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Universos Revista De Lenguas Indígenas Y Universos Culturales Comité Científico Willem F UniverSOS Revista de Lenguas Indígenas y Universos Culturales Comité Científico Willem F. H. Adelaar (Universidad de Leiden, Holanda) Rodolfo Cerrón-Palomino (Pontificia Universidad Católica de Lima, Perú) Wolf Dietrich (Universidad de Münster, Alemania) Ana Gerzenstein (Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina) Yolanda Lastra (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México) Ángel López García (Universitat de València, España) Juan de Dios Luque Durán (Universidad de Granada, España) Juan Carlos Moreno Cabrera (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, España) Emilio Ridruejo Alonso (Universidad de Valladolid, España) Lucy Seki (Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brasil) Pilar M. Valenzuela (Universidad de Chapman, EE. UU.) Comité Asesor Milagros Aleza Izquierdo (Universitat de València, España) Ángela Bartens (Universidad de Helsinki, Finlandia) Silvia Lucia Bigonjal Braggio (Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brasil) Anna María Escobar (Universidad de Urbana-Champaign, EE. UU.) Ana Fernández Garay (Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina) María Stella González de Pérez (Instituto Caro y Cuervo de Bogotá, Colombia) Germán de Granda (Universidad de Valladolid, España) Luis Fernando Lara (Colegio de México, México) Matthias Perl (Universidad de Mainz, Alemania) Rafael Rodríguez-Ponga y Salamanca (Asociación Española de Estudios del Pacífico) Martina Schrader-Kniffki (Universidad de Bremen, Alemania) Otto Schumann (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México) Joaquín Sueiro Justel (Universidade de Vigo, España) Harald Thun (Universidad de Kiel, Alemania) † Henrique Urbano (Universidad San Martín de Porres, Perú) Klaus Zimmermann (Universidad de Bremen, Alemania) Otto Zwartjes (Universidad de Amsterdam, Holanda) UniverSOS Revista de Lenguas Indígenas y Universos Culturales 11 2014 Edita: Universitat Jaume I (Castellón), Universidad de Granada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Colegio de Michoacán (México), Universitat de València, Instituto Interuniversitario de Estudios de Iberoamérica y Portugal (Universidad de Valladolid) Administración, venta y suscripciones: Universitat de València c/ Arts Gràfiques, 13 46010 València Tel.: 96 386 41 15 Fax: 96 386 40 67 Diseño de la cubierta: Julio Calvo Pérez Francisco Javier Clemente Herrera Maquetación: Inmaculada Mesa Revisión y corrección de pruebas: Enrique Serra Alegre Impresión: Guada Impresores, S.L. ISSN: 1698-6083 Depósito legal: V-4599-2004 Precio de este número: 11 € Índice Sección 1 DEBATE El origen kongo del Palo Monte (Cuba): una aproximación etnolingüística Jesús Fuentes Guerra y Armin Schwegler ........................................................... 9 Comentarios Bart Jacobs ..................................................................................................... 63 Constanza Rojas-Primus ................................................................................. 71 Gema del C. Valdés Acosta............................................................................... 77 Sergio O. Valdés Bernal ................................................................................... 81 Kristina Wirtz ................................................................................................ 89 Réplica Armin Schwegler ............................................................................................ 97 Sección 2 LENGUAS INDÍGENAS DE ARGENTINA Relaciones desiderativas en toba del oeste de Formosa (flia. Guaycurú, Argentina) María Belén Carpio ........................................................................................ 109 Entre la dimensión física y la afectiva: forma y función del diminutivo en toba (guaycurú) Paola Cúneo ................................................................................................... 121 As relações de posse e a criação de animais entre os Juruna (Yudjá): uma abordagem etnológica e linguística Flávia de Freitas Berto .................................................................................... 139 Modo y modalidad en la lengua günün a iajüch María Emilia Orden ...................................................................................... 153 Sección 3 GENERAL La voz pasiva en el chuj de San Mateo Ixtatán Cristina Buenrostro ......................................................................................... 167 La lengua palenquera juvenil: contacto y conflicto de estructuras gramaticales John M. Lipski ............................................................................................... 191 Sección 4 RESEÑAS HURCH, Bernhard (ed.) (2013): Seberino Bernardo de Quirós, Arte y vocabulario 211 del idioma huasteco (1711) / LARA, Luis Fernando (2013): Historia mínima de la lengua española / LASTRA, Yolanda y Doris BARTHOLOMEW (eds.) (2012): Diccionario etimológico del otomí colonial y compendio de gramática otomí por Lawrence Ecker Henrique Urbano: Necrológica Julio Calvo ..................................................................................................... 221 Sección 1 debate El origen kongo del Palo Monte (Cuba): una aproximación etnolingüística UniverSOS 11, 2014 9-629 El origen kongo del Palo Monte (Cuba): una aproximación etnolingüística Jesús Fuentes Guerra <[email protected]> UNEAC, Cienfuegos Armin Schwegler <[email protected]> University of California, Irvine Resumen Este artículo aporta evidencias etnolingüísticas de que los componentes africanos de la jerga ritual del Palo Monte de Cuba se derivan de una sola lengua: el kikongo. Nuestra teoría monogenética se opone de manera categórica a la «hipótesis bantú», generalizada entre la mayoría de los estudiosos hasta casi el año 2000, según la cual el código ritual del Palo Monte sería el resultado de una mezcla intensa (en suelo cubano) de diferentes lenguas bantúes. El estudio se divide en seis apartados cuyos temas principales son: (1) la trata, (2) las etnias en África, (3) grupos etnolingüísticos en Cuba y sus huellas, (4) las lenguas rituales de las Reglas en Cuba, (5) repertorios léxicos de la lengua del Palo Monte (evidencia etimológica) y (6) indicios lingüísticos externos para el origen kongo de determinadas etnias cubanas. Palabras clave: Palo Monte (Cuba), kikongo, lengua palera, religiones afrocubanas, etnias afrocuba- nas, trata. Abstract This article offers ethnolinguistic evidence in support of the hypothesis that the African elements in the ritual tongue of Palo Monte (Cuba) are derived from a single language, i.e., Kikongo. Our monogenetic theory thus categorically opposes the «Bantu hypothesis», embraced until almost the year 2000 by virtually all specialists on Afro-Cuban religions (according to them, the ritual tongue of Palo Monte resulted from intense mixing of many Bantu languages once spoken on Cuban soil). The study is divided into six sections whose principal topics are: (1) the slave trade, (2) ethnic groups of Subsaharan Africa, (3) former ethnolinguistic groups in Cuba and their remnants, (4) Cuba’s «African» ritual languages, (5) published lexical sources for Palo Monte’s ritual code (etymological evidence), and (6) external linguistic evidence for the Kongo origin of relevant Cuban ethnic groups. Key words: Palo Monte (Cuba), Kikongo, ritual language of Palo Monte, Afrocuban religions, Afro- cuban ethnic groups, slave trade. 10 Jesús Fuentes Guerra / Armin Schwegler 0. INTRODUCCIÓN1 El propósito fundamental de este estudio es aportar evidencias etnolingüísticas (partiendo de concepciones puntuales de la «lingüística externa») de que los componentes africanos de la lengua ritual del Palo Monte se derivan casi exclusivamente del kikongo.2 Nuestros argumentos, por lo tanto, complementarán los resultados de las investigaciones llevadas a cabo con anterioridad en distintas publicaciones3 con un enfoque eminentemente «lingüístico interno» (basado mayormente en evidencias etimológicas). El kikongo es un conjunto de dialectos hablados por los bakongo (Mapa 1; y Tabla 5). En la actualidad, ellos habitan el sur de Gabón, el occidente de la República del Congo, así como el norte de Angola, ubicándose en la zona centrooccidental del área bantú (Mapa 3). El número de hablantes nativos del kikongo asciende a unos siete millones (véase el comentario en el Mapa 1). No existen datos fiables sobre la extensión del territorio que ocupaban los bakongo en épocas pasadas ni sobre el número de hablantes de su lengua (siglos XVI-XVII). Sin embargo, existe información de que entre 1825 y 1850 –período evolutivo clave para la lengua del Palo Monte en Cuba– su extensión en el África correspondía a su territorio actual (pero véanse nuestros apuntes en el comentario al Mapa 4). Como se detallará en este estudio, nuestra teoría monogénetica «kikongo» se opone de manera categórica a la «hipótesis bantú», generalizada hasta casi el año 2000 entre la mayoría de nuestros colegas-investigadores, según la cual el código ritual del Palo Monte (su lingua sacra) sería el resultado de una mezcla intensa (en suelo cubano) de diferentes lenguas bantúes (compárese, por ejemplo, el título del libro de Lydia Cabrera: Vocabula- rio congo: EL BANTÚ que se habla en Cuba [1984]; los subrayados son nuestros). En años recientes, varios estudios han sustentado la tesis de un origen kikongo único.4 Los datos 1. Al final del artículo presentamos una lista de abreviaturas y símbolos usados en este estudio. Agradecemos a Constanza Rojas-Primus sus comentarios críticos a una versión preliminar de este artículo. 2. El léxico afropalero contiene una pequeñísima lista de préstamos tomados de otras lenguas africanas. Esta lista
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