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Orizzonti Cultura Fisica Qualchecertezza 10 LA LETTURA CORRIERE DELLA SERA DOMENICA17NOVEMBRE 2019 Orizzonti Cultura fisica Iconografia lavano un ottimo allenamento. Lo testimoniò anche Due immagini selezionate Opicino de Canistris, scrittore e calligrafo alla corte dei da Gherardo Ortalli, signori di Pavia nella prima metà del Trecento: “Alla do- responsabile scientifico del menica i giovani si picchiano per educarsi alla guerra”. settore di studi che la Ma alla metà del Trecento arrivarono i soldati professio- Fondazione Benetton dedica nisti e l’“ottimo allenamento”, oltre che pericoloso, di- alla storia del gioco. Qui ventò pure inutile. Meglio dunque cancellarlo. Il primo sotto: Competizione al Ponte a farlo fu nel 1375 Edoardo III, re d’Inghilterra, che vietò dei Pugni a Venezia (1673) di ai sudditi di picchiarsi specificando che nelle domeni- Joseph Heintz il Giovane; in che pomeriggio ci si poteva addestrare solo al tiro con basso: la statua che celebra l’arco,decisione che si sarebbe rivelata lungimirante a Rugby, Inghilterra, William considerati i danni che gli arcieri inglesi inflissero nei Rugby Webb Ellis (1806-1872) secoli successivi ai nemici della corona». Fu una prima svolta alla quale ne seguirono altre. Cambiava l’etica della società e cose già considerate nor- mali diventavano disdicevoli. «La storia dei giochi, gli antenati dei nostri sport, muta con il mutare dei com- portamenti. È un processo parallelo. Gli spartani divide- vano i ragazzi in due squadre e li facevano combattere, chi sopravviveva diventava un soldato. Oggi, ovviamente eper fortuna, una cosa del generenon èaccettabile. L’evoluzione della società, le regole di comportamento. Tutto questo ha influito. Vedere gente intenta a massa- crarsi, per nulla per di più, diventò fastidioso per le clas- si alte che avevano iniziato a preoccuparsi di etichetta e buone maniere». Per arrivare al rugby e in generale allo sport come lo intendiamo oggi bisogna aspettare l’Ottocento. «La dif- ferenza fondamentale èlaludicità: un’attività che può essere ritenuta non seria, sostanzialmente una perdita di tempo, che si fa comunque con grande impegno e ri- spettando una serie di regole perché dà piacere. I giochi di guerra, ma anche quelli dei romani, avevano un fine preciso: allevare soldati, far dimenticare alla plebe i pro- blemi. Nell’Ottocento le cose cambiano in maniera defi- nitiva. Lo sport comincia ad assomigliare al nostro: in atletica si prendono tempi e misure e nei giochi con la palla arrivano le regole e le conseguenti scissioni». Il fo- otball, allora, indicavagenericamenteungiococon la palla. «Ognuno aveva il suo, i suoi codici, e al termine di un incontro tra i rappresentanti di undici club sportivi alla Freemason’s Tavern di Londra, la sera del 26 ottobre 1863, tutto cambiò e calcio e rugby presero strade diver- se. Francis Campbell sostenne che il divietodel- l’hacking, cioè di sgambetti e calci negli stinchi, avrebbe trasformato il football in un gioco per fanciulle. In so- stanza, quelli d’accordo con lui cominciarono a giocare a rugby, il running game, e gli altri a calcio, dribbling ga- me, probabilmentesenza neppurerendersene conto, considerato che la federazione inglese di rugby si chia- ma ancora oggi Rfu, cioè Rugby Football Union». Il rugbyaveva cominciatolasua storia. L’anticavio- di DOMENICO CALCAGNO lenza dei giochi di guerra rimaneva sullo sfondo ma era ritualizzata e controllata. «Va detto che il rugby nacque illiam Webb Ellis era un pastoreprote- come sport del popolo, solo in seguito venne scelto dal- stante. Èstatocappellano aLondra ea i l’aristocrazia per formare i propri giovani». E questo ha Westminster eparroconell’Essex, ma segnatolasua storia emoltedelle sue peculiarità: il non ha inventato il rugby. «È una bella e rugby union (a quindici) ha difeso a oltranza il dilettan- W consolidata convenzione —racconta tismo, arrendendosi solo nel 1995. Per questo è nato il L’appuntamento Gherardo Ortalli, professore emerito di Storia medieva- La Fondazione Benetton league (a tredici), popolare nel Nord dell’Inghilterra e in le e responsabile della rivista “Ludica. Annali di storia e Studi Ricerche dedica sabato Australia, nel quale igiocatori venivano pagati. In In- civiltà del gioco” — ma non esiste alcuna prova che nel 23 a Treviso una giornata al ghilterra il rugby a quindici ha sempre rappresentato la 1823, nel mezzo di una partita di football sui campi della tema Storia e attualità del upper class e solo una trentina d’anni fa un giornale di scuola della città di Rugby, nel Warwickshire, il futuro rugby nel contesto veneto e sinistra scrisse che «basterebbe una bomba sotto la tri- reverendo raccolse la palla con le mani e corse in fondo internazionale: un convegno buna ovest di Twickenham durante una partita interna- al campo. Per altro, le prime notizie della sua impresa di studi si svolgerà dalle zionale per cancellare il fascismo dall’Inghilterra per un cominciarono a circolare nel 1876, quattro anni dopo la 9.30 alle 13 e un incontro paio di generazioni». sua morte». Insomma non c’è dubbio che, nonostante il pubblico organizzato Oggi, con il professionismo, i grandi interessi econo- campo, la statua e la lapide, le reliquie religiosamente con il Benetton Rugby mici che muovono il Sei Nazioni, la Coppa del Mondo o i custoditenella scuola del Warwickshireoggettodiun alle 17. Entrambi si tour dei Lions (ogni quattro anni, a rotazione in Sudafri- secolare pellegrinaggio, il pastore Ellis, al quale è pure svolgeranno all’auditorium ca, Australia e Nuova Zelanda) che muovono «eserciti» intitolato il trofeo che premia la squadra campione del di via Cornarotta 7 di 40-60 mila britannici, il rugby somiglia molto di più mondo, con il rugby c’entri poco o niente. Il convegno ad altrediscipline pur mantenendo una sua liturgia e Tre sono invece le certezze. La prima: in origine esi- Apre i lavori alle 9.30 Marco una diffusione non omogenea. Tra gli sport che gli in- steva il football (non pensate però al calcio di oggi); la Tamaro, direttore della glesi hanno diffuso nel mondo ai tempi dell’Impero, il seconda: il rugby non è nato come sport/palestra per al- Fondazione. Intervengono: cricket è giocato ovunque, il calcio ha avuto un successo levarelaclasse dirigentedell’Imperoinglese; la terza: Gherardo Ortalli, professore universale, il rugby ha attecchito in alcuni Paesi e non in può tranquillamenteesseredefinitoilpiù direttodi- emerito dell’Università Ca’ altri. È pure piaciuto moltissimo ai contadini del Midi scendente degli antichi «giochi di guerra». Foscari; Nicola Sbetti, francese, non ha mai appassionato i tedeschi, è il passa- «Per secoli — spiega a “la Lettura” Ortalli — il genere Università di Bologna; il tempo nazionale dei popoli del Pacifico. Perché? umano si è diviso in squadre per potersi accapigliare at- filosofo Umberto Curi; «Mi soffermerei sull’Italia. Il rugby da noi si gioca so- torno a una palla o a qualsiasi altro oggetto. I pomeriggi Luciano Ravagnani; Gianluca prattutto in Veneto. Credo ci sia un motivo: di solito — della domenica e dei giorni di festa erano dedicati a ter- Barca; Andrea Rinaldo. racconta Ortalli, che interverrà sabato23novembreal rificanti zuffe tra i maschi del paese, spesso ci scappava Seguiranno discussione convegno sul tema organizzatoaTreviso dalla Fonda- il morto, ma alla nobiltà andavabene così. Prima del pubblica e conclusioni, con zione Benetton Studi Ricerche — gli sport violenti reg- Trecento, quando un signoredovevacombattereuna la consegna agli studiosi gono in società piccole, che hanno un sistema di vita guerra, arruolava i suoi contadini e quei “giochi” si rive- Andrea Baldan e Naomi omogeneo. Dove gli antagonismi forti difficilmente fan- Lebens del Premio Gaetano no nascere situazioni di reale pericolo. I tedeschi in ef- Cozzi per saggi di storia fetti sembrerebbero adatti al rugby, ma i sistemi educa- del gioco 2019, assegnato tivi delle scuole tedesche, a differenza degli istituti bri- Qualche certezza, per cominciare: il «running dalla Fondazione tannici, sono sempre stati attenti all’individuo e alla pa- L’incontro pubblico lestra. Certo, è curioso che a diffondere il rugby siano game» non fu inventato da William Webb Ellis e Alle 17 apre Andrea Rinaldo stati quasi sempre studenti universitari, forse perché la e partecipano Luciano ritualizzazione della violenza è possibile solo con la pre- Benetton, Amerino Zatta senza di un’autorità forte in grado di contenerne gli ec- non nacque per allevare la classe dirigente (presidente del Benetton cessi». Rugby), Carlo Checchinato, E questa capacità di contenere gli eccessi di uno sport dell’Impero britannico. Ma èvero che il rugby èil Fabrizio Gaetaniello, Marzio diventato quasi brutale continua a sorprendere chi si av- Innocenti, John Kirwan, vicina al rugby senza conoscerlo troppo. «Penso sia una più diretto discendente degli antichi giochi di guerra: Antonio Pavanello, Giorgio scelta inevitabile: la disciplina in mezzo alla rissa è indi- Troncon, coordina Andrea spensabile per andare avanti. Se non ci fosse, si smette- da qui parte un convegno aTreviso il 23 novembre Passerini. Conclusioni a cura rebbe di giocare». di Gherardo Ortalli © RIPRODUZIONE RISERVATA VkVSIyMjVm9sb0Vhc3lSZWFkZXJfQW5zYSMjIzE0NDRmZDVlLWI4NzMtNGQ2Yy1hMzhlLWQzMGZlOTkwYTU0MCMjIzIwMTktMTEtMjFUMTA6NTQ6MjYjIyNWRVI=.
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