Linking Seeds with Needs; Securing Our Future in a Changing World 6Th
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An Infrageneric Classification of Syzygium (Myrtaceae)
Blumea 55, 2010: 94–99 www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/blumea RESEARCH ARTICLE doi:10.3767/000651910X499303 An infrageneric classification of Syzygium (Myrtaceae) L.A. Craven1, E. Biffin 1,2 Key words Abstract An infrageneric classification of Syzygium based upon evolutionary relationships as inferred from analyses of nuclear and plastid DNA sequence data, and supported by morphological evidence, is presented. Six subgenera Acmena and seven sections are recognised. An identification key is provided and names proposed for two species newly Acmenosperma transferred to Syzygium. classification molecular systematics Published on 16 April 2010 Myrtaceae Piliocalyx Syzygium INTRODUCTION foreseeable future. Yet there are many rewarding and worthy floristic and other scientific projects that await attention and are Syzygium Gaertn. is a large genus of Myrtaceae, occurring from feasible in the shorter time frame that is a feature of the current Africa eastwards to the Hawaiian Islands and from India and research philosophies of short-sighted institutions. southern China southwards to southeastern Australia and New One impediment to undertaking studies of natural groups of Zealand. In terms of species richness, the genus is centred in species of Syzygium, as opposed to floristic studies per se, Malesia but in terms of its basic evolutionary diversity it appears has been the lack of a framework or context within which a set to be centred in the Melanesian-Australian region. Its taxonomic of species can be the focus of specialised research. Below is history has been detailed in Schmid (1972), Craven (2001) and proposed an infrageneric classification based upon phylogenies Parnell et al. (2007) and will not be further elaborated here. -
Various Species, Mainly Aloe Ferox Miller and Its Hybrids)
European Medicines Agency Evaluation of Medicines for Human Use London, 5 July 2007 Doc. Ref: EMEA/HMPC/76313/2006 COMMITTEE ON HERBAL MEDICINAL PRODUCTS (HMPC) ASSESSMENT REPORT ON ALOE BARABADENSIS MILLER AND ALOE (VARIOUS SPECIES, MAINLY ALOE FEROX MILLER AND ITS HYBRIDS) Aloe barbadensis Miller (barbados aloes) Herbal substance Aloe [various species, mainly Aloe ferox Miller and its hybrids] (cape aloes) the concentrated and dried juice of the leaves, Herbal Preparation standardised; standardised herbal preparations thereof Pharmaceutical forms Herbal substance for oral preparation Rapporteur Dr C. Werner Assessor Dr. B. Merz Superseded 7 Westferry Circus, Canary Wharf, London, E14 4HB, UK Tel. (44-20) 74 18 84 00 Fax (44-20) 75 23 70 51 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.emea.europa.eu ©EMEA 2007 Reproduction and/or distribution of this document is authorised for non commercial purposes only provided the EMEA is acknowledged TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction 3 II. Clinical Pharmacology 3 II.1 Pharmacokinetics 3 II.1.1 Phytochemical characterisation 3 II.1.2 Absorption, metabolism and excretion 4 II.1.3 Progress of action 5 II.2 Pharmacodynamics 5 II.2.1 Mode of action 5 • Laxative effect 5 • Other effects 7 II.2.2 Interactions 8 III. Clinical Efficacy 9 III.1 Dosage 9 III.2 Clinical studies 9 Conclusion 10 III.3 Clinical studies in special populations 10 III.3.1 Use in children 10 III.3.2. Use during pregnancy and lactation 10 III.3.3. Conclusion 13 III.4 Traditional use 13 IV. Safety 14 IV.1 Genotoxic and carcinogenic risk 14 IV.1.1 Preclinical Data 14 IV.1.2 Clinical Data 18 IV.1.3 Conclusion 20 IV.2 Toxicity 20 IV.3 Contraindications 21 IV.4 Special warnings and precautions for use 21 IV.5 Undesirable effects 22 IV.6 Interactions 22 IV.7 Overdose 23 V. -
Characteristics of the Stem-Leaf Transitional Zone in Some Species of Caesalpinioideae (Leguminosae)
Turk J Bot 31 (2007) 297-310 © TÜB‹TAK Research Article Characteristics of the Stem-Leaf Transitional Zone in Some Species of Caesalpinioideae (Leguminosae) Abdel Samai Moustafa SHAHEEN Botany Department, Aswan Faculty of Science, South Valley University - EGYPT Received: 14.02.2006 Accepted: 15.02.2007 Abstract: The vascular supply of the proximal, middle, and distal parts of the petiole were studied in 11 caesalpinioid species with the aim of documenting any changes in vascular anatomy that occurred within and between the petioles. The characters that proved to be taxonomically useful include vascular trace shape, pericyclic fibre forms, number of abaxial and adaxial vascular bundles, number and relative position of secondary vascular bundles, accessory vascular bundle status, the tendency of abaxial vascular bundles to divide, distribution of sclerenchyma, distribution of cluster crystals, and type of petiole trichomes. There is variation between studied species in the number of abaxial, adaxial, and secondary bundles, as seen in transection of the petiole. There are also differences between leaf trace structure of the proximal, middle, and distal regions of the petioles within each examined species. Senna italica Mill. and Bauhinia variegata L. show an abnormality in their leaf trace structure, having accessory bundles (concentric bundles) in the core of the trace. This study supports the moving of Ceratonia L. from the tribe Cassieae to the tribe Detarieae. Most of the characters give valuable taxonomic evidence reliable for delimiting the species investigated (especially between Cassia L. and Senna (Cav.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby) at the generic and specific levels, as well as their phylogenetic relationships. -
Senna – a Medical Miracle Plant
Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies Year: 2013, Volume: 1, Issue: 3 First page: (41) Last page: (47) ISSN: 2320-3862 Online Available at www.plantsjournal.com Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies Senna – A Medical Miracle Plant D. Balasankar1, K. Vanilarasu2, P. Selva Preetha, S.Rajeswari M.Umadevi3, Debjit Bhowmik4 1. Department of Vegetable Crops, India 2. Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, India 3. Centre for Plant Breeding and Genetics, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India 4. Karpagam University,Coimbatore, India [E-mail: [email protected]] Senna is a small, perennial, branched under-shrub. It is cultivated traditionally over 10,000ha in semi-arid lands. Since its leaves and pods are common laxatives, they are widely used in medicine and as a household remedy for constipation all over the world. India is the main producer and exporter of senna leaves, pods and sennosides concentrate to world market. Basically, the senna leaves that are used for medication are dried leaflets belonging to species of Cassia. For ages, senna has been used as a potent cathartic or purgative. Several scientists and researchers are of the view that the senna possesses this property owing to the apparent presence of elements and compounds such as dianthrone glycosides (1.5 to 2 per cent), main sennosides A and B along with minor quantities of sennosides C and D and other intimately associated amalgams. Besides being a laxative, senna is used as a febrifuge, in splenic enlargements, anaemia, typhoid, cholera, biliousness, jaundice, gout, rheumatism, tumours, foul breath and bronchitis, and probably in leprosy. It is employed in the treatment of amoebic dysentery as an anthelmintic and as a mild liver stimulant. -
Effect of Senna Obtusifolia (L.) Invasion on Herbaceous Vegetation and Soil Properties of Rangelands in the Western Tigray, Northern Ethiopia Maru G
Gebrekiros and Tessema Ecological Processes (2018) 7:9 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-018-0121-0 RESEARCH Open Access Effect of Senna obtusifolia (L.) invasion on herbaceous vegetation and soil properties of rangelands in the western Tigray, northern Ethiopia Maru G. Gebrekiros1 and Zewdu K. Tessema2* Abstract Introduction: Invasion of exotic plant species is a well-known threat to native ecosystems since it directly affects native plant communities by altering their composition and diversity. Moreover, exotic plant species displace native species through competition, changes in ecosystem processes, or allelopathic effects. Senna obtusifolia (L.) invasion has affected the growth and productivity of herbaceous vegetation in semi-arid regions of northern Ethiopia. Here, we investigated the species composition, species diversity, aboveground biomass, and basal cover of herbaceous vegetation, as well as soil properties of rangelands along three S. obtusifolia invasion levels. Methods: Herbaceous vegetation and soil properties were studied at two locations, Kafta Humera and Tsegede districts, in the western Tigray region of northern Ethiopia under three levels of S. obtusifolia invasion, i.e., non-invaded, lightly invaded, and heavily invaded. Herbaceous plant species composition and their abundance were assessed using a1-m2 quadrat during the flowering stage of most herbaceous species from mid-August to September 2015. Native species were classified into different functional groups and palatability classes, which can be useful in understanding mechanisms underlying the differential responses of native plants to invasion. The percentage of basal cover for S. obtusifolia and native species and that of bare ground were estimated in each quadrat. Similar to sampling of the herbaceous species, soil samples at a depth of 0–20 cm were taken for analyzing soil physical and chemical properties. -
Merry Christmas Senna1 by Ken Langeland UF/IFAS Agronomy Department & Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants Cooperative Extension Service Introduction Into the Wild
Ho! Ho! Ho! Merry Christmas Senna1 by Ken Langeland UF/IFAS Agronomy Department & Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants Cooperative Extension Service Introduction into the wild. Because of the confusion in taxonomy, everyone may not realize that Christmas must be just around the the plants for sale in the nursery trade are corner because home landscapes are col- the same species as those escaped and ored with the bright yellow flowers of growing in the wild. This article will pro- Christmas senna (Senna pendula var. vide information on the biology of glabrata). Christmas senna is a long time Christmas senna outside of cultivation favorite landscape plant, commonly culti- and clarify the taxonomy. vated as an ornamental in Florida at least since the 1940s (Bailey and Bailey 1947). Christmas senna is so named because it Distribution blooms during the Christmas season (Fall- Christmas senna is native to Brazil, Fig. 1 Winter). It is popular, in part, because of Peru, Bolivia and south to Paraguay and its showy yellow flowers (Fig. 1). This is Argentina. It is cultivated in warm regions especially true in the northern part of the of both hemispheres. In the US it occurs in state, where it is one of the few landscape Florida, Texas (common in southern plants that bloom in late fall and early win- Texas), California, Arizona, and probably ter. It also is popular for butterfly gardens in other Sunbelt states (Isely 1998). It is (Fig. 2). Christmas senna also is known as cultivated in all regions of Florida (Hunt Christmas cassia, winter cassia, climbing 1977, Nelson 1996). -
Dioscorides De Materia Medica Pdf
Dioscorides de materia medica pdf Continue Herbal written in Greek Discorides in the first century This article is about the book Dioscorides. For body medical knowledge, see Materia Medica. De materia medica Cover of an early printed version of De materia medica. Lyon, 1554AuthorPediaus Dioscorides Strange plants RomeSubjectMedicinal, DrugsPublication date50-70 (50-70)Pages5 volumesTextDe materia medica in Wikisource De materia medica (Latin name for Greek work Περὶ ὕλης ἰατρικῆς, Peri hul's iatrik's, both means about medical material) is a pharmacopeia of medicinal plants and medicines that can be obtained from them. The five-volume work was written between 50 and 70 CE by Pedanius Dioscorides, a Greek physician in the Roman army. It was widely read for more than 1,500 years until it supplanted the revised herbs during the Renaissance, making it one of the longest of all natural history books. The paper describes many drugs that are known to be effective, including aconite, aloe, coloxinth, colocum, genban, opium and squirt. In all, about 600 plants are covered, along with some animals and minerals, and about 1000 medicines of them. De materia medica was distributed as illustrated manuscripts, copied by hand, in Greek, Latin and Arabic throughout the media period. From the sixteenth century, the text of the Dioscopide was translated into Italian, German, Spanish and French, and in 1655 into English. It formed the basis of herbs in these languages by such people as Leonhart Fuchs, Valery Cordus, Lobelius, Rembert Dodoens, Carolus Klusius, John Gerard and William Turner. Gradually these herbs included more and more direct observations, complementing and eventually displacing the classic text. -
Myrtle Rust Transition to Management Group Meeting Minutes
Minutes Meeting Two of the Myrtle Rust Transition to Management Group Teleconference held on Tuesday 20 December, 2011 Attendees: Colin Grant, DAFF (Chair); Lois Ransom, DAFF; Mikael Hirsch, DAFF; Greg Fraser, PHA; Rod Turner, PHA; Sophie Peterson, PHA; Jenna Taylor, PHA (Secretariat); Sam Malfroy, PHA; Kareena Arthy, DEEDI; Suzy Perry, DEEDI; Jim Thompson, DEEDI; Satendra Kumar, NSW DPI. Apologies: Mike Ashton, DEEDI; Bruce Christie, NSW DPI. Item 1 – Welcome by the Chair Colin Grant welcomed the Members of the Myrtle Rust Transition to Management Group (MRTMG) to the teleconference and the Members introduced themselves and provided information on their role. The Chair reinforced the need for urgency in progressing objectives of the Myrtle Rust Transition to Management (MRT2M) Program and this was noted by all Members. Item 2 – Terms of Reference Terms of Reference for the MRTMG were discussed and it was agreed that PHA would develop a set of Terms of Reference similar to those being developed for the Asian Honey Bee Transition to Management Group. These will be circulated for approval. Item 3 – Governance Arrangements Membership The MRTMG will be comprised of the following: Colin Grant, DAFF (Primary member) Lois Ransom, DAFF (Secondary member) Greg Fraser, PHA (Primary member) Rod Turner, PHA (Secondary member) Kareena Arthy, DEEDI (Primary member) Mike Ashton, DEEDI (Secondary member) Bruce Christie, NSW DPI (Primary member) Satendra Kumar, NSW DPI (Secondary member) It was agreed that other people would be invited to attend the meetings as appropriate. Chair It was confirmed that Colin Grant will be the Chair of the MRTMG. Secretariat and Administration Support PHA will provide the Secretariat and administration support for the program. -
Anti-Inflammatory Effect of D-Pinitol Isolated from the Leaves of Colutea Cilicica Boiss Et Bal. on K562 Cells Colutea Cilicica Boiss Et Bal
Turk J Biochem 2017; 42(4): 445–450 Research Article Ferda Eser*, Ergul Mutlu Altundag, Gülsah Gedik, Ibrahim Demirtas, Adem Onal and Bedrettin Selvi Anti-inflammatory effect of D-pinitol isolated from the leaves of Colutea cilicica Boiss et Bal. on K562 cells Colutea cilicica Boiss et Bal. yapraklarından izole edilen D-pinitol’ün K562 hücreleri üzerindeki anti- inflamatuar etkisi DOI 10.1515/tjb-2016-0120 Results: Stimulation of cells with D-pinitol (0–80 μM) was Received August 12, 2016; accepted February 28, 2017; previously observed for 24, 48 and 72 h. It is determined that D-pin- published online March 30, 2017 itol inhibited protein expression of Cox-2 in K562 cells. Abstract We observed that Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) protein expression did not change, but Cox-2 protein Aim: D-pinitol, a natural compound has shown various expression reduced with non-cytotoxic concentrations of biological and pharmacological effects. Last studies are D-pinitol. focused on the determination of its further pharmacologi- Conclusion: It is concluded that D-pinitol did not affect cal activities including mainly biological activity. There- cell proliferation and apoptosis in K562 cells however fore, isolation of D-pinitol from the leaves of Colutea cili- reduced the inflammation, significantly. These results cica Boiss et Bal. and investigation of its apoptotic and show that D-pinitol may be anti-inflammatory agent for anti-inflammatory activity on K562 cell lines were aimed the treatment of K562 cells. in the concept of the study. Keywords: Anti-inflammatory activity; K562; Colutea cili- Materials and methods: Isolation of D-pinitol was per- cica Boiss et Bal.; Isolation; D-pinitol. -
Myrtle Rust Reviewed the Impacts of the Invasive Plant Pathogen Austropuccinia Psidii on the Australian Environment R
Myrtle Rust reviewed The impacts of the invasive plant pathogen Austropuccinia psidii on the Australian environment R. O. Makinson 2018 DRAFT CRCPLANTbiosecurity CRCPLANTbiosecurity © Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, 2018 ‘Myrtle Rust reviewed: the impacts of the invasive pathogen Austropuccinia psidii on the Australian environment’ is licenced by the Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre for use under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Australia licence. For licence conditions see: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This Review provides background for the public consultation document ‘Myrtle Rust in Australia – a draft Action Plan’ available at www.apbsf.org.au Author contact details R.O. Makinson1,2 [email protected] 1Bob Makinson Consulting ABN 67 656 298 911 2The Australian Network for Plant Conservation Inc. Cite this publication as: Makinson RO (2018) Myrtle Rust reviewed: the impacts of the invasive pathogen Austropuccinia psidii on the Australian environment. Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre, Canberra. Front cover: Top: Spotted Gum (Corymbia maculata) infected with Myrtle Rust in glasshouse screening program, Geoff Pegg. Bottom: Melaleuca quinquenervia infected with Myrtle Rust, north-east NSW, Peter Entwistle This project was jointly funded through the Plant Biosecurity Cooperative Research Centre and the Australian Government’s National Environmental Science Program. The Plant Biosecurity CRC is established and supported under the Australian Government Cooperative Research Centres Program. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This review of the environmental impacts of Myrtle Rust in Australia is accompanied by an adjunct document, Myrtle Rust in Australia – a draft Action Plan. The Action Plan was developed in 2018 in consultation with experts, stakeholders and the public. The intent of the draft Action Plan is to provide a guiding framework for a specifically environmental dimension to Australia’s response to Myrtle Rust – that is, the conservation of native biodiversity at risk. -
The Potential of Selected Australian Medicinal Plants with Anti‑Proteus Activity for the Treatment and Prevention of Rheumatoid Arthritis
PHCOG MAG. ORIGINAL ARTICLE The potential of selected Australian medicinal plants with anti‑Proteus activity for the treatment and prevention of rheumatoid arthritis I. E. Cock1,2, V. Winnett2, J. Sirdaarta1,2, B. Matthews3 1Environmental Futures Research Institute, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, 2School of Natural Sciences, Nathan Campus, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, 3Smartwaters Research Centre, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia Submitted: 01-08-2014 Revised: 18-09-2014 Published: 27-05-2015 ABSTRACT Access this article online Website: Background: A wide variety of herbal medicines are used in indigenous Australian traditional www.phcog.com medicinal systems to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and inflammation. The current study was DOI: undertaken to test the ability of a panel of Australian plants with a history of the ethnobotanical 10.4103/0973-1296.157734 usage in the treatment of inflammation for the ability to block the microbial trigger of RA. Quick Response Code: Materials and Methods: One hundred and six extracts from 40 plant species were investigated for the ability to inhibit the growth of the bacterial trigger of RA (Proteus mirabilis). The extracts were tested for toxicity in the Artemia nauplii bioassay. The most potent inhibitor of P. mirabilis growth was further analyzed by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) coupled to high accuracy time‑of‑flight (TOF) mass spectroscopy. Results: Sixty‑five of the 106 extracts tested (61.3%) inhibited the growth of P. The Aleurites moluccanus, Datura leichardtii, Eucalyptus major, Leptospermum bracteata, L. juniperium, Macadamia integrifloranut, Melaleuca alternifolia, Melaleuca quinquenervia, Petalostigma pubescens, P. triloculorae, P. augustifolium, Scaevola spinescens, Syzygium australe, and Tasmannia lanceolata extracts were determined to be the most effective inhibitors of P. -
Backhousia Citriodora F. Muell. (Lemon Myrtle), an Unrivalled Source of Citral
foods Review Backhousia citriodora F. Muell. (Lemon Myrtle), an Unrivalled Source of Citral Ian Southwell Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW 2480, Australia; [email protected] Abstract: Lemon oils are amongst the highest volume and most frequently traded of the flavor and fragrance essential oils. Citronellal and citral are considered the key components responsible for the lemon note with citral (neral + geranial) preferred. Of the myriad of sources of citral, the Australian myrtaceous tree, Lemon Myrtle, Backhousia citriodora F. Muell. (Myrtaceae), is considered superior. This review examines the history, the natural occurrence, the cultivation, the taxonomy, the chemistry, the biological activity, the toxicology, the standardisation and the commercialisation of Backhousia citriodora especially in relation to its essential oil. Keywords: Backhousia citriodora; lemon myrtle; lemon oils; citral; geranial; neral; iso-citrals; citronellal; flavor; fragrance; biological activity 1. Introduction There are many natural sources of lemon oil or lemon scent. According to a recent ISO Strategic Business Plan [1], the top production of lemon oils comes from lemon (7500 Citation: Southwell, I. Backhousia tonne), Litsea cubeba (1700 tonne), citronella (1100 tonne) and Eucalyptus (now Corymbia) citriodora F. Muell. (Lemon Myrtle), citriodora (1000 tonne). Lemon oil itself, cold pressed from the peel of Citrus limon L., an Unrivalled Source of Citral. Foods Rutaceae, contains 2–3% of citral (geranial + neral) [2–4], the lemon flavor ingredient. 2021, 10, 1596. https://doi.org/ Consequently, the oil, along with numerous other citrus species, is used more for its high 10.3390/foods10071596 limonene (60–80%) and minor component content as a fragrance, health care additive [5] or solvent rather than a citral lemon flavor.