DUBÉ, Sandra, « Personne N'est Antisémite, Mais Tout Le Monde Est

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DUBÉ, Sandra, « Personne N'est Antisémite, Mais Tout Le Monde Est UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL ‘PERSONNE N’EST ANTISÉMITE, MAIS TOUT LE MONDE EST OPPOSÉ À L’IMMIGRATION’. DISCOURS DES RESPONSABLES POLITIQUES CANADIENS ET QUÉBÉCOIS SUR L’IMMIGRATION, 1938-1945 RAPPORT DE RECHERCHE PRÉSENTÉ COMME EXIGENCE PARTIELLE DE LA MAÎTRISE EN HISTOIRE PROFIL APPLIQUÉ PAR SANDRA DUBÉ JANVIER 2015 REMERCIEMENTS Merci à Stéphane Savard et à Pierre Anctil, mes directeurs, pour leur temps, leurs conseils, leur générosité et leur compréhension. Ces échanges intellectuels furent riches et précieux, je me compte très privilégiée d’avoir pu travailler avec vous. Merci à Jean-Marie Fecteau. Pour ton œuvre. Pour ta passion. De m’avoir donné une première chance dans le monde académique en m’engageant comme assistante de recherche au bac. J’ai eu la chance de te côtoyer, de faire partie de ton projet. Tu as été et seras toujours pour moi une grande inspiration. Merci à Martin Petitclerc et à Martin Pâquet pour leur temps et leurs conseils. Merci à Micheline Cloutier-Turcotte pour nos échanges, de m’avoir écouté chialer, et ce, pas mal trop à mon goût. Le monde manque de gens comme toi. Merci à la fondation de l’UQAM et au département d’histoire pour leur soutien financier et, donc, quelque part, d’avoir cru en moi. Merci à mes amiEs qui m’ont encouragée, qui ont corrigé mes chapitres, qui ont été là pour moi tout au long de cette maîtrise dans les grandes joies, comme dans les moments les plus difficiles…Un gros merci en particulier à Roxane, tu as été à la fois d’un soutien inestimable ainsi qu’une grande inspiration. Merci à mes grands-parents, Antoinette et Armand, de m’avoir toujours encouragée à aller plus loin, de m’avoir autant aimée. Vous me manquez. Merci à ma mère d’avoir été forte pour deux, face à des circonstances si difficiles. Surtout, merci à Philippe, mon fan no.1, mon amoureux, mon monsieur. Tu m’as supportée inconditionnellement dans mes études, que tu sais si importantes pour moi. Merci d’avoir été mon healer dans les boss fights, mon mana dans les combats épiques, mon partner dans les lvl up. #iloveyouiknow. DÉDICACE À Ben. Pour toujours, malgré tout. -Madame S. For all things turn to barrenness In the dim glass the demons hold, Thy tender eyes grow all unkind Gaze no more in the bitter glass. William Butler Yeats, The two trees, 1893. TABLE DES MATIÈRES LISTE DES ABRÉVIATIONS ET ACRONYMES……………….............................. RÉSUMÉ………………………………………………………………………………. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………….................1 CHAPITRE I CONTEXTE HISTORIQUE ET CADRE THÉORIQUE ......................................... 27 1.1 Le contexte historique .......................................................................................... 27 1.1.1 L’immigration au Canada : une refonte des lois ................................... 28 1.1.2 Les étrangers ennemis ........................................................................... 33 1.1.3 L’année 1938, une année charnière ....................................................... 38 1.2 Les mouvements fascistes au Canada .................................................................. 40 1.3 Grille d’analyse et définitions de la terminologie liée au racisme ....................... 43 1.3.1 Le racisme : définitions, réflexions et terminologies ............................ 43 1.3.2 L’antisémitisme ..................................................................................... 45 1.3.2.1 Friedländer et le « redemptive Anti-Semitism » .................... 48 1.3.2.2 Langmuir et l’antisémitisme irrationnel……………………..49 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 51 CHAPITRE II SUJETS ÉTRANGERS, SUJETS D’EXCLUSION .................................................. 52 2.1 Stratégies de contrôle et d’exclusion.................................................................... 54 2.1.1 L’internement ........................................................................................ 54 2.1.2 Le processus .......................................................................................... 55 2.2 La peur de la cinquième colonne ......................................................................... 59 2.2.1 Déloyauté et nationalité......................................................................... 60 2.2.2 La crise des Sudètes .............................................................................. 62 2.2.3 Une menace à prendre en main ............................................................. 63 2.2.4 Une méfiance perceptible ...................................................................... 65 2.3.5 Les étrangers ennemis de Grande-Bretagne .......................................... 67 2.3 Le discours raciste ................................................................................................ 70 2.3.1 Néo-racisme, nativisme et xénophobie ................................................. 71 2.3.2 Des stratégies d’exclusion : les bills 11 et 38 ....................................... 74 2.3.3 Et la guerre fut ....................................................................................... 77 2.3.4 Le Québec et les Nippo-Canadiens………………….............................82 2.4 La chasse aux communistes………......................................................................86 Conclusion………………………………………………………...............................89 CHAPITRE III LES RÉFUGIÉS JUIFS : « DES SUPPLIANTS INDÉSIRABLES » ...................... 93 3.1 La communauté juive canadienne et l’antisémitisme .......................................... 94 3.1.1 La communauté juive canadienne et les réfugiés .................................. 95 3.1.2 L’antisémitisme canadien et l’antisémitisme québécois ....................... 96 3.1.2.1 L’Ontario ................................................................................ 98 3.1.2.2 Le Manitoba ........................................................................... 99 3.1.2.3 L’Alberta et le Crédit social ................................................. 100 3.1.2.4 L’antisémitisme au Québec ................................................. 101 3.2 Ottawa et les réfugiés juifs ................................................................................. 104 3.2.1 William Lyon Mackenzie King ........................................................... 105 3.2.1.1 Ambivalence et opportunisme.............................................. 105 3.2.1.2 Lapointe et Blair : une réelle influence? .............................. 109 3.2.2 Discours des responsables politiques à la Chambre des communes .... 112 3.2.2.1 Interventions défavorables : une opposition à peine voilée ....... .................................................................................................................................. 113 3.2.2.2 Dénonciations et appels à l’action........................................ 117 3.3 Le Québec et les réfugiés juifs ........................................................................... 124 3.3.1Trois hommes, trois visions ................................................................. 124 3.3.1.1 Le premier ministre Adélard Godbout ................................. 124 3.3.1.2 Duplessis : antisémite ou opportuniste? ............................... 127 3.3.1.3 René Chaloult, le nationaliste .............................................. 130 3.3.2 Les responsables politiques à l’Assemblée législative........................ 132 3.3.2.1 Une opposition à l’immigration en général ........................... 132 3.3.2.2 La légende de Sainte-Claire .................................................. 135 3.3.2.3 Contre l’antisémitisme, mais contre l’immigration .............. 140 3.3.2.4 Quelques interventions favorables aux Juifs et réfugiés juifs..143 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 146 CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................ 150 BIBLIOGRAPHIE ................................................................................................... 161 LISTE DES ABRÉVIATIONS ET ACRONYMES ACJCM Archives du Congrès juif canadien de Montréal ANQ-QC Archives nationales du Québec centre Québec ASSJ Archives du Séminaire Saint-Joseph BAC Bibliothèque et achives Canada CCF Co-operative Commonwealth Federation CJC Congrès juif canadien DCC Débats de la Chambre des communes DRALQ Débats reconstitués de l’Assemblée législative du Québec SSJB Société Saint-Jean-Baptiste RÉSUMÉ Au cours de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, le Canada a fermé ses portes à l’immigration, pendant une période qui fut pourtant cruciale pour des milliers de réfugiés européens. Ce rapport de recherche a pour objectif d’analyser les discours des responsables politiques canadiens et québécois sur l’immigration entre 1938 et 1945, à l’aide, majoritairement, des Débats de la Chambre des communes et de ceux de l’Assemblée législative du Québec. Le premier chapitre est constitué d’une mise en contexte historique ainsi que de l’établissement d’une grille d’analyse afin de se doter d’outils conceptuels pour analyser les discours. Les deuxième et troisième chapitres portent respectivement sur les étrangers ennemis et les réfugiés juifs. Les discours sur les étrangers ennemis sont ainsi analysés afin de comprendre comment les différentes communautés ethnoculturelles furent perçues et comment cela affecta les mesures prises contre elles. Nous examinons également la nature des discours
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