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The Hidden Suffering and Healing of Sudan's 'Lost Girls' in Cairo, Egypt

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The Hidden Suffering and Healing of Sudan's 'Lost Girls' in Cairo, Egypt University of South Florida Scholar Commons Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate School January 2013 Framing Violence: The iddeH n Suffering and Healing of Sudan's 'Lost Girls' in Cairo, Egypt Ginger Ann Johnson University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the International Law Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Scholar Commons Citation Johnson, Ginger Ann, "Framing Violence: The iddeH n Suffering and Healing of Sudan's 'Lost Girls' in Cairo, Egypt" (2013). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4699 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Framing Violence: The Hidden Suffering and Healing of Sudan’s ‘Lost Girls’ in Cairo, Egypt by Ginger Ann Johnson A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Anthropology College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Rebecca K. Zarger, Ph.D. Heide Castañeda, Ph.D. Elizabeth Bird, Ph.D. Linda E. Lucas, Ph.D. Earl Conteh-Morgan, Ph.D. Keywords: Sudan, Lost Girls, photovoice, refugees, embodied suffering Copyright © 2013, Ginger Ann Johnson DEDICATION For the amazing women in my family, past and present, who serve as a constant inspiration: Ruby Lanier, Rosenell Johnson, Bobbie Johnson and Angie McAfee. For the incredibly talented cohort of female graduate students who each encouraged me in their own ways throughout our years together: Dr. Cindy Grace-McCaskey, Amanda Terry, Jaime Nodarse, Dr. Cecilia Vindrola Padros, Dr. Carylanna Taylor, Dr. Janelle Christensen, Anne Pfister, Dr. Kristina Baines, Dr. Jennifer Syvertsen and Dr. Shana Hughes. For the invaluable support and training I received in Egypt while conducting this fieldwork: Jenna Paulson, Fiona Cameron, Stephanie Biedermann and Maelle Pelletier. For the dedicated anthropological professors on my committee who supported my research (in its many iterations) with patience, understanding and thoughtful critique: Dr. Elizabeth Bird and Dr. Heide Castañeda. For my academic advisor who has always encouraged me, mentored me, and never once faltered in her support of my endeavors: Dr. Rebecca Zarger. Finally, absolutely, for the women who shared their lives with me during this project. None of this would have been possible without your generosity. This one’s for the girls. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author would like to thank UNHCR Headquarters for their generous funding support of this research and online publication of preliminary findings; the Critical Language Scholarship Program of the U.S. Department of State for tuition, room and board during an Arabic language immersion program undertaken in preparation for fieldwork; the Center for Migration and Refugee Studies (CMRS) at the American University in Cairo for extension of a research affiliation; and the University of South Florida Graduate School for their funding support during the writing phase of this dissertation. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................. iv LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................ v ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 1 Lost Girls, Hidden ....................................................................................................... 3 ‘Refugee’ Terminology ............................................................................................... 5 Anthropology, Extraordinary Violence and the Role of the Visual ............................ 6 Overview of Chapters ................................................................................................. 8 CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND ........................................................................................... 14 Contemporary History of Violence in Sudan ............................................................ 16 Women and War ....................................................................................................... 18 War Terminology ...................................................................................................... 20 Ancient Origins and Anthropological Inquiries ........................................................ 20 Comprehensive Peace Agreement and Darfur .......................................................... 28 Sudanese War to Sudanese Refugees in Cairo: Why Egypt? ................................... 31 Urban Sudanese Refugees and the Egyptian State ................................................... 33 UNHCR and Refugee Status Determination: Yellow Card, Blue Card, Closed File 38 Mustafa Mahmoud Protests ...................................................................................... 46 The Egyptian Revolution .......................................................................................... 50 Sudanese Women in Cairo ........................................................................................ 51 Girl in the Blue Bra ................................................................................................... 55 CHAPTER 3: THEORIZING THE EMBODIED SUFFERING OF REFUGEES .............. 57 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 59 Anthropology on the Embodied Suffering of Refugees ........................................... 61 Individualizing Suffering ............................................................................... 66 (Wo)man, the State, and War ........................................................................ 67 The Social Dimensions of Pain ................................................................................. 70 ‘Extraordinary’ Violence and Emergency Researchers ............................... 71 Silencing Ordinary Violence ......................................................................... 74 Theorizing Visual Anthropology: Seeing and Responding to Suffering .................. 78 Conclusion ................................................................................................................ 80 CHAPTER 4: METHODS .................................................................................................... 82 Introduction to Research Participants and Fieldsite .................................................. 84 St. Andrew’s Refugee Services ................................................................................. 87 i Research Strategy and Questions .............................................................................. 90 Collective Representations ............................................................................ 92 Research Design ........................................................................................................ 93 Exploratory Phase I (August – October 2011) ............................................. 93 Exploratory Phase II (November 2011 – February 2012) ............................ 99 Explanatory Phase (October 2011 – March 2012) ..................................... 100 Note on Arabic Language ........................................................................... 104 Data Analysis .......................................................................................................... 105 Participant Observation and Open-Ended Interviews ................................ 105 Direct Systematic Observation of Behavior (DSO) .................................... 106 Semi-Structured Interviews ......................................................................... 106 Photovoice ................................................................................................... 107 Content Analysis ......................................................................................... 108 Composite Characters ................................................................................ 112 Mobility: Context and Constraints .......................................................................... 114 CHAPTER 5: CROSSING SUDAN ................................................................................... 119 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 121 Part I; Media Representations of Lost Boys and Lost Girls ................................... 122 Walad – A Sudanese Lost Boy .................................................................... 122 Imraa – A Sudanese Lost Girl ..................................................................... 124 Why Analyze the Life of Walad and Imraa? ............................................... 126 Part II: Walad and Imraa’s Stories .......................................................................... 130 Walad’s Historical Context .......................................................................... 130 Walad’s Public Narrative ..........................................................................
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