A Swing-Informed Approach to Performing Jazz- and Blues-Influenced Western Art Music for Violin
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Spaces in Between: A Swing-Informed Approach to Performing Jazz- and Blues-Influenced Western Art Music for Violin by Sang Kyun Koh A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Musical Arts Graduate Department of Music University of Toronto © Copyright by Sang Kyun Koh 2017 Spaces in Between: A Swing-Informed Approach to Performing Jazz- and Blues-Influenced Western Art Music for Violin Sang Kyun Koh Doctor of Musical Arts Graduate Department of Music University of Toronto 2017 Abstract This dissertation explores issues related to performing art music for the violin that references jazz and blues. Because western notation cannot convey many subtleties of rhythm, typical scores provide imprecise instructions for creating swing, which is for many a defining feature of jazz and the blues. Moreover, since swing is not one sound or rhythmic sense, scores convey little about how a composer understands it. My aim is to help performers better realize a composer’s conceptualization of swing. Following an overview of scholarship on swing, I analyze the “Blues” movement from Ravel’s Violin Sonata No.2, Copland’s Nocturne and Ukulele Serenade, and the “Socrates: Alcibiades” movement from Bernstein’s Serenade after Plato’s “Symposium.” To understand how each ii composer conceptualized and notated swing, I explore jazz and blues recordings that are representative of their respective time periods. My analysis of each composer’s notion and notation of swing is supplemented by interviews with expert jazz musicians, who assessed several recorded versions of the pieces. Their comments helped me pinpoint and analyze key factors that contributed to their preferences. Although certain subtle processes emerged as fundamental to a swing-informed approach, it became clear that a strict “how-to” guide to performing swing was problematic. I also found that less rhythmic alteration can actually be the best strategy for creating swing. To further explore how classically trained violinists can convey swing, I explore five playing techniques. They are not far removed from accepted classical methods and do not require radical reworking of playing mechanics or the music. However, as I argue, they do illustrate the need for performers to be aware of jazz violin practices to better express swing’s sensibilities. While the swing-informed approach provided is a general guideline to performing swing- influenced pieces for violin, it is my hope that the methodology will be a blueprint for performers of any instrument who wish to make informed choices that better realize composers’ “high-level” intentions. iii Acknowledgments The following people made the writing of this dissertation possible: Evan Price, David Balakrishnan, Matthew Glaser, and Andrew Downing: Thank you for participating in my research and for sharing your knowledge and experiences. Your thoughts and words were invaluable in navigating the elusive concepts discussed herein. Dr.Jeff Packman: Thank you for showing me that with care, patience, and perseverance, a bad idea can be made good. Your continuous support, words of advice, and meticulous editing were crucial in the writing process, and I am truly lucky to have had you as my Supervisor. Dr.Ryan McClelland: Thank you for joining my committee and helping me to refine my writing, research strategies, and organizational skills. Your succinct suggestions were immensely helpful in clarifying my thoughts and in helping me develop into a more analytical and methodical writer and musician. Dr.Tim Ying: Thank you for being a member of my dissertation committee and for showing me that deep thinking takes commitment, patience, and persistence. Your emphasis on quality pushed me to become a better scholar, performer, and thinker, and I am extremely grateful for your honesty throughout this entire process. iv My Family: Thank you for everything. Without your unconditional support and love, this dissertation would certainly not have been possible. To you all, I dedicate this dissertation. v Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................ ii Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................... iv Table of Contents .................................................................................................................. v List of Sound Clips ................................................................................................................vii List of Video Clips ................................................................................................................. xi List of Figures .......................................................................................................................xii List of Appendices .............................................................................................................. xvii Introduction ...................................................................................................................... xviii First Steps toward a Definition of “Swing” and “Swing-Informed”: Jazz and the Concept of “Swing” in the 1910s .......................................................................................................................................... 4 Methodology: Secondary and Primary Source Literature .................................................................... 8 Sound Recording Analyses ................................................................................................................... 9 Interviews with Elite Jazz Performers ................................................................................................ 10 Video Recording Analysis ................................................................................................................... 11 Structure of the Dissertation .............................................................................................................. 11 Significance for Future Musicians....................................................................................................... 13 Chapter 1 What is Swing? .................................................................................................... 15 Theorizing Swing ................................................................................................................................. 15 Syntactical Analytical Method in Discussing Swing ............................................................................ 16 Processual Analytical Method in Discussing Swing ............................................................................ 17 Empirical Analytical Method in Discussing Swing .............................................................................. 18 Returning to Hodeir ............................................................................................................................ 19 Phrase Rhythms in Hodeir’s Formulation ........................................................................................... 24 Process vs Syntax ................................................................................................................................ 27 Hodeir’s Third Ingredient: Getting Notes and Accents in the Right Place ......................................... 29 vi Theorizing Articulation in the Creation of Swing ............................................................................... 30 “Correct Placement of Notes” and the “Rhythmic Pocket” ............................................................... 33 Relaxation and Vital Drive .................................................................................................................. 36 “Relaxation” and “Vital Drive” in Performance of WAM ................................................................... 38 Simultaneity of Relaxation and Vital Drive in Jazz.............................................................................. 39 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................................... 40 Chapter 2 Towards Understanding Ravel’s, Copland’s, and Bernstein’s Conceptualizations of Swing .................................................................................................................................. 42 Influence of Early Jazz and Bebop on Composers of the 20th Century and after ............................... 42 Sound Recordings ............................................................................................................................... 44 Selection of Sound Recordings ........................................................................................................... 46 Maurice Ravel (1875-1937) ................................................................................................................ 47 Ravel’s potential swing influences: Smith, Mitchell, and Europe ...................................................... 48 Aaron Copland (1900-1990) ............................................................................................................... 55 Examples of “Molecule of Jazz” .......................................................................................................... 58 Sorting Out the Contradictions..........................................................................................................