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Churchill Nannte Es «Den Anfang Vom Ende»

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Churchill Nannte Es «Den Anfang Vom Ende» MICHAEL KERRIGAN GEHEIM PLÄNE DES ZWEITEN WELTKRIEGS Strategien und Vorhaben, die nie umgesetzt wurden Weltbild Copyright © 2011 Amber Books Ltd Die englische Originalausgabe erschien 2011 unter dem Titel World War II plans that never happened Copyright der deutschen Übersetzung © 2011 Weltbild GmbH & Co. KG, Werner-von-Siemens-Str. 1, 86159 Augsburg Die Übersetzung von World War II plans that never happened wird im Jahr 2017 nach Vereinbarung mit Amber Books Ltd. veröffentlicht. Koordination und Bearbeitung der deutschen Ausgabe: Verlagsservice Dr. Helmut Neuberger und Karl Schaumann GmbH Übertragung ins Deutsche: Heinz Tophinke Umschlaggestaltung: der UHLIG, Augsburg, www.coverdesign.net Druck & Bindung: Neografia, a.s. printing house, Martin Printed in Europe ISBN 978-3-8289-3944-8 2018 2017 Die letzte Jahreszahl gibt die aktuelle Lizenzausgabe an. Eingescannt mit ABBYY Fine Reader Einkäufen im Internet: www.weltbild.de Inhalt EINFÜHRUNG 6 ERSTES KAPITEL 12 1939-1941 ZWEITES KAPITEL 56 1942 DRITTES KAPITEL 98 1943 VIERTES KAPITEL 140 1944 FÜNFTES KAPITEL 164 1945 LITERATUR 188 REGISTER 189 6 EINFÜHRUNG Einführung ir sehen im Zweiten Welt- russischen Steppe. Es war wirklich dem die Kombattanten das Drama krieg eines der grossen ein globaler Krieg, in dem U-Boote zu lenken versuchten. Während sich W historischen Dramen der im Atlantik Handelsschiffe angrif- Kommandeure im Feld Finten und Zeitgeschichte: einen Titanen- fen und auf den Philippinen Gueril- Manöver ausdachten, die ihnen im kampf zwischen Gut und Böse. las gegen japanische Armeeeinhei- Gefecht Vorteile einbringen sollten, Am Boden war er eine Folge erbit- ten vorgingen. Island war besetzt, suchten ihre Politiker nach den stra- tert geführter Schlachten, die Mil- Australien von Invasion bedroht, tegischen Initiativen, die den Sieg lionen von Soldaten und Zivilisten die Wüsten Nordafrikas wurden bringen sollten. Zu ihrer Unterstüt- Leid und Tod brachte – von den zum Kriegsschauplatz. zung zogen Beamte, Geheimdienst- Doch hinter den Kulissen fand Strassen Londons und Berlins bis ler und Funktionäre jeglicher Cou- zum Dschungel Burmas und der ein eher nüchterner Krieg statt, in leur die Fäden und entwickelten MacArthur landet am 20. Oktober 1944 auf Leyte, kurz vor der vollständigen Befreiung der Philippinen. EINFÜHRUNG 7 Pläne, um das sich ausweitende hinter der Front ist sprichwörtlich – Kampfgeschehen zu inszenieren. und war es in jedem Konflikt und Das hatte natürlich seine Wirkung – zu jeder Zeit. Doch die Unüber- wenngleich durchaus nicht immer windlichkeit der Hierarchie unter- die beabsichtigte. Ihre Entscheidun- streicht nur die ewige Kluft zwi- gen (manchmal auch ihre Unent- schen Theorie und Praxis, zwischen schlossenheit) schlugen sich nieder Plan und Realität: Redensarten wie im Feld, gaben hier der Kriegsver- «Die Lage ist hoffnungslos, aber lauf eine neue Richtung oder ver- nicht ernst» sind zum Klischee ge- worden für die Diskrepanz zwi- schoben dort minimal die Gewichte. schen Planung und Realität. Wenn wir sagen, dass dieser oder jener Aktionsplan Plan «auf dem Papier» gut aussieht, Die Öffnung wichtiger Archive in implizieren wir damit, dass er in der den vergangenen Jahren ermöglicht Praxis voraussichtlich nicht funk- es uns heute, hinter die Kulissen zu tionieren wird. blicken und anhand noch nie gese- Daher die – oberflächlich be- hener Quellen zu erkennen, wie die trachtet vielleicht wunderliche – Strategen auf beiden Seiten ver- Entscheidung, sich hier mit Plänen suchten, den Gang des Geschehens zu befassen, die faktisch nicht um- zu bestimmen. Geheimdienstbe- gesetzt wurden. Was kann der Wert richte, Direktiven, Memoranden, einer Geschichte dessen sein, das Hitler füttert ein Rehkitz. Die persönlichen Protokolle von Kabinetten und Stä- nicht geschah? Wie dieses Buch ben: Eine riesige Menge an Quellen Launen des «Führers» beeinflussten den Ver- zeigt, kann er in der Tat bedeutend lauf des Konflikts ebenso stark wie unbere- ist verfügbar geworden, die uns er- sein – nicht zuletzt als ironischer chenbar. schöpfende Einsichten in das Den- Kommentar zu tatsächlichen Ereig- ken dieser Strategen gewähren. Hier nissen. Die Konturen der realen Ge- reitet Churchill ein Steckenpferd, schehnisse sind so klar, dass man dort gibt Eisenhower seiner Unge- gern vergisst, wie leicht es hätte an- duld Ausdruck; ein japanischer In- ders kommen können; sie werden dustrieller ist begeistert von den Fä- scheinbar zwangsläufig, obwohl sie higkeiten des neuen Superbombers, es keineswegs waren. den er zu bauen hofft ... Dies ist ein wichtiger Aspekt, Dieses Buch zeigt auf, wie die den man allzu leicht aus den Augen Planung im Hintergrund das vorder- verliert. Wenn wir den Zweiten gründige Kriegsgeschehen mit einer Weltkrieg so interpretieren, als sei Reihe spezifischer Operationen zu er einer einzigen Linie gefolgt, und beeinflussen hoffte. die vielen provisorischen Pläne, die Fehlstarts, die improvisierte Aus- Auf dem Papier führung, die brillanten Ideen, die Der Haken ist natürlich, dass die am am Ende zu nichts führten, unbe- Es ist charakteristisch besten ausgetüftelten Pläne mei- achtet lassen, dann vergessen wir stens schiefgehen. Die Verachtung leicht, was der Krieg eigentlich ist. für militärische Proble- des Frontsoldaten für das Haupt- me, dass sie nichts ande- quartier und die politische Führung rem weichen als der rauen Wirklichkeit. General Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1949 8 EINFÜHRUNG Die Geschichte des Kriegs - oder DEPARTMENT OF DEFENCE CO-ORDINATION zumindest ein wesentlicher Aspekt MINUTE PAPER davon - wurde stets in dreifacher SECRET Ausfertigung abgefasst: Die Entschei­ Subject: jafaHESE flau FOB IHVASIOM OF ABSTHALIA. dungen sowohl der politischen als CHIEF OF THE NAVAL STAFF auch der militärischen Führung eines jeden Kombattanten wurden Tag für CHIEF OF THE GENERAL STAFF Tag akribisch aufgezeichnet, manch­ CHIEF OF THE AIR STATT / mal sogar Stunde für Stunde. T Forscher haben nun in den Archiven from tober, 1942 Ich was der kriegführenden Nationen Zugang bigot whloh la latratlng zu einer Fülle an Informationen. Die i toi licence Schwierigkeit besteht darin, in der C0PÏ so., tornal ' r—3 iT^CTlCH Menge der Dokumente die wirklich 7 usy 1%3. bedeutenden zu erkennen. KaSJRÂMDttî F®’ Chioi of BRBsna®» wrT i 1 » n»»1 for Mon BniusTOTfß to- SUSJSCT , H t-Lirw Flax» for °^rnthlB ’“Xt K «• omj*1”“ to l» oo“ »CIJMEW iS TiiE PHOPERT Srt «h «* *■100 ■ rrwMt lo 4.WM. *• £°r'u 2 It l8.nOV.*Sit »pl*?jra 4Table fr«® tboaö JÜÊ ....... w »M. =«" D. n» «“■«' Iha-ï^al ^Eowly «• *U1 U undortak^ Uia sltw ECHET. mjOT op^tic« a^topwa*^ ®“ 'S’ SS- ° 483. CoPy No. Ä- .tlon 1» I«3“ a M foUW» » 1042. £• SttT i. **<“' Uth «d Inf DVa H Corp« ws iit Dl* 1st, Uth, înf mV“ “■'••‘’“«'S ™» "• » Çth Corps Br Di* J 6018 «ocmnenu action Qjÿiortak^0 B.ft®*’ WAR CABINET. %U1 3^ W Dl« lat, r.r«i D1* II Corps» US »UCYFOHTHKCONWcTOF.rHEu.AR ThröJ X** «* arw VI Corp8 05 ^morandum bv the u:>, ■ . à- y af Oefenc^. ™ °» one 3. ation, calle/ ’* Ch«d<tiBenSh<ui an^ Asrednh^0^ General gsssäS'SBK EINFÜHRUNG 9 Eire. 17. In her present attitude Eire constitutes a serious liability. Although the Government of Eire would probably call instantly for our help in the event of a German attack on Eire territory, they would undoubtedly resist any attempt TOP —S ECRET. Eire in advance of a German attack, , OCK .NnKEV NEVERW»ER£MOV£Oa2»Ug£^ BE KEPT UNDER LOCK AND Kt ——— HToiimm to No: 139197 Date: 9th Deceaber9 677tii JMnt ^22/bs Spanish Minister, ANGORA.» FFICE OF BECfUS? From: CCUnthy trategic services 5®"W/*u'etria Minister for Foreign Affairs, MADRID. SUüJECT /A/r~ c To: ''TO’Dmt t. Varlftn .ooalitlB8 O1U3JNAL REPORT NO 8*2176 * DATe ©F REPORT B-2222/j>S 315-6* svaujation 28 »fcreh 1945 No: “~3 sourcK CONFIRMATION ) 5th December,1944. sug souRcg Date uufPlement ( [Gable: I Bl. CORRECTION ( s**Ucrland number OFPAoes attachments 1 oisTOiBunON THEATRE Mexsc hwanlg^e taTt gÄo et»o tW«®RICt£A Sft?re^£n gT otrh aer eth. orIGt^ hU IG-L. rkrl WEOTO l!M PR 1. Thouanr.ds of Pari party offioirls have recently arrived in the Bavarian localities of TBit, Fresfn..- end landshut. They come from PJff to the UWW8fiMBSI^Sta?F’aiastor the cast, iwat and north of Germany., It is probable, in Source’s opinion, that these localities will become important Ftarty centers in case the Harty withdraai into <® Alpine "redoubt". ...J 2. At the s^do time considerable quar.titles of foods have been âè p*f transported from Northern Italy through the Brenner pass to T81«, as well an to Villach through Llenz end Spittal, in Austria. 3. Railwr.y repair rorkshope. are being moved from Steinamanger (Ringary; to Linx-Steyr and Innsbruck (Austria). informer who, a month in hi» “ ' ml as, now V<" Director-Gene: F,0,(3)o M(l) Admiralty C2) downfall War Office G Air Ministry. cONCEPt 1ÜI.5. (2). Colonel Vick mjcr Mortor Sir B» Bri$ ® &täcä “•tteo •UOCATW roe «»ON CT OPtS.TlON <ä ~^~'I>A^ '^AF,‘*c "“I HAWAII ffli AFPAC; res 10 EINFÜHRUNG der Alliierten auszugeben, der Pläne einer für 1943 geplanten Invasion Griechenlands und Sardiniens mit sich führte. Diese Idee wurde nicht nur ausgeführt – sie funktionierte sogar hervorragend. Die vor der spanischen Küste ins Meer gewor- fene Leiche von «Major Martin» wurde angeschwemmt und gebor- gen, die Dokumente wurden gelesen – was die Deutschen von der Inva- sion Siziliens ablenkte. Realitätsprüfungen Unwahrscheinlichkeit muss also den Erfolg nicht notwendigerweise verhindern. Doch Überlegungen aus der Etappe ohne ausreichende Be- rücksichtigung der Realitäten im Gefecht neigen immer, an ebendie- sen zu
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