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USG HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE TO SOMALIA Original Map Courtesy of the UN Cartographic Section The boundaries and names shown and the designations Caluula used on this map do not imply official endorsement or Bereeda acceptance by the United Nations. DJIBOUTI Bandar Murcaayo Djibouti Bossaso Zeylac (Bender Cassim) !0 Butiyaalo Dikhil Gulf of Aden Qandala Bargaal Laasqoray COUNTRYWIDE Xiis Maydh CARE AND E Ceerigaabo BARI Hurdiyo a AWDAL Bullaxaar !0 PARTNERS Berbera (Erigavo) BARI BCJ Xaafuun Baki SANAAG FAO } IskushubanMercy Corps Borama WOQOOYI CG J FEWS NET ƒ Tog Wajaale GALBEED Qardho Burco (Burao) Bandarbeyla WFP C5 E Hargeysa Garadag Dudo Owdweyne Taleex WFP Kiridh Xudun TOGDHEER SOOL ICRC ç Jp TOGDHEER UNHCR EIGp Buuhoodle Medair Laas Caanood Garoowe Swiss Ea}Jç Gori Rit NUGAL Eyl ETHIOPIA Bardaale Beyra Seemade FEWS NET FOOD SECURITY Garacad HIRAN Gaalkacyo (Galcaio) SEVERITY SCALE MUDUG Mercy USA J}ç MUDUG GENERALLY FOOD SECURE War Galon Hilalaya MODERATELY FOOD INSECURE Baxdo IRC Jƒ Mareer-Gur HIGHLY FOOD INSECURE Dhuusamarreeb EXTREMELY FOOD INSECURE (Dusa Marreb) Hobyo FAMINE Feerfeer GALGADUD Source: FEWS NET 08/27/09 Ceel Huur Ceel Buur Belet Weyne Xarardheere BAKOOL Derri Xudur HIRAN Tayeeglow (Oddur) BuulobardeCeel Dheere Mandera Luuq MIDDLE KEY Garbahaarey Baydhaba SHABELLE GALGADUD (Baidoa) Mahaday USAID/OFDA USAID/FFP El Wak GEDO Weym Mercy USA State/PRM Wanla Weyn Cadale }çJ El Beru Hagia Buur Hakaba Diinsoor Jowhar (Giohar) Merlin }çJ ƒ Agriculture and Food Security Baardheere BAY Balcad Afgooye C Economy and Market Systems Wajir !0 Mogadishu Emergency Relief Supplies MIDDLE Qoryooley !0 BANADIR MIDDLE SHABELLE a JUBA LOWER !0 ç Health KENYA Marka (Merca) Mercy USA J} ç SHABELLE Humanitarian Air Operations Haarray E b Baraawe a Bu'aale Humanitarian Coordination & B Information Management Afmadow LOWER SHABELLE S Income Generation Liboi Dhoblei Jilib Mercy Corps E JCa Logistics and Transportation Bilis Qooqaani E Jamaame } Nutrition Kismaayo MIDDLE JUBA z (Chisimayu) G Protection !0 Mercy Corps LOWER Ca p Refugee Assistance JUBA EJ 5 Regional Food Purchase Kolbiyow Buur Gaabo Mercy USA J} ç World Concern ƒJ ß Risk Reduction LOWER JUBA Shelter and Settlements SOMALIA10/2 I Horn Relief JC Title II Emergency Food Mercy Corps Ca 0 50 100 mi E J Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene J 0 50 100 150 km /0/28/09.

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Who Countrywide Presence As
PRESENCE OF WHO IN SOMALIA Somalia as of December 2019 Caluula Caluula Gulf of Aden Qandala Bosaso Bargaal Las Khorey CaluulaDJIBOUTI Zeylac Qandala Caluula Zeylac Bossaso Qandala Lughaye Bosaso Bargaal Ceerigaabo Berbera Las Khorey Lughaye Awdal Qandala Awdal Berbera Laasqoray Berbera Bossaso Sanaag Borama Baki Sanaag Ceerigaabo Berbera Iskushuban Ceel Afweyn Sanaag Laasqoray Baki Ceerigaabo Ceerigaabo Iskushuban Borama Ceel Afweyn Baki Bari Sheikh Ceel Afweyn Bari Baki Sheikh GebileyWoqooyi Galbeed Bandarbeyla Gebiley Qardho Hargeysa OodweyneBurao Caynabo Burao Bandarbeyla Xudun Taleex Bandarbeyla Woqooyi Galbeed Hargeysa Oodweyne Sool QardhoOwdweyne Caynabo Owdweyne Caynabo BandarbeylaBurco BuuhoodleLaas Caanood Garoowe Burco Xudun Taleex Eyl Togdheer Sool Nugaal Eyl Sool Burtinle Major Cities Togdheer Buuhoodle JariibanNational capital Galdogob BuuhoodleLaas Caanood Garoowe Gaalkacyo 1 Main Office 1 Gaalkacyo Airports / Airfields Nugaal Eyl Eyl Cadaado Mudug2 BMajorack ORoadsffice (Nairobi) 1 Hobyo Cabudwaaq Burtinle 3 WSomaliHO S Coastlineub Offices 3 Dhuusamarreeb Hobyo Galgaduud 4 RLaas_CanoodPEOs/RDMs 20 Ceel Buur Xarardheere Ceelbuur Jariiban 5 DTaleexPEOs 154 CaluulaGaldogob Ceel Dheer Bereeda Gaalkacyo Ceeldheer 6 NXudunPHEOs 7 Gaalkacyo ETHIOPIAQandala Caluula Adan Yabaal Ceringaabo Bosaso Bargaal Cadale Las Khorey Qandala Middle Shabelle LasKoraay Zeylac Laasqoray Bossaso Cadaado Mudug Ceerigaabo <all other values> Lughaye Hobyo Cabudwaaq Berbera Cabudwaaq Awdal Berbera Dhuusamarreeb States Baki Sanaag Ceerigaabo Iskushuban
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Somalia ( Flood Affected Roads - As of 07 December 2020 N " 0 ' 0 ° Bereeda 2 ! 1 Djibouti Togdheer and Sanaag Reg Ions Are Now \! Qandala Zaila ! ! Fully Accessible
Somalia ( Flood affected roads - As of 07 December 2020 N " 0 ' 0 ° Bereeda 2 ! 1 Djibouti Togdheer and Sanaag reg ions are now \! Qandala Zaila ! ! fully accessible. Bossaso Barg aal ! ! DJIBOUTI ! Las Khorey !Kulmiye !Badhan ! Ceerig aabo! ! AWDAL ! Hurdia Berbera ! El Dahir Dokhoshi !! ! ! Dhoob Iskushuban Rag cadeye ! Hafun N " 0 ' Borama BARI 0 SANAAG ° ! ! WOQOOY I 0 1 Baki GALBEED Road between Zaila and ! Burao ! ! ! !Bandarbeyla Dokhoshi is accessible. ! Qardho Harg eisa Oodweyne SOMALIA TOGDHEER SOOL ! ! Laascaanood Garoowe N " 0 ' ! 0 ° 8 NUGAAL Eyl ETHIOPIA ! Bacaadweyn All roads ex Galkayo are Roads ex Bossaso are accessible and open, including ! Galkayo accessible. the road linking to MUDUG Bossaso-Hafun and Bossaso- Bacaadweyne of south Mudug . Hurdia are accessible by 4x 4 ! N " 0 trucks. ' Adado 0 ° 6 ! Bardera-Kismayo and Bardera- Bax do ! Baidoa Dhuusamarreeb Hobyo ! ! All roads are currently accessible. GALGADUUD Bacaadweyne Beledweyne ! !Ceelbuur ! Y eed BAKOOL Dollow ! N ! HIRAAN " Xuddur 0 ' 0 ° Buulobarde Ceeldheer 4 ! ! !Luuq !Waajid Jawhar district is g enerally still Jalalaqsi! ! Awdiinle inaccessible by road. Garbahaarrey ! ! SHABELLE Road between Balad and Jawhar is Baidoa Mahaddayweyne! Qansax dheere ! El Wak ! ! DHEXE currently accessible with multimode Qardho ! ! Buurhakaba ! Jawhar ! Cadale transort. GEDO Wanlaweyn ! Y aaq Dhoob ! BAY ! Balad Bardera N Afg ooye! " 0 ' 0 \! ° 2 Mogadishu Qoryooley! ! Wajir ! Road between Mogadishu and Balad Sakow ! Marka is currently accessible. JUBA DHEXE SHABELLE HOOSE Road between Mogadishu and KENY A ! Bu’ale Afgooye is accessible. Afmadow Wanlaweyn district is currently Dhobley ! ! Jilib ! ! accessible by road and use of small " Qoqani 0 boats. ' ! Jamaame 0 ° 0 Road between Mogadishu and Afgooye ! is currently accessible.
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A Study of Somali Piracy, 1991-2015
Princes of Predation, Thieves of Disorder - A Study of Somali Piracy, 1991-2015 Andreas Bruvik Westberg 1 2 Written to the sound of Dire Straits 3 Acknowledgements This project would not have been possible without the considerable encouragement and support of a great many people, including family, friends, colleagues, communities and institutions. Foremost I would like to give special recognition to the Department of Political Science at the University of Southern Denmark, to the Institute of Strategy at the Royal Danish Defence College and to the Danish Maritime Fund, who generously funded my project. I am grateful to the commander of the Royal Danish Defence College, Rear Admiral Nils Wang, who originally conceived of this project. Carsten Melchior and the Danish Maritime Fund deserve a profound recognition for providing the funding to engage in research and travel to many coun- tries, over three years. A particular acknowledgement to the Former Direc- tor and Former Acting Director of the Institute of Strategy, Ole Kværnø and Peter Kim Larsen. I am grateful to Flemming Splidsboel Hansen for entrusting me to the project and introducing my civilian persona to the Danish Defence. I am indebted to my supervisor Jens Ringmose for his endurance and support, and show of trust in me and my project through three very challenging, yet rewarding years of research and education. My profound gratitude to my secondary supervisor Thomas Mandrup for his high op- timism and depths of knowledge about the African continent. I thank my research assistants 'Muse' and 'Isse' from Garowe, Punt- land, who carried out many of the interviews and research along the coast and across the breadth of northeast Somalia.
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Usg Humanitarian Assistance to Somalia
USG HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE TO SOMALIA Original Map Courtesy of the UN Cartographic Section The boundaries and names shown and the designations Caluula used on this map do not imply official endorsement or Bereeda acceptance by the United Nations. DJIBOUTI Bandar Murcaayo Djibouti Bossaso Butiyaalo Zeylac (Bender Cassim) !0 Dikhil Gulf of Aden Qandala Bargaal Xiis Maydh Laasqoray Ceerigaabo BARIBARI Hurdiyo AWDALAWDAL Bullaxaar !0 COUNTRYWIDE Berbera (Erigavo) BARI Xaafuun Baki SANAAGSANAAG Iskushuban U.N. agencies,Ja NGO partner IOs, and NGOs Borama WOQOOYIWOQOOYI CG J CB Tog Wajaale GALBEEDGALBEED Qardho WFP* Burco (Burao) Bandarbeyla Hargeysa Garadag Dudo Taleex ICRC Jp Owdweyne Kiridh Xudun UNHCR IGp TOGDHEERTOGDHEER SOOLSOOL * WFP suspended programs in southern Somalia in January 2010; however, Buuhoodle remainder of programs continue. Laas Caanood Garoowe Gori Rit NUGALNUGAL Eyl ETHIOPIA Bardaale Beyra Seemade HIRAN Gaalkacyo (Galcaio) Garacad SOMALIA NGO partners J MUDUGMUDUG MUDUG War Galon Hilalaya NGO partner Baxdo J Mareer-Gur Dhuusamarreeb BAKOOL (Dusa Marreb) Hobyo NGO partners J Feerfeer GALGADUDGALGADUD Ceel Huur BAY Ceel Buur Belet Weyne Xarardheere BAKOOLBAKOOL NGO partner J Derri Xudur HIRANHIRAN Tayeeglow (Oddur) BuulobardeCeel Dheere INFORMA IC TI PH O Mandera Luuq GALGADUD A N R U G N O I T E MIDDLEMIDDLE NGO partnersJ G Garbahaarey U Baydhaba SHABELLESHABELLE S A A D ID F (Baidoa) Mahaday /DCHA/O El Wak GEDOGEDO Weym Wanla Weyn Cadale El Beru Hagia Buur Hakaba Diinsoor Jowhar (Giohar) Baardheere BAYBAY Balcad Afgooye
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!h !h 42°0'E 45°0'E 48°0'E Caluula 51°0'E 12°0'N !(! 12°0'N Bereeda ! Abo ! ! Tendaho Geesaley ! Tooxin !( DJIBOUTI ! !h Dhurbo ! Bandar .!Djibouti Gulf of Aden Qandala Murcaayo Bossaso ! !(! ! Burò Botiala Ceel ! !!( BOSSASO ! Gaal ! Coralehe Zeylac Bacaad Takhushih o!(!( ! Bargaal Laasqoray ! ! (! Djibouti !(! Ceelaayo Maydh ! ! Dancug Karin ! Cadayo ! ! Beeli Hais Wacatay Mulaax ! ! Beyle Balli ! ! Badhan Ceel Dhiddin Lughaye ! ! DANTE ! ERIGAV!O Hadaaftimo Doofaar Gaarrisa !( ! Jiingadda ! ! ! !(o Kod Ufeyn (RAS Sabawanaag Berbera Dayaxa ! !( Dhexaad ! ! BERBERA Hurdiyo HAFUN) BERBERA ! Carmaale Laz Dauà ! Meeladeen Awdal Bullaxaar !h!( Ceerigaabo ! ! !h ! ! (!o SCUSCIUBAN Xaafuun Geeri Iskushuban ! !( Xagal ! Ceelbuh Buraan ! Dalweyn (!o!(! Weeraar Baki ! ! ! ! Daragodle Laas ! Waraqadhigta Laaleys Koolo ! God Anod ! ! Dhuure Shiik ! Fiqi Waaciye Woqooyi Fiqi ! ! Abdaal Laaso Ayuub Borama Agabar ! ! Gedeys ! ! ! Xiriiro o!(! ! Dawaco !( ! ! !(! Fuliye Xidda Samaysa (! Kaldaray Hulul BOORAMA ! Galbeed Sheikh Gaba Ceelal ! ! ! Dheer Rako Kadiga Cadaadley! ! Gabo ! Laas Ceel ! Dararweyne ! Galooley ! ! Guud Cad ! Cambaar Raaxo ! Dabacaddo Gebiley ! ! Dhubbato Go'o Doomaare Sanaag Xingalool ! ! (! Dhanaan ! Afweyn Dararweyne Dhahar ! ! ! Ceel Kalabaydh Arabsiyo Hargeysa ! Goita ! BURAO Dheere ! !( ! Hagayo Owrboogeys ! ! !( Ballanbaal BaraaktaqGolARDO o ! Bari Bandarbayla ! (!o HARGEISA Malaasle !(o ! ! !(!( !( Gadhyogol ! Burco Adinsoone ! Ton ! Dhanaano Garadag ! ! Balleh !( Qardho Laasa Dhuudo !( ! Habable ! Odweyne Jaddad ! !( Faraweyne
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CHINA IRAN LIBYA INDIA ALGERIA CHAD A I SUDAN L This map illustrates reported incidents of piracy in the Gulf of 2008, and IMO resolution adopted 29 Nov. 2007 calling for media sources. Reported incidents in 2008 are highlighted with vessel but failed; 'Suspicious Approach' where a vessel has identified in satellite imagery; 'Suspected Mother Ship', the land. Note, a majority of reported 'Suspicious Approach' A Aden from January to 30 September 2008; and was produced continued monitoring of Somali pirate activity. Satellite imagery an intensity color scale. Previous incidents from 2005 to 2007 followed or chased another ship; 'Pirates Captured'; ‘Pirates location of a vessel used to launch multiple attacks with smaller, incidents may represent accidental vessel approaches M by UNOSAT in support of the ongoing humanitarian has been used in this analysis for the identification of suspected are also shown. Incidents are classified into 10 types: 'Hijacking' Released’ where captured pirates have been released; 'Pirate high speed boats in deep water; and 'Military Strike Against misperceived as a pirate threat. This is an initial assessment S O operations across the Horn of Africa, and in response to the hijacked vessel locations between the villages of Eyl & where pirates have taken control of a ship; 'Attempted Hijacking' Land Base' where pirates concentrate ashore; ‘Satellite- Pirates', where a foreign military power has deployed weapons and has not been independently verified. Please send "! UN Security Council Resolution 1816 (2008) adopted 2 June Garacad. All piracy incident data has been obtained from public where pirates have deployed weapons & attempted to board a Detected Hijacked Vessel’, the location of hijacked vessel against either pirate vessels or their associated resources on additions/corrections to UNOSAT.
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Operational Presence
OPERATIONAL PRESENCE Health Cluster Partner Operational Presence (Partners Reporting, December 2019) To perform monthly monitoring of partner activities in health, the Health health services at the regional, district and Cluster uses ReportHub (https://reporthub.org/) to keep track of Who’s facility level. This infographic provides geographcal represenation of the partners doing What, Where, When, and reaching what population groups (for Caluula Whom) in Somalia. ReportHub provides an easy-to-use interface enabling (and their implementing partners) who report- Bereeda partners to create projects, report on the people reached with life-saving ed on their activities in December 2019. QandalaCaluula Bosaso Bargaal Las Khorey Qandala Woqooyi Galbeed Zeylac Laasqoray Bossaso Berbera Ceerigaabo IOM AwdalLughaye Berbera Hargeysa Berbera Sanaag IOM Baki Ceerigaabo Iskushuban Borama Ceel Afweyn Bari Baki Sheikh Sanaag Gebiley Burao Bandarbeyla Ceel Afweyn Woqooyi GalbeedHargeysa Oodweyne Qardho IOM Owdweyne Caynabo Bandarbeyla Ceerigaabo Burco Xudun Taleex Bari IOM Sool Bosaso Togdheer IOM Buuhoodle Laas Caanood Garoowe Bay Galgaduud Hiraan Nugaal Eyl Sool Baydhaba/Baidoa Cadaado Belet Weyne Eyl Laas Caanood IMC, IOM, OCDO, SAMA, SCI IOM, RI, SCI Burtinle ARC SCI, WVI, MOH-SWS. Ceel Buur Bulo Burto Taleex Buur Hakaba NWO RI Nugal ARC BTSC Dhuusamarreeb Garoowe Jariiban Diinsoor CISP, IRC, NWO Galdogob SCI IOM Gaalkacyo Lower Juba Gaalkacyo Afmadow ARC, IOM, SCI Gedo Bakool Mudug Badhaadhe Baardheere Ceel Barde Gaalkacyo Cadaado Mudug IOM AAH Hobyo SomaliAid IOM, IMC Cabudwaaq Kismaayo Belet Xaawo Rab Dhuure Hobyo RI, Trocaire AAH ARC, IOM, MEDAIR, CISP, SAF-UK Dhuusamarreeb Hobyo DAWA, SAACID, Ceel Waaq Waajid SomaliAID, ZAMZAM, ARD SCI SAF-UK, SCI.
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NEW DALKA Vol I Issue II August 2017
VOL. I, ISSUE II AUGUST 2017 NEWYour Somali current DALKA affairs and culture monthly Contents Letter from the Editor Another month, another issue of to representing the views of its Aren't we sick of Dalka. The overwhelmingly positive predecessor, the Dalka of the 1960s. experts?..........2 response to the inaugural issue has It was, and remains, editorially left us in no doubt as to the potential independent from it. In order to make this publication will enjoy. Letters to this distinction crystal clear and to avoid On Youth the Editor—some published in these any ambiguity, this publication will Development......2 pages—found their way to our henceforth be known as New Dalka. The mailbox from around the world. prefix of 'New' is particularly apt since Letters to the While the correspondence the Dalka of the 1960s was modelled on Editor...3 received was full of praise, we would the British weekly magazine of the left, have liked to see more (constructive) the New Statesman. criticism directed our way. What do What's in a The only (modest) claim we do you, our readers, want to see more of make is to revive the spirit of the free name?.........5 in future issues? What worked well press—brave, bold and fearless—in last time—and perhaps more which Dalka thrived. This spirit of course BBC Somali Service importantly, what didn't? was not limited to Dalka; competition for at 60: 'Codka That said, some readers did readers and space on the shelves of cabiran' or just take to certain websites to make their Somalia's bookshops came, in those competing with views heard.
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MNA CIRCULAR 2020 - #16 04Th September 2020
MNA CIRCULAR 2020 - #16 04th September 2020 The Pulse The MISSION of The Merchant Navy Association is to bring all serving and retired Seafarers together in a spirit of companionship, consideration and commitment towards a united lobby for the Community of the Sea Hi Shipmates, Please find below more snippets of information since circular #15 was published 14th August 2020. My thanks to MNA National Secretary, Pete Sinke’s daily publication “Maasmond Maritime - Shipping News Clippings”, Lloyds List, gCaptain, Maritime London, Flashlight and many others from the T’internet, not forgetting the items sent in by Readers and any other source I can access. MNA National Contact Points National Secretary, David Parsons = Email: [email protected] Tel: 01935 414 765 Welfare & Events, Tim Brant, - Tel: 01733 205001, Email : [email protected] National Membership Secretary, Roy Glencross - Mobile: 07738 425875 Email: [email protected] MNA Slop Chest, The Supply Officer:- Sandra Broom [email protected] Tel 0121 244 0190 If you call her, it may go to an answerphone. Please leave a message and she will call you. Change of Address???? If any member has changed any of their contact details (Postal, E- mail or Telephone) it is important that you inform the following people by email:- [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Please Note the Change of Contact Details of the above _____________________________________________________________________________________ Already, workers are dismantling the ship which once proudly held the title of “World’s Largest Cruise Ship.” Before long, this thing of beauty will have been reduced to what amounts to scrap metal.
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THE FIRST OUTBREAK of SOMALI PIRACY ______Andreas Bruvik Westberg1 Institute of Strategy, Royal Danish Defence College
1 BLOODSHED AND BREAKING WAVE: THE FIRST OUTBREAK OF SOMALI PIRACY ___________________________________________ Andreas Bruvik Westberg1 Institute of Strategy, Royal Danish Defence College Abstract Ten years ago, Somalia suffered its first outbreak of piracy. In early 2005, pirates began appearing hundreds of nautical miles out at sea, attacking and hijacking vessels off the shores of central Somalia. However, the circumstances of this outbreak remain poorly understood. Why did pirate groups originate from an area with a negligible history of maritime predation? The present study explored the environment within which Somalia’s first outbreak of piracy occurred, and offers a critical re-think of its origins. Drawing on the author’s own extensive fieldwork as well as contemporary reports, the study explored how pirate ventures were launched after the Indian Ocean tsunami on 26 December 2004 had obliterated the coastal economy. The tsunami coincided with the eruption of a deadly and highly destabilising conflict, unprecedented for a coastal area that had remained relatively peaceful since the state collapse in 1991. The tsunami and the establishment of the South Mudug piracy model in Harardhere and Hobyo in 2005 laid the foundation for a decade of ransom piracy. Introduction In 2005, the number of pirate attacks off the Horn of Africa increased dramatically. Pirates began appearing hundreds of nautical miles off the eastern coast of Somalia, preying on vessels in the Indian Ocean. This new attack pattern represented a significant change from previous years, when pirate attacks had been sporadic and opportunistic. In earlier years, attacks were limited to the coastal areas of the Gulf of Aden and the southern coast, and the anchorage of hijacked vessels was never focused off one village.
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Bosaso and the Gulf of Aden by Jatin Dua, Abdideeq Warsame And
Bosaso and the Gulf of Aden Changing dynamics of a land-sea network Jatin Dua with Abdideeq Warsame and Ahmed Shire Contents Summary 5 1. Introduction 6 2. The emergence of Bosaso 8 The Somalia Civil War 8 Becoming a livestock hub 9 3. A changing neighbourhood 12 Bosaso and Yemen 13 Impact of the civil war in Yemen 15 The informal fuel economy 17 Yemenis in Bosaso 19 4. Conclusion 22 Glossary of acronyms, words and phrases 23 Bibliography 24 Cover image: Bosaso Port © Abdirahman Bulshaawi This report was written by Jatin Dua (University of Michigan) with Abdideeq Warsame (Puntland State University) and Ahmed Shire (Puntland State University). Research was also conducted by Abdirahman Adam Ibrahim (Puntland State University). This report is a product of the X-Border Local Research Network, a component of DFID’s Cross- Border Conflict—Evidence, Policy and Trends (XCEPT) programme, funded by UKaid from the UK government. The programme carries out research work to better understand the causes and impacts of conflict in border areas and their international dimensions. It supports more effective policymaking and development programming and builds the skills of local partners. The views expressed do not necessarily reflect the UK government’s official policies. The Rift Valley Institute works in Eastern and Central Africa to bring local knowledge to bear on social, political and economic development. Copyright © Rift Valley Institute 2020. This work is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License (CC BY-NC-ND
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