At the Mercy of the Tsar. Kingdom of Poland
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Human Capital in the Aftermath of the Partitions of Poland Andreas Ba
European Historical Economics Society EHES Working Paper | No. 150 | March 2019 Fading Legacies: Human Capital in the Aftermath of the Partitions of Poland Andreas Backhaus, Centre for European Policy Studies EHES Working Paper | No. 150 | March 2019 Fading Legacies: Human Capital in the Aftermath of the Partitions of Poland* Andreas Backhaus†, Centre for European Policy Studies Abstract This paper studies the longevity of historical legacies in the context of the formation of human capital. The Partitions of Poland (1772-1918) represent a natural experiment that instilled Poland with three different legacies of education, resulting in sharp differences in human capital among the Polish population. I construct a large, unique dataset that reflects the state of schooling and human capital in the partition territories from 1911 to 1961. Using a spatial regression discontinuity design, I find that primary school enrollment differs by as much as 80 percentage points between the partitions before WWI. However, this legacy disappears within the following two decades of Polish independence, as all former partitions achieve universal enrollment. Differences in educational infrastructure and gender access to schooling simultaneously disappear after WWI. The level of literacy converges likewise across the former partitions, driven by a high intergenerational mobility in education. After WWII, the former partitions are not distinguishable from each other in terms of education anymore. JEL Codes: N34, I20, O15, H75 Keywords: Poland, Human Capital, Education, Persistence * Research for this paper was conducted while the author was a Ph.D. candidate at LMU Munich. The author would like to thank Philipp Ager, Lukas Buchheim, Matteo Cervellati, Jeremiah Dittmar, Erik Hornung, Chris Muris, Christian Ochsner, Uwe Sunde, Ludger Wößmann, Nikolaus Wolf, and audiences at the University of Southern Denmark, the University of Bayreuth, UCLouvain, the FRESH Meeting 2018, the WEast Workshop 2018, and WIEM 2018 for their comments. -
Poland Historical Geography Handout
Poland Historical Geography: Polish History through Maps and Gazetteers Daniel R. Jones, MS, AG® FamilySearch HISTORY OF POLAND Polish Commonwealth, 1600s-1795 Instead of a hereditary monarchy, they elected their own king. Because the king was elected, this allowed foreign powers to manipulate the elections for candidates, and to create turmoil for their own gain. The commonwealth was in a state of decline because of wars, political turmoil, and aristocratic rebellions. Although reforms were attempted, Poland’s neighbors saw opportunities for themselves. Partitions of Poland, 1772-1795 First partition, 1772: Rebellion occurred in 1768, bringing Poland into a civil war. Austria, Prussia, and Russia collectively decided to annex pieces of Poland for themselves during the war. Second partition, 1792: Poland institutes a constitution in 1791. This angered Russia, who encouraged another rebellion against the Polish king. Russia provided military support to the rebellion. After a few months, Russia and Prussia slice off large sections of Poland. Third partition, 1795: Some nobles were angry at their king for surrendering to Russia during the second partition, and created another uprising. Russia invaded again to crush the uprising. Russia, Austria, and Prussia decided to split the rest of Poland between themselves, and Poland disappeared off the map. Kingdom of Poland, 1815-1914 The French created the Duchy of Warsaw during the Napoleonic Wars as a semi-independent country. After the war, the Kingdom of Poland was established, but was joined to the Russian Empire; they were allowed their own constitution and military. After several uprisings, the Polish language and culture were suppressed, the kingdom was more integrated into the Russian Empire. -
Celebrating the Stateless Nation, Or How the "Polish Question" Stayed Afloat
Patrice M. Dabrowski. Commemorations and the Shaping of Modern Poland. Blommington: Indiana University Press, 2004. 313 S. $45.00, cloth, ISBN 978-0-253-34429-8. Reviewed by Laurie Koloski Published on HABSBURG (May, 2007) The Poles' "long nineteenth century" was in a mythologized past, and committed to an inde‐ even longer than that of most European nations, pendent Polish future. In so doing, they kept the stretching as it did from the frst partition of 1772, Polish nation, and the "Polish question," alive and when Prussia, Austria, and Russia claimed chunks well. Commemorations and the Shaping of Mod‐ of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, to 1918, ern Poland, Patrice Dabrowski's excellent new when an independent Polish state re-emerged. Be‐ study, shows how. tween the third partition of 1795 and the end of The Polish "predicament" in the nineteenth World War I, Poland as a political entity essential‐ century, as Dabrowski points out early in the ly disappeared from the map of Europe, and eth‐ book, involved "the mind of a large nation in a nic Poles found themselves governed by three dif‐ stateless body" (p. 7). This dilemma turned out to ferent imperial states. Had the partitions hap‐ be a source of inspiration for Polish national ac‐ pened a century earlier, the "Polish question" tivists who had two goals: frst, to broaden the na‐ might have settled into historical obscurity. What tion to include the peasantry (only an inclusive Poland's partitioners could not know in the late nation would be strong enough to revive an inde‐ eighteenth -
How History Matters for Student Performance. Lessons from the Partitions of Poland Ú Job Market Paper Latest Version: HERE
How History Matters for Student Performance. Lessons from the Partitions of Poland ú Job Market Paper Latest Version: HERE. Pawe≥Bukowski † This paper examines the effect on current student performance of the 19th century Partitions of Poland among Austria, Prussia and Russia. Despite the modern similarities of the three regions, using a regression discontinuity design I show that student test scores are 0.6 standard deviation higher on the Austrian side of the former Austrian-Russian border. This magnitude is comparable to the black vs. white test score gap in the US. On the other hand, I do not find evidence for differences on the Prussian-Russian border. Using a theoretical model and indirect evidence I argue that the Partitions have persisted through their impact on social norms toward local schools. Nevertheless, the persistent effect of Austria is puzzling given the histori- cal similarities of the Austrian and Prussian educational systems. I argue that the differential legacy of Austria and Prussia originates from the Aus- trian Empire’s policy to promote Polish identity in schools and the Prussian Empire’s efforts to Germanize the Poles through education. JEL Classification: N30, I20, O15, J24 úI thank Sascha O. Becker, Volha Charnysh, Gregory Clark, Tomas Cvrcek, John S. Earle, Irena Grosfeld, Hedvig Horvát, Gábor Kézdi, Jacek Kochanowicz, Attila Lindner, Christina Romer, Ruth M. Schüler, Tamás Vonyó, Jacob Weisdorf, Agnieszka WysokiÒska, Noam Yuchtman, the partici- pants of seminars at Central European University, University of California at Berkeley, University of California at Davis, Warsaw School of Economics, Ifo Center for the Economics of Education and FRESH workshops in Warsaw and Canterbury, WEast workshop in Belgrade, European Historical Economics Society Summer School in Berlin for their comments and suggestions. -
Evolution of the Belarusian National Movement in The
EVOLUTION OF THE BELARUSIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT IN THE PAGES OF PERIODICALS (1914-1917) By Aliaksandr Bystryk Submitted to Central European University Nationalism Studies Program In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Advisor: Professor Maria Kovacs Secondary advisor: Professor Alexei Miller CEU eTD Collection Budapest, Hungary 2013 Abstract Belarusian national movement is usually characterised by its relative weakness delayed emergence and development. Being the weakest movement in the region, before the WWI, the activists of this movement mostly engaged in cultural and educational activities. However at the end of First World War Belarusian national elite actively engaged in political struggles happening in the territories of Western frontier of the Russian empire. Thus the aim of the thesis is to explain how the events and processes caused by WWI influenced the national movement. In order to accomplish this goal this thesis provides discourse and content analysis of three editions published by the Belarusian national activists: Nasha Niva (Our Field), Biełarus (The Belarusian) and Homan (The Clamour). The main findings of this paper suggest that the anticipation of dramatic social and political changes brought by the war urged national elite to foster national mobilisation through development of various organisations and structures directed to improve social cohesion within Belarusian population. Another important effect of the war was that a part of Belarusian national elite formulated certain ideas and narratives influenced by conditions of Ober-Ost which later became an integral part of Belarusian national ideology. CEU eTD Collection i Table of Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1. Between krajowość and West-Russianism: The Development of the Belarusian National Movement Prior to WWI ..................................................................................................... -
Upbringing of Girls As Reflected in the Activities and Views of Blessed Marcelina Darowska
Marcelina Knop DOI: 10.14746/bhw.2018.38.33 Department of Didactic Method and History of Parenting University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn Upbringing of Girls as Reflected in the Activities and Views of Blessed Marcelina Darowska Abstract The article presents the life and educational activities of Blessed Marcelina Darowska, the co-found er of the Convent of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and her views on up bringing of young women. Mother Marcelina’s perception of education of girls in the 19th century seemed modern and beyond her time. In her opinion, there was a need of putting a stop to produc ing “parlour dolls” and provide young women with practical education. For the betterment of the country, she set up schools in Jazłowiec, Jarosław, Niżniów and Nowy Sącz. The girls attending the schools were brought up according to the system developed by Marcelina Darowska, based on reli gious and patriotic values. The Convent of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary continues the work commenced by its founder; over time Mother Marcelina’s message remains val id and serves the subsequent generations of young Polish girls. Keywords: Marcelina Darowska, Convent of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Catholic schools, education of women in the nineteenth century 1. The life and educational work of Marcelina Darowska Marvelina Darowska née Kotowicz was both on the 16th1 of January 1827, as the fifth of seven children of Jan Kotowicz and Maximilia Jastrzębska. Raised in a wealthy land owner’s family on the Szulaki estate in the Kyiv2 province, even as a child, she showed 1 According to the Julian calendar, which was then used in Russia. -
Polish National Identity Under Russian, Prussian, and Austro
Three Paths to One State: Polish National Identity under Russian, Prussian, and Austro- Hungarian Occupation after 1863 Research Thesis Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation with research distinction in the undergraduate colleges of The Ohio State University by Adam Wanter The Ohio State University June 2012 Project Advisor: Professor Jessie Labov, Department of Slavic and East European Languages and Cultures 2 Table of Contents: Introduction 1 Section One: Background 7 Section Two: Composition 15 Section Three: Imperial History 22 Section Four: Political Ideologies and Political Figures 37 Conclusion 50 Bibliography 54 i Illustrations: Figure 1, map of Russian Poland 8 Figure 2, map of Austrian Poland 10 Figure 3, map of Prussian Poland 11 ii Introduction After over 100 years of foreign occupation by three different powers, a common Polish national identity was able to emerge and unite the three partitioned areas. How was this possible? What conditions existed that were able to bring together three separate and distinct areas together? This thesis will look into the development of Polish national identity in the three partitioned areas of Poland during the late 19th and early 20th centuries and in particular the role that imperial policy played in its formation. The purpose of this thesis is to carry out a comparative study of the three partitioned areas of Poland between roughly 1863 and the outbreak of World War I. Specifically, the thesis compares the effects of the three Imperial powers on the economic landscape of each region, as well as the environment in which Polish political thought, specifically different forms of Polish nationalism, emerged, analyzing how that environment help contribute to its development. -
Nineteenth-Century Women's Egodocuments In
Lidia Michalska-Bracha, Nineteenth-century women’s egodocuments… DOI 10.15290/cnisk.2020.01.08.01 LIDIA MICHALSKA-BRACHA https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0691-7429 Uniwersytet Jana Kochanowskiego w Kielcach Nineteenth-century women’s egodocuments in the historian’s research workshop. (On the margins of the NPDH project: “Memoirs and letters of Polish authors from the Western Krai (Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine) 1795–1918”) Abstract The paper is devoted to the research on the nineteenth-century wom- en’s diaries, memoirs, and epistolography, carried out in the years 2013– 2017 as part of the international project of the National Program for the Development of Humanities: “Memoirs and letters of Polish authors from the Western Krai (Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine) in the years 1795–1918”. It discusses the status and role of the nineteenth-century women’s egodocu- ments in contemporary humanities. The study refers to the importance of autobiographical reflection and cultural perspective, and the major point of reference are selected examples of collections of manuscript letters, mem- oirs, and diaries of Polish women authors from the so-called Taken Lands1 (Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine) in the nineteenth century, and those women who were associated with these areas only for a period of time, as well as those who only wrote about the Taken Lands. This article focuses primarily 1 Polish historiography commonly refers to the Western Krai as the Taken/Stolen Lands or the Russian Seizure. The most western part of this area is often referred to as Kresy or Eastern Borderlands. 1(8)2020 10 STUDIA I MATERIAŁY on the collections of manuscripts in Lithuanian and Ukrainian archives and libraries (Wróblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences in Vilni- us, Lithuanian State Historical Archives in Vilnius, Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine in Kiev, Vernadsky National Library, Central State His- torical Archives of Ukraine in Lviv, V. -
Copyright by Agnieszka Barbara Nance 2004
Copyright by Agnieszka Barbara Nance 2004 The Dissertation Committee for Agnieszka Barbara Nance Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Nation without a State: Imagining Poland in the Nineteenth Century Committee: Katherine Arens, Supervisor Janet Swaffar Kirsten Belgum John Hoberman Craig Cravens Nation without a State: Imagining Poland in the Nineteenth Century by Agnieszka Barbara Nance, B.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin May 2004 Nation without a State: Imagining Poland in the Nineteenth Century Publication No._____________ Agnieszka Barbara Nance, PhD. The University of Texas at Austin, 2004 Supervisor: Katherine Arens This dissertation tests Benedict Anderson’s thesis about the coherence of imagined communities by tracing how Galicia, as the heart of a Polish culture in the nineteenth century that would never be an independent nation state, emerged as an historical, cultural touchstone with present day significance for the people of Europe. After the three Partitions and Poland’s complete disappearance from political maps of Europe, substitute images of Poland were sought that could replace its lost kingdom with alternate forms of national identity grounded in culture and tradition rather than in politics. Not the hereditary dynasty, not Prussia or Russia, but Galicia emerged as the imagined and representative center of a Polish culture without a state. This dissertation juxtaposes political realities with canonical literary texts that provide images of a cultural community among ethnic Germans and Poles sharing the border of Europe. -
Forced Migration and Human Capital: Evidence from Post-Wwii Population Transfers
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES FORCED MIGRATION AND HUMAN CAPITAL: EVIDENCE FROM POST-WWII POPULATION TRANSFERS Sascha O. Becker Irena Grosfeld Pauline Grosjean Nico Voigtländer Ekaterina Zhuravskaya Working Paper 24704 http://www.nber.org/papers/w24704 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 June 2018, Revised October 2018 We received excellent comments at Boston University, the Chicago Booth Miniconference on Economic History, the NBER Political Economy Meeting, the Conference on ‘Deep-Rooted Factors in Comparative Development’ at Brown University, the ‘Workshop in Political Economy and Economic Policy’ at QMU London, the Oxford-Warwick- LSE (OWL)Workshop, the ‘Culture, Institutions and Prosperity’ conference in Paris, and seminars at Barcelona GSE, Bristol, Cambridge, Chicago Harris, DIW Berlin, EEA-ESEM 2018, Frankfurt, Harvard, PSE, Simon Fraser, UPF, and Warwick. We thank Samuel Bazzi, Luis Candelaria, and Giampaolo Lecce for insightful discussions, Ilona Kawalec from CBOS for outstanding collaboration, and Vladimir Avetian for excellent research assistance. Sascha O. Becker acknowledges financial support by the ESRC Centre for Competitive Advantage in the Global Economy (grant no. ES/ L011719/1). Ekaterina Zhuravskaya thanks the European Research Council (ERC) for funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program (grant agreement No. 646662). The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer-reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications. © 2018 by Sascha O. -
3. Mikhail Viktorovich Artsimovich 1. Михаил Викторович Арцимович 2. B. 7 June 1859 in Kaluga. 3. Orthodox
BIONOTES 63 3. Mikhail Viktorovich Artsimovich 1. Михаил Викторович Арцимович 2. B. 7 June 1859 in Kaluga. 3. Orthodox. 4. Hereditary nobleman of Grodno Governorate. 5. Karl May German Gymnasium in St. Petersburg 1869-1877; Faculty of Law of St. Petersburg Imperial University, degree of candidate of law, graduated in 1881. 6. Majorat “Czechów” in the poviat of Lublin of Lublin Governorate (consist- ing of eight granges) of the area of 2,193 d. of land, bringing the annual income of 3,000 rubles; Mikhail was the owner of the majorat since 15 July 1894; real estate on the grounds of Nova Alexandria purchased by Viktor Artsimovich on 4 May 1873. 7. Wife: Yekaterina Vasiliyevna Goryainova, b. 14 January 1876 in Yaroslavl, d. 20 May 1959 in Moscow, Orthodox, member (as of 15 June 1917) of All-Russian Great Duchess Tatiana Committee for the Support for Victims of War, daughter of state councillor, divorced in 1906, married again 14 November 1907 to Andrey Lvovich Tolstoy b. 6 December 1877, d. 24 February 1916, son of writer Leo Tolstoy. 8. Children: Viktor, b. 10 October 1895 in Runtort (baptized in St. Petersburg), d. 13 September 1945 in Paris, graduate with distinction of School affiliated with Protestant Churches in St. Petersburg 9 June 1914, student of St. Petersburg Imperi- al University (not graduated), graduate of intensive course at the Corps of the Pages 1916, lieutenant of Leib-Guard Uhlan Regiment, emigrated to Germany and France, married since 17 February 1919 to Vera Konstantinovna Umnova, b. 10 December 1885, d. 9 April 1963 in Frankurt in the Federal Republic of Germany; Mikhail, b. -
Occupational Structure in the Polish Territories at the Turn of the 20Th (1895-1900) Century
Working Papers No. 9/2015 (157) PIOTR KORYŚ MACIEJ TYMIŃSKI Occupational structure in the Polish territories at the turn of the 20th (1895-1900) century Warsaw 2015 Occupational structure in the Polish territories at the turn of the 20th (1895-1900) century PIOTR KORYŚ MACIEJ TYMIŃSKI Faculty of Economic Sciences Faculty of Economic Sciences University of Warsaw University of Warsaw e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Authors present the occupational structure of Polish lands at the turn of 20th century on the basis of censuses carried out in Germany (1895), Russia (1897) and Austria (1900). Our research provides corrections to the errors of the censuses, to a considerable extent. As a result, we present an occupational structure that allows a more complete the picture of the economic situation in the Polish territories at the end of the 19th century. The conducted research has created an opportunity to partially verify the assumption, which is common in Polish economical historiography, that a technological turning point and an industrial revolution occurred in Polish lands already in the 1870s and 1880s. Revised census data demonstrated that the extent of industrialization in Polish lands was still very limited in 1900. Keywords: economic history, Polish lands, occupational structure, industrialization, backwardness JEL: N33, J22, J43, J44 Acknowledgements Financial support of the Polish National Science Centre through grant no. 2012/07/B/HS4/00451 is gratefully acknowledged. Working Papers contain preliminary research results. Please consider this when citing the paper. Please contact the authors to give comments or to obtain revised version.