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Paródia Em Edgar Allan Poe: Releituras De O Corvo E O Coração Revelador Em Os Simpsons

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Paródia Em Edgar Allan Poe: Releituras De O Corvo E O Coração Revelador Em Os Simpsons UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA BAHIA INSTITUTO DE LETRAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS -GRADUAÇÃO EM LETRAS E LINGÜÍSTICA OLÍVIA RIBAS DE FARIAS PARÓDIA EM EDGAR ALLAN POE: RELEITURAS DE O CORVO E O CORAÇÃO REVELADOR EM OS SIMPSONS Salvador-BA Março de 2010 9 OLÍVIA RIBAS DE FARIAS PARÓDIA EM EDGAR ALLAN POE: RELEITURAS DE O CORVO E O CORAÇÃO REVELADOR EM OS SIMPSONS Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Letras e Lingüística da Universidade Federal da Bahia, como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Letras e Lingüística. Área de concentração: Lingüística Aplicada Orientadora: Profª Dra. Silvia Maria Guerra Anastácio Salvador-Ba Março de 2010 10 À minha família por todo o apoio. Em especial, minha mãe que sempre foi minha grande incentivadora. 11 AGRADECIMENTOS A Deus, por sempre me iluminar e guiar os meus passos, bem como aos meus pais Vilma e Joãozito, que me apoiaram incondicionalmente e me incentivaram na busca do conhecimento. A minha orientadora, a professora Sílvia Maria Guerra Anastácio, por ter me iniciado na carreira de pesquisadora, por todo o seu empenho, sua sabedoria, paciência, compreensão, confiança e amizade que sempre me dedicou e que tanto contribuiu para a realização deste trabalho. A professora Elizabeth Ramos pelos bons conselhos, sempre muito incentivadores, pelas “dicas” e sugestões, pela competência, paciência, pelos ensinamentos e elogios, pelo carinho com que sempre me tratou. A minha irmã Priscila Ribas de Farias Costa por ser meu exemplo de inteligência, competência, “garra”, determinação e disciplina. As minhas amigas de infância Carolina Campos, Haydê Faria e Cristina Ferrari por sempre acreditarem nos meus sonhos e na nossa amizade de tão longa data. Em especial, a Carolina Costa, por seu entusiasmo e otimismo contagiantes, que foram de essencial importância para mim nesses últimos meses de trabalho. A Angela Mascarenhas Santos pela amizade, dedicação, carinho e generosidade que sempre me dedicou durante todos esses anos de graduação e pós-graduação. A Sura Rozemberg Caldas Coni pela amizade, pelas trocas de conselhos e sugestões, pelo companheirismo, pelos elogios e, principalmente, por enxergar em mim muito mais do que sou como pesquisadora. Aos amigos e alunos da Queiroz Galvão pela oportunidade de crescimento, aprendizado, pela confiança em mim depositada, pelo carinho e, em especial, pelas alegrias que me proporcionaram nesse período de criação. Aos amigos Verônica, Danilo Lagrotta e Sofia que, de algum modo, estiveram presentes, sempre me aconselhando, ajudando e incentivando com carinho e afeto. A CAPES pelo apoio financeiro. A todas as pessoas que contribuíram para a execução desta dissertação de Mestrado, para o meu crescimento, enriquecimento profissional e pessoal. 12 “Desenhar é como um sonho ou alucinação... é com ser Deus”. Matt Groening 13 RESUMO Esta dissertação, pautada nos estudos sobre tradução, paródia e semiótica fílmica, propõe investigar como ocorreu a recriação do poema The Raven e do conto The Tell-Tale Heart, ambos do escritor norte-americano Edgar Allan Poe, para a série de animação Os Simpsons nos episódios The Treehouse Horror I , The Telltale Head e Lisa’s Rival , dirigidos respectivamente por Rich Moore, David Silverman e Mark Kirkland. A fundamentação teórica baseou-se em estudiosos de tradução como Gideon Toury, Jacques Derrida, Rosemary Arrojo, dentre outros; alguns conceitos relacionados à semiótica de Charles Sanders Peirce; no que se refere à paródia, foram utilizados conceitos de Mikhail Bakhtin e de Linda Hutcheon, que vêem a paródia atualmente como a própria tônica da criação artística. Como resultado, constatou-se que essas recriações devem ser consideradas como uma nova experiência de leitura e interpretação, que embora guarde um vínculo temático com o texto de partida, existe como uma criação independente, enquanto obra relida. Afinal, se o local de enunciação é outro e se há uma disjunção histórica entre as obras, certamente, os efeitos provocados devem ser distintos. Palavras-chave: Os Simpsons, Edgar Allan Poe, Recriação e Paródia. 14 ABSTRACT This paper, based on concepts related to translation studies, parody and filmic semiotic, intends to analyze the recreation of the poem The Raven and the short story The Tell- Tale Heart by the American writer Edgar Allan Poe in the episodes The Treehouse Horror I, The Telltale Head and Lisa’s Rival from The Simpsons series respectively directed by Rich Moore, David Silverman and Mark Kirkland. The theoretical foundation of this work was based on works by Gideon Toury, Jacques Derrida, Rosemary Arrojo, among others, to support issues of translation; some concepts related to Charles Sanders Peirce´s semiotics; regarding parody, concepts developed by Mikhail Bakhtin and Linda Hutcheon were very useful. They see parody as the very tonic of artistic creation. This research concluded that such re-creation can be considered as a new experience to read and to interpret the source text; a thematic link with the source text still remains, but the new work of art is seen as an independent creation. If the place of enunciation of the source text is different from the target one and if there is a historical disjunction between both works, the effects arising from each experience must also be distinct. Keywords: The Simpsons , Edgar Allan Poe, Recreation, Parody. 15 SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO 09 1 TRADUÇÃO, SISTEMA DE SIGNOS E PARÓDIA 13 1.1 TRADUÇÃO COMO RECRIAÇÃO 13 1.2. TRADUÇÃO E OS SITEMAS DE SIGNOS 24 1.3 A TRAGETÓRIA DOS ESTUDOS SOBRE PARÓDIA 27 2 EDGAR ALLAN POE: UM GRANDE PERCURSOR DA LITERATURA MODERNA 36 2.1 DO INÍCIO NA AMÉRICA AO RECONHECIMENTO NA FRANÇA 36 2.2 A INFLUÊNCIA GÓTICA NO TERROR DE POE 40 2.3 A POESIA DE POE: THE RAVEN 44 2.4 O CONTO DE POE: THE TELL-TALE HEART 51 3 OS SIMPSONS E SUA HISTÓRIA 61 3.1 QUANDO TUDO COMEÇOU 61 3.2 NOVOS ESTUDOS DE PROCESSO 67 3.2.1 O PERCURSO DA CRIAÇÃO – DO ROTEIRO AO STORYBOARD 68 3.2.2 OS PLANOS DE FILMAGEM 76 3.2.3 DO LAYOUT À FINALIZAÇÃO DO PERCURSO DE CRIAÇÃO 82 4. ANÁLISE DAS TRADUÇÕES INTERSEMIÓTICAS 84 4.1 ANÁLISE DO EPISÓDIO THE TREEHOUSE HORROR I 85 4.2 CONSIDERAÇÕES SOBRE EPISÓDIOS: THE TELLTALE HEAD E LISA’S RIVAL 103 4.3 ANÁLISE DO EPISÓDIO THE TELLTALE HEAD 103 4.4 ANÁLISE DO EPISÓDIO LISA’S RIVAL 114 5. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS 124 REFERÊNCIAS 127 ANEXOS 134 ANEXO 1 THE RAVEN 135 ANEXO 2 THE TELL-TALE HEART 139 ANEXO 3 TRANSCRIÇÃO DO EPISÓDIO THE TREEHOUSE HORROR I 144 ANEXO 4 TRANSCRIÇÃO DO EPISÓDIO THE TELLTALE HEAD 148 ANEXO 5 TRANSCRIÇÃO DO EPISÓDIO LISA’S RIVAL 153 16 1 INTRODUÇÃO É uma imagem possível para evocar uma tradução: a cauda do cometa seguindo de perto o cometa, e num ponto impreciso da cauda, esta parece querer gravitar sozinha, desmembrar-se para ser atraída por outro astro, mas sempre imantada ao corpo a que pertence; a cauda e o cometa, (...) início e fim de um mesmo percurso... Milton Hatoum Antes de iniciarmos nosso trabalho, convém evidenciar que, neste trabalho, iremos considerar as palavras adaptação, releitura, recriação, transcriação e transposição criativa como formas de tradução, já que todas apontam para o conceito de que tradução é um processo de interpretação. Tal processo, que envolve escolhas diversas, estratégias e pontos de vista do tradutor, independente do meio em que acontece, será sempre um trabalho de criação e não algo mecânico, não pretendendo ser uma cópia do texto-fonte. Todos esses termos nos levam a inferir que as idéias de originalidade e fidelidade apontam para o fato de que a tradução nunca terá o prestígio do texto-fonte. Atualmente, com a ampliação dos estudos de tradução, já se sabe e se defende a idéia de que a obra traduzida propõe outro trabalho tido como original, no sentido de único e singular em sua nova proposta de interpretar e re-significar o texto-fonte. No caso da recriação de Poe nos episódios de Os Simpsons, que vamos analisar, entendemos que se trata de uma resignificação do texto-fonte para a animação. Escolhemos então os episódios de Os Simpsons denominados The Telltale Head 1 (1990), The Treehouse Horror I 2 (1990) e Lisa’s Rival 3 (1994), dirigidos respectivamente, por Rich Moore, David Silverman e Mark Kirkland, como objeto de estudo porque estabelecem um diálogo com o conto The Tell-Tale Heart 4 (1843) e o poema The Raven 5 (1845), ambos do escritor norte-americano Edgar Allan Poe. Logo, neste trabalho, buscaremos fazer um estudo do processo de recriação paródica das obras de Poe para o meio audiovisual da série citada. Os referidos episódios são permeados por índices do sistema literário de Poe, que se insinuam e aparecem emoldurados na linguagem midiática de Os Simpsons, visando o público contemporâneo dos séculos XX 1 Conversa Fiada. 2 No Dia das Bruxas I . 3 A Rival de Lisa . 4 O Coração Revelador 5 O Corvo 17 e XXI, já que a série existe há mais de vinte anos. O que ocorre, então, é uma duplicidade narrativa, pois, nos episódios analisados, encontramos vestígios do texto- fonte parodiado e, ao mesmo tempo, um novo texto que lhe sobrepõe. Podemos perceber, portanto, a existência de histórias paralelas, que se relacionam em um novo suporte midiático. Os textos de Poe agora passam a existir em outro momento histórico, dentro de novos contextos e locais de enunciação, com outras funções. Tais obras ganham então vida própria dentro da animação de Os Simpsons, como ocorre com muitos textos que são relidos para linguagens diferentes. Assim, afirma Rosemary Arrojo (2003), “a tradução, como leitura, deixa de ser, portanto, uma atividade que protege os significados ‘originais’ de um autor, e assume sua condição de produtora de significados; mesmo porque protegê-los seria impossível [...]” (p.
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