his accomplishments. This passage is about his military leadership. KEY “About 500,000 Roman citizens were under Rome after Punic Wars, 146 B.C. military oath to me. Of these, when their Territory added by Caesar’s death, 44 B.C. terms of service were ended, I settled in Territory added by Augustus’s death, A.D. 14 Territory added by A.D. 130 colonies or sent back to their own munici- Battle site palities a little more than 300,000, and to all these I allotted lands or granted money Read to Write as rewards for military service.” 22. Persuasive Writing Suppose you were —Augustus, “Res Gestae: The working with Tiberius and Gaius to reform Accomplishments of Augustus” Rome. Write a letter or speech that explains why reform is needed and what types of reforms should occur. 26. Why did Augustus give money to his 23. Using Your Use your foldable retired soldiers? to write a series of questions about the 27. Why do you think Augustus did not chapter. With a partner, take turns asking explain the reasons for his actions? and answering questions until you have reviewed the entire chapter.

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