DOCSLIB.ORG

The Pursuit of Social Justice by the Care-Leavers from the Nova Scotia Home for Coloured Children and the Production of Knowledge

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Pursuit of Social Justice by the Care-Leavers from the Nova Scotia Home for Coloured Children and the Production of Knowledge The Pursuit of Social Justice by the Care-leavers from the Nova Scotia Home for Coloured Children and the Production of Knowledge Darlene Lawrence Mount Saint Vincent University A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Education in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Education Copyright Darlene Lawrence August 2019 In Memory of My Ancestors To my West African Ancestors, your struggles were unimaginable. You were ripped from your homes, and forced into slavery. Your biology and biography were transformed and forever altered. I stand humbled in your presence, as one of your descendants. I write my thesis in memory of you. A memory which speaks to your unwavering determination to be free, your perseverance of surviving a slave society. The power of faith which you instilled into your future generations allowed your descendants to achieve unprecedented accomplishments. Your sacrifices are unmatched. The atrocities committed against you were crimes against humanity. And your hope became the pedagogy of hope: as an existential existence that has been imbedded into your descendants. I say to you my ancestors, that your pain, your sufferings and your tribulations have not gone unrecognized. All was not in vain. Black Nova Scotians evolved into a distinct cultural group. We know that our strength lies within you. To my First Nation Ancestors, so many of you were slaughtered. Your kindness for helping the newcomers known as Europeans to your home, was an authentic act of humanity. The Europeans returned your kindness with acts of annihilation. Millions were massacred. You underwent both genocide and later cultural genocide. But yet you survive to reclaim your heritage, your culture and to reconfigure postcolonial relationships. In your memory, I write my thesis knowing the meaning of the spirit. As one of your descendants, I understand spirituality and the meaning of humanity which, is connected to the spiritual world and the living world. Because of you, I understand the Creator, knowing that all people are spiritually connected, and humanity is connected to the cosmos, to the universe and to all of creation. In all due respect, I acknowledge that Nova Scotia resides on unceded territory of the Abegweirt Mi’kmaq First Nation. The history of the Mi’kmaq people goes back 13 thousand years to the end of the Ice Age. For thousands of years, the Mi’kmaq territory included what is known as the Atlantic Provinces—Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland—as well as portions of the Gaspé Peninsula. We must always remember that the land we call home, is the territory of the Abegweirt Mi’kmaq First Nation. i In Honour of My Mother Grace May (Francis) Lawrence So much of what you instilled into me, years later I understood to be true. Your knowledge and wisdom were beyond any understandings that historians could write. For these scholars lack the contextual understandings which you shared with me. Your insight into the pedagogy of the oppressed would impress Freire. Your understanding of how women were positioned in society, outshines the feminist’s movement, and the many feminist theories that have emerged over the generations. I shall always remember your words. We were descendants of the African Slaves and First Nations peoples. We were Black Nova Scotians. We come from the strongest of the strong. The weak ones, perished on the slave ships, others died on the plantations, and more died trying to make Nova Scotia their home. Your words were so poetic and your knowledge constructs, I still find astonishing. I am so proud that the Creator chose you to be my mother. ii Acknowledgements To the Care-leavers of the Nova Scotia Home for Coloured Children, your unwavering determination seeking recognition and demanding an inquiry is unmatched. You stood your ground in the face of resistance from within the Black community. The Black community try to silence you throughout your social justice journey. The Government of Nova Scotia dismissed your outcries for an inquiry. Your perseverance was to take you on a 15-year journey seeking social justice. This journey became a social justice movement. Because of your dedication to social justice, the Government of Nova Scotia acceded to your demands for an inquiry. You exceeded all expectations, in so doing, you have created history. It is your extraordinary dedication which will be remembered. And because of you, the NSHCC’s legacy will be the Restorative Inquiry. Imagine, the NSHCC is now situated on the global landscape with truth commissions and transnational justice—creating new knowledge constructs! Our ancestors must be proud of your accomplishments. To my supervisor, Dr. Susan Brigham, you demanded nothing less than excellence. This made me work more diligently, striving to meet your standards. It was a difficult process for me, because I wanted to ensure that, I conveyed the distinct culture of the Black Nova Scotian Community. I wanted the reader to understand how the Black Nova Scotian community evolved. I thank you for your patience. The suggestions you made, although difficult at times, I learn to appreciate. This appreciation expanded my learning, and new ways of understanding research. Indeed, this is the purpose of education, to challenge oneself through critical reflection and to interrogate one’s epistemology. To embrace new learning is a process. From you, I understand that lifelong learning is always conflated with the filtered lens we bring into the learning environment. And understanding our filters is in fact, how we can reconfigure our worldviews. A worldview that is inclusive of all peoples. lifestyles and cultures. Lifelong learning is truly a campaign of advancing humanity. Thank you for your role in my learning journey. iii Abstract My study is essentially about the marginalization of the Black Nova Scotian community by the Province of Nova Scotia. The impact of marginalization has made lifelong learning strategies more difficult for Black Nova Scotian learners. This study focuses on people who, as youth, lived at the Nova Scotia Home for Coloured Children. These people will be referred to as “Care-leavers”, which is a term to describe former residents residing in congregate care facilities and out-of-home care settings (Daly, 2014; Skold, 2016; Wright, 2017). I assert that the experiences of the care-leavers from the Nova Scotia Home for Coloured Children exemplify anti-Black sentiments and institutional and systemic racism committed against the Black Nova Scotian community by the Province of Nova Scotia. The Nova Scotia Home for Coloured Children was a forced segregated orphanage for orphaned and neglected Black children operated by the provincial government. This segregation was in keeping with the belief that Black people were innately inferior and the White population was at risk of contamination, if Blacks and Whites mingled. My study investigates the 15-year struggle that care-leavers undertook to seek social justice for their treatment at the Home. In 2014, under the leadership of Premier McNeil, the liberal government settled with the care-leavers of the Nova Scotia Home for Coloured Children. In 2015, Premier McNeil announced the Restorative Inquiry. The Restorative Inquiry has the power of a royal commission, which is empowered to subpoena witnesses, to compel the production of documents, and enact legislation. All indications are that the Restorative Inquiry as one of its remits, is to address racism in Nova Scotia. The Restorative Inquiry which is ongoing is examining racism as it pertains to education. iv Abbreviations ADR: Alternative Dispute Resolution AUBA: African United Baptist Association CDA: Critical Discourse Analysis CHA: Critical Historical Analysis CRT: Critical Race Theory DCS: Department of Community Services IIU: Internal Investigative Unit NSHCC: Nova Scotia Home for Coloured Children RCMP: Royal Canadian Mounted Police SYC: Shelburne Youth Centre v Table of Contents In Memory of My Ancestors i In Honour of My Mother ii Acknowledgements iii Abstract iv Abbreviations v Table of Contents vi Chapter 1—Purpose of Study 1 Thesis Statement 14 Contribution of Study 15 Overview of Study 16 Chapter 2— The Indigenous Research Paradigm 18 Positionality of the Researcher 25 Summary 26 Chapter 3— Theoretical Frameworks 28 The Process of Decolonization 29 Critical Race Theory 32 The Definition of Learning: What Is It? 35 Learning Theorists: Illeris (2014) and Jarvis (2014) 42 Diagram 1 47 An Analysis of the Learning Scholars 53 vi Summary 54 Chapter 4—Methodologies 56 Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) 56 Critical Historical Analysis (CHA) 63 Time Travel 66 Summary 87 Chapter 5—The Century of the Child 89 Summary 96 Chapter 6—The Establishment of Orphanages in Nova Scotia 98 The Industrial School for Coloured Children (ISCC) 100 The Halifax Relief Commission (HRC): The Reproduction and Expansion 105 of the Social Order The Establishment of the Nova Scotia Home for Coloured Children (NSHCC): 110 Separate or Nothing! Congregate Care Facilities: No longer in the Best Interest of the Child 117 Summary 122 Chapter 7—The Discovery of Institutional Child Abuse 125 The Establishment of Inquiries 128 Nova Scotia’s Institutional Child Abuse Stories 130 The Government of Nova Scotia’s Three-Pronged Approach to Institutional 132 Child Abuse Alternative Dispute Resolution Process (ADR) 134 vii The Investigation by the Honourable Chief Justice Kaufman 136 Nova Scotia’s Response to the Care-leavers of the NSHCC: Silence… 138 Summary 141 Chapter 8—The NSHCC Restorative Inquiry (RI) 144 Summary 148 Chapter 9—Concluding Remarks: Moving Forward 149 References 162 Appendix A: A Sample of Countries Responses to Institutional Child Abuse 180 Table 1 181 Appendix B: Canada’s Institutional Child Abuse Stories 183 Table 2 185 Appendix C: Nova Scotia’s Response into Institutional Child Abuse 192 Table 3 193 viii Chapter 1 – Purpose of Thesis The Study My study is essentially about the marginalization of the Black Nova Scotian community by the Province of Nova Scotia.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Christopher Plummer
    Christopher Plummer "An actor should be a mystery," Christopher Plummer Introduction ........................................................................................ 3 Biography ................................................................................................................................. 4 Christopher Plummer and Elaine Taylor ............................................................................. 18 Christopher Plummer quotes ............................................................................................... 20 Filmography ........................................................................................................................... 32 Theatre .................................................................................................................................... 72 Christopher Plummer playing Shakespeare ....................................................................... 84 Awards and Honors ............................................................................................................... 95 Christopher Plummer Introduction Christopher Plummer, CC (born December 13, 1929) is a Canadian theatre, film and television actor and writer of his memoir In "Spite of Myself" (2008) In a career that spans over five decades and includes substantial roles in film, television, and theatre, Plummer is perhaps best known for the role of Captain Georg von Trapp in The Sound of Music. His most recent film roles include the Disney–Pixar 2009 film Up as Charles Muntz,
    [Show full text]
  • TERS INSIST the Accusatrons ARE AB PQR SUP IT WOULD HAVE BEEN IMPOSSIBLE to COYER up SURD
    If' TERS INSIST THE ACCUSATrONS ARE AB PQR SUP IT WOULD HAVE BEEN IMPOSSIBLE TO COYER UP SURD. "",,,e,'l SA'l KIDNAPPING AND TRAFFICKING 1,000 CHILDREN . BUT IS/T? ~. LAncu6tcr IU:!l Carriere clatmed that the nuns sold babtes from $40 to $5,000 tO LAncnstcr 1021 l.:\ ede J •. l ..n.joucle Cl'\rclc H. Pnlll\irn paar people and $3,000 ta $10,000 (equivalent ta $8,000-$25,000 Atr'tl'\Chntt! t)ln}t'lrlf't' taday) ta rich people. The Sisters of Mercy alane made $5 million + from this business, selling 50,000 babies. Hopital Ste-Thérèse Carrière revealed tactics used to disguise the engins of the babies 8NI'tO, and how they were delivered lO their adoptive parents. Stnce the MATeRNITE PRIVEE nuns were in charge of mast matemity wards, and Quebec's btrth 1)(/1",1' DomEs et .JDl(,n~~ FiUN. .E'ia,g" SéporF registry was run by religicus authorities, it was simple ta change the 1""1X NOO"ftt!:O flL,.-.QONS ~",,,ÎUI babies' name and religion to that of the adoptive parents. Montréa' Even when they didn't knaw who wauld be adapting the chtl- dren, they still changed the name te make il impossible ta trace the babies' origins, The Sisters of Mercy had an internal system: ta light. all babies born in January of an even yeal" received the same name beginning wtth an A, ln February, a name beginning with B, and "Slsters of Mercy" Baby so on. ln january of an odd year, the newborns received the same Sale name beginning with M.
    [Show full text]
  • To You Our Selected Witnesses
    TO YOU OUR SELECTED WITNESSES Below over 250 ELECTRONIC TORTURE, ABUSE AND EXPERIMENTATION, AND ORGANISED STALKING, CASES from CHINA & ASIA-PACIFIC FOR YOU TO WITNESS, RECORD AND OPPOSE Some of our ELECTRONIC TORTURE, ABUSE AND EXPERIMENTATION CASES detail the most extreme and totalitarian violations of human rights in human history, including the most horrendous psychological tortures, rapes, sexual abuse, physical assaults, surgical mutilations, ‘mind control’, and other mental and physical mutilations – see http://www.4shared.com/dir/21674443/75538860/sharing.html and COMPILACION DE TESTIMONIOS EN ESPAÑOL:- http://rudy2.wordpress.com/ There are MANY, MANY others, all over the world, who are being subjected to similar torture and abuse. YOU HAVE BEEN CHOSEN TO BE “A SELECTED WITNESS” to these extreme and monstrous CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY - indescribably terrible in themselves - coupled with the ORWELLIAN secrecy and denial of any support at all that we are experiencing, makes them even more horrendous and monstrous. We have contacted most Governments, Security/Intelligence Agencies, Religious Organisations, International Organizations, Human Rights Organizations, Universities, Scientific and other Institutions, and the International Media all over the world - over and over and over again – and have had our appeals for assistance, protection and/or publicity almost completely ignored and/or suppressed. Some TARGETED INDIVIDUALS have been attempting to gain assistance, protection and/or publicity about these crimes since the 1990s - and even earlier - this extends as far back into the history of illegal ‘scientific and medical’ testing and experimentation as MKULTRA, COINTELPRO and the DUPLESSIS ORPHANS - and further. We are still collecting CASE SUMMARIES from TARGETED INDIVIDUALS all over the world, and we have also advised them to send them to you - “THE SELECTED WITNESSES” - TO WITNESS, RECORD AND OPPOSE so that :- A.
    [Show full text]
  • Quebec to Give Duplessis Orphans a Public Apology Campbell Clark, National Post December 28, 1998
    Quebec to Give Duplessis Orphans a Public Apology Campbell Clark, National Post December 28, 1998 Largest Youth Abuse Case: 3,000 survivors hope for financial compensation The Quebec government is to issue an apology over the treatment of the so-called Duplessis Orphans, who were interned in mental institutions in the 1930s, ’40s and ’50s after being abandoned by their parents, the National Post has learned. Those representing the estimated 3,000 surviving orphans hope the public apology by Lucien Bouchard, the Quebec premier, will be a first step in obtaining financial compensation similar to that offered to victims of abuse at the Mount Cashel orphanage in Newfoundland, and others who suffered similar treatment at institutions in other provinces. Hundreds of the Duplessis Orphans, so-named because Maurice Duplessis, the former Quebec premier, governed the province during most of the years of their internment, have reported harsh treatment and physical and sexual abuse in institutions run by Catholic religious orders. The allegations involved forced confinement, beatings, molestation and even rape. The episode is believed to be the largest case of institution- based youth abuse in Canadian history. Quebec’s College of Physicians has also, for the first time, agreed to express the medical profession’s “regrets,” and to launch a program to re-evaluate the cases of orphans who were falsely diagnosed as mentally retarded or mentally ill. The public apologies, expected to be made in January or February, will also involve correcting, where necessary, erroneous civil records, including birth certificates that may have wrongly listed the orphans’ parents as unknown.
    [Show full text]
  • Technical Report on the Tuam Site
    Technical Report on the Tuam Site Stage 2: Options and Appropriate Courses of Action available to Government at the site of the former Mother and Baby Home, Tuam, Co. Galway Delivered to Minister Katherine Zappone, Department of Children and Youth Affairs By the Expert Technical Group N. McCullagh L. Lynch A. Harte H. Tuller T. Clayton B. Farrell Finalised 19th October 2017 Technical Report on the Tuam Site Contents Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................ i Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... iv Terms of Reference ...................................................................................................................... vi 1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1 Background ........................................................................................................................ 1 Baseline Information .......................................................................................................... 2 The History of the Site ........................................................................................................ 3 1.3.1 Archaeological Background......................................................................................... 3 1.3.2 The Nineteenth Century ............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Redress Programs Relating to Insitutional Child Abuse in Canada
    Redress Programs Relating to Insitutional Child Abuse in Canada By Goldie Shea This paper was prepared for the Law Commission of Canada. The views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Commission. The accuracy of the information contained in the paper is the sole responsibility of the author. Ce document est également disponible en français sous le titre Programmes de réparation destinés aux victimes de sévices en établissements au Canada. Redress Programs Relating to Institutional Child Abuse in Canada Prepared for the Law Commission of Canada By Goldie M. Shea October 1999 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................................ 3 1. ALBERTA ..................................................................................................................................... 4 BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................................... 4 2. BRITISH COLUMBIA - JERICHO HILL ........................................................................................ 8 BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................................... 8 THE PROCESS.................................................................................................................................. 11 DETAILS OF THE COMPENSATION PACKAGE ......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Diane Poitras
    FROM THE DOOR OF THE ORPHANAGE TO THE DOOR OF THE SENATE MY ROOTS ARE STILL AND ALWAYS SHROUDED IN ANONYMITY by Diane Poitras MARCH 22, 2018 SENATE STUDY ON THE ADOPTION MANDATE IN POSTWAR CANADA FROM THE DOOR OF THE ORPHANAGE TO THE DOOR OF THE SENATE, MY ROOTS ARE STILL AND ALWAYS SHROUDED IN ANONYMITY The personal account of a postwar adoptee Diane Poitras, legal adoptive name Jeanne d’Arc Blondin, the fictitious name given to me when I was baptized at the Crèche de la Réparation orphanage in Pointe-aux-Trembles “Born to unknown parents” is my birth name under Quebec’s law on the confidentiality of adoption records. Believed born to a Polish immigrant who was pregnant when she arrived in Canada as a refugee, probably in 1948 or 1949 Hello, Thank you very much for inviting me here. My name is Diane Poitras. I am speaking to you today from the heart as an old orphan. To mark this occasion, I am wearing my orphan number, 6076, which I was given the day after I was born at the Crèche de la Réparation orphanage, where I was baptized with the fictitious name of Jeanne d’Arc Blondin. I was confined for 139 days in that sad, gloomy orphanage, where every second felt like a century, especially when I was crying from boredom. I wanted to die because I was so alone. One day, I smiled as sweetly as I knew how at two strangers who wanted to adopt a little girl. It was love at first sight.
    [Show full text]
  • The Needs of Victims of Institutional Child Abuse”
    Review of “The Needs of Victims of Institutional Child Abuse” Institute for Human Resource Development (IHRD) This paper was prepared for the Law Commission of Canada. The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Commission. The accuracy of the information contained in the paper is the sole responsibility of the authors. Ce document est également disponible en français sous le titre Étude des besoins des victimes de sévices en établissement. Final Report Review of “The Needs of Victims of Institutional Abuse” October 16, 1998 Submitted to: Law Commission of Canada (LCC) Submitted by: Institute for Human Resource Development (IHRD) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Rick Morris, Project Manager, Institute for Human Resource Development, wishes to thank the following individuals for their important contribution to this project. The Law Commission of Canada staff were very helpful in this project.. Susan Zimmerman, the Director of Research, and Susan Alter, researcher, provided considerable assistance in accessing contacts and information, as well as advice and encouragement on overall direction of the project. IHRD contracted with several professionals in the completion of this project. Colleen Hanrahan, of the Institute for the Advancement of Public Policy, was instrumental as a senior researcher, as was Anne Morris, who also completed the Mt. Cashel survivor interviews. Our list of consultants/interviewers includes Pat Duggan (Nova Scotia); Adje van de Sande (Quebec); Deborah Leach and Associates (Ontario); and Peter Calder (Alberta). A notable job was done by all, especially in light of tight time lines. Much appreciation is offered to the people who acted as “ friendly sources” and key contacts for the various sites.
    [Show full text]
  • The Disclosure Experiences of Male Child Sexual Abuse Survivors
    The Disclosure Experiences of Male Child Sexual Abuse Survivors Submitted by: Charlotte GagnierSupervised by: Dr. Delphine Collin-Vézina School of Social Work, McGill University, Montreal, June, 2014 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master’s in Social Work (MSW) © Charlotte Gagnier 2014 ! ! ! ! ! ! Abstract:! ! Objectives:!This!thesis!explores!the!diversity!in!the!disclosure!process!of!male!survivors!of! child!sexual!abuse!(CSA).!! Background:!The!literature!generally!focuses!on!female!victims!of!CSA!overlooking!the! needs!and!the!reality!of!male!victims.!While!rates!are!difficult!to!ascertain!it!is!generally! believed!that!around!10%!of!men!have!been!abused!sexually!as!children.!Disclosure!is!a! complex!process!for!victims!of!both!genders,!however!masculine!norms!and!stereotypes! contribute!to!an!environment!that!negates!men’s!experiences.!! Method:!A!combination!of!two!qualitative!methodologies,!the!phenomenological!approach! and!the!interpretive!descriptions!method!were!used!to!complete!a!secondary!analysis!of! telephone!interviews!conducted!with!seventeen!(17)!adult!male!survivors!of!CSA.!! Results:!Although!diversity!exists!in!the!disclosure!experiences!of!male!survivors,!both! positive!and!negative!disclosure!experiences!were!identified.!TraJectories!varied!from!one! participant!to!another,!however!the!maJority!of!the!men!disclosed!for!the!first!time!in! adulthood.!Obtaining!professional!help!proved!to!be!rather!challenging!for!the!men!due!to! limited!specialized!services.!!
    [Show full text]
  • The Duplessis Orphans Scandal Ers Sold Canadian Babies for Adoption, Slavery, and Hum Religious Ord an Experiment O Catholic Ation Des Ag Ed
    Justice At Last? The Duplessis Orphans Scandal ERS SOLD CANADIAN BABIES FOR ADOPTION, SLAVERY, AND HUM RELIGIOUS ORD AN EXPERIMENT O CATHOLIC ATION DES AG ED. NOW THESE VICTIMS SEEK THEIR DECA HE GOVERNMENT WATCH DAY IN COURT. ENTATION AS T AN EXPERIM AND HUM The Human Rights and Alliance of Civilizations Room in the United Nations Headquarter in Geneva 46 AMI MAGAZINE // FEBRUARY 16, 2011 //12 ADAR I, 5771 12 ADAR I, 5771 // FEBRUARY 16, 2011 // AMI MAGAZINE 47 S INSIST THE ACCUSATIONS AR PORTER E ABSU SUP LD HAVE BEEN IMPOSSIBLE TO COV RD. Y IT WOU ER UP EY SA NG AND TRAFFICKING 1,00 TH KIDNAPPI 0 CHILDREN . BUT I S IT? Carriere claimed that the nuns sold babies from $40 to $5,000 to poor people and $3,000 to $10,000 (equivalent to $8,000-$25,000 today) to rich people. The Sisters of Mercy alone made $5 million from this business, selling 50,000 babies. Carriere revealed tactics used to disguise the origins of the babies and how they were delivered to their adoptive parents. Since the nuns were in charge of most maternity wards, and Quebec’s birth registry was run by religious authorities, it was simple to change the babies’ name and religion to that of the adoptive parents. Even when they didn’t know who would be adopting the chil- dren, they still changed the name to make it impossible to trace the babies’ origins. The Sisters of Mercy had an internal system: to light. all babies born in January of an even year received the same name beginning with an A, in February, a name beginning with B, and “Sisters of Mercy” Baby so on.
    [Show full text]
  • Supplementary Report for Quebec
    RECLAIMING POWER AND PLACE Volume 2 A SUPPLEMENTARY REPORT OF THE NATIONAL INQUIRY INTO MISSING AND MURDERED INDIGENOUS WOMEN AND GIRLS KEPEK – QUEBEC Cette publication est également disponible en français : Réclamer notre pouvoir et notre place: Rapport complémentaire de l’Enquête nationale sur les femmes et les filles autochtones disparues et assassinées, Kepek-Québec CP32-163/2-1-2019E ISBN: 978-0-660-30489-2 COVER IMAGE: Special thanks to the artists whose work appears on the cover of this report: Dee-Jay Monika Rumbolt (Snowbird), for Motherly Love The Saa-Ust Centre, for the star blanket community art piece Christi Belcourt, for This Painting is a Mirror TABLE OF CONTENTS A Message from Commissioner Audette 1 Foreword from Melanie Morrison 5 Foreword from Nancy Jourdain 7 Introduction 11 1. The National Inquiry’s Work in Quebec 17 1.1. The National Inquiry’s Mandate 17 1.2. Methodology 18 1.3. The Scope and Limitations of Our Work 19 1.4. Voices That Initiate Change 20 2. The Social Context of Indigenous Women, Girls, and 2SLGBTQQIA People in Quebec 23 2.1. The Indigenous Peoples of Quebec 23 2.2. The Colonial Experience of Indigenous Women, Girls, and 2SLGBTQQIA People in Quebec 27 2.3. Being Born Female and Indigenous: the Intersectional Identity of Indigenous Women, Girls, and 2SLGBTQQIA People in Quebec 33 2.4. A Contemporary Context Marked by Deep Inequalities 35 3. Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women, Girls, and 2SLGBTQQIA People in Quebec 43 3.1. The Nature and Scope of the Problem 43 3.2. Potential Solutions with Indigenous Women, Girls, and 2SLGBTQQIA People 47 i Reclaiming Power and Place: Kepek – Quebec 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Last Rite of Spring
    INSIDE; METRO DETROIT TV AND MOVIE LISTINGS APRIL 11-17, 1999 THE DETROIT VOL. 4 NO. 21 75 CENTS S u n d a y Io u r n a l PUBLISHED BY LOCKED-OUT DETROIT NEWSPAPER WORKERS ©t d s j NEWS The AFL-CIO’s impressive Last rite ofspring legislative agenda would give workers — and strik­ hey will dust off the crown jewel of Detroit ers — more protection. sports on Monday and What a concept.Page 3. one last time we will Tjourney to Opening Day at Tiger Stadium. NEWS To the grounds where Cobb, with his sharpened, gleaming An island in the Detroit spikes, struck terror into every River that is said to provide opposing mid-infielder. Where Gehringer, Cochrane the largest and best publicly and Greenberg sent lofty home accessible hunting and fish­ runs into a sunlit summer sky. Where Prince Hal dominated all ing in the area has been who dared step in against his saved from developers. overpowering repertoire of pitches. Where Kaline became the Page 3. youngest and shyest of batting champions. Where Cash and Lary chased ENTERTAINMENT the hated Yankees into Tom Petty and the September. Where Horton, McLain and Heartbreakers connected so Lolich ascended to greatness. Where Fidrych engaged in well in making their new horsehide monologues and land­ album that Petty says his scaping on the hill. Where Gibson, Trammell and solo days are over.Page 8. Whitaker ran away with a cham­ pionship and the heart of a city. Where Sparky exited with a ENTERTAINMENT touch of class. School’s out — Fat School, And where men named Clark and Higginson and Thompson that is — and Chris Cook will play out a final summer.
    [Show full text]