DOCSLIB.ORG

DICHLOROACETIC ACID [Acetic Acid, Dichloro-]

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
DICHLOROACETIC ACID [Acetic Acid, Dichloro-] 0 Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 2, p.181 (1943); Vol. 19, p.38 (1939). DICHLOROACETIC ACID [Acetic acid, dichloro-] Submitted by Arthur C. Cope, John R. Clark, and Ralph Connor. Checked by R. L. Shriner and Neil S. Moon. 1. Procedure A solution of 250 g. (1.5 moles) of u.s.p. chloral hydrate in 450 cc. of warm water (50–60°) is placed in a 3-l. round-bottomed flask bearing a reflux condenser and thermometer (Note 1). The condenser is temporarily removed and 152.5 g. (1.52 moles) of precipitated calcium carbonate added; this is followed by 2 cc. of amyl alcohol (Note 2) and a solution of 10 g. of technical sodium cyanide in 25 cc. of water. Although the reaction is exothermic, the reaction mixture is heated with a low flame so that it reaches 75° in about ten minutes; at this point heating is discontinued. The temperature continues to rise to 80–85° during five to ten minutes and then drops. As soon as the temperature begins to fall the solution is heated to boiling and refluxed for twenty minutes. The mixture is then cooled to 0–5° in an ice bath, acidified with 215 cc. of concentrated hydrochloric acid (sp. gr. 1.18), and extracted with five 100-cc. portions of ether (Note 3). The combined ether extracts are dried with 20 g. of anhydrous sodium sulfate, the ether is removed by distillation from a steam bath, and the residue is distilled in vacuum from a Claisen flask with a fractionating side arm (Note 4). The yield of dichloroacetic acid, b.p. 99–104°/23 mm., is 172–180 g. (88–92 per cent of the theoretical amount) (Note 5). 2. Notes 1. The amount of hydrogen cyanide evolved is small, and the reaction may be carried out in a hood without any special device for removing this gas. The use of mechanical stirring does not improve the results. 2. Amyl alcohol is added to decrease the amount of foaming. 3. The emulsion which often forms during the ether extraction may be broken by filtering through a fluted filter or with suction. 4. The product decomposes when distilled at atmospheric pressure. 5. The preparation has been carried out with equally good results using double the quantities given above. 3. Discussion Dichloroacetic acid has been prepared by the chlorination of acetic1 or chloroacetic2 acid, by hydrolysis of pentachloroethane,3 from trichloroacetic acid by electrolytic reduction4 or the action of copper,5 and by the action of alkali cyanides on chloral hydrate.6 The method described here is essentially that of Delépine.7 References and Notes 1. Müller, Ann. 133, 159 (1865); Dow Chemical Company, U. S. pat. 1,921,717 [C. A. 27, 5084 (1933)]. 2. Maumené, Compt. rend. 59, 84 (1864). 3. Alais, Froges, and Camargue, Fr. pat. 773, 623 [C. A. 29, 1437 (1935)]. 4. Brand, Ger. pat. 246,661 [C. A. 6, 2496 (1912)]. 5. Doughty and Black, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 47, 1091 (1925); Doughty and Derge, ibid. 53, 1594 (1931). 6. Wallach, Ann. 173, 288 (1874); Pucher, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 42, 2251 (1920); Chattaway and Irving, J. Chem. Soc. 1929, 1038. 7. Delépine, Bull. soc. chim. (4) 45, 827 (1929). Appendix Chemical Abstracts Nomenclature (Collective Index Number); (Registry Number) hydrochloric acid (7647-01-0) ether (60-29-7) sodium cyanide (143-33-9) hydrogen cyanide (74-90-8) sodium sulfate (7757-82-6) copper (7440-50-8) calcium carbonate (471-34-1) chloral hydrate (302-17-0) amyl alcohol (71-41-0) dichloroacetic acid, Acetic acid, dichloro- (79-43-6) pentachloroethane (76-01-7) trichloroacetic acid (76-03-9) Dichloroacetic acid From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Dichloroacetic acid IUPAC name [hide] Dichloroacetic acid Other names[hide] Dichloroethanoic acid Identifiers CAS number 79-43-6 PubChem 6597 ChemSpider 10771217 UNII 9LSH52S3LQ DrugBank DB08809 KEGG C11149 MeSH Dichloroacetate ChEBI CHEBI:36386 ChEMBL CHEMBL13960 RTECS number AG6125000 Jmol-3D images Image 1 SMILES [show] InChI [show] Properties Molecular formula C2H2Cl2O2 Molar mass 128.94 g mol−1 Appearance Colorless liquid Density 1.5634 g/cm3 (20 °C) 9-11 °C, 282-284 K, 48-52 °F Melting point 194 °C, 467 K, 381 °F Boiling point Solubility in water miscible Solubility miscible with ethanol, diethyl ether [1] Acidity (pKa) 1.35[1] Thermochemistry Std enthalpy of -1 o -496.3 kJ·mol [1] formation ΔfH 298 Hazards MSDS MSDS (jtbaker) R-phrases R35 R50 S-phrases (S1/2) S26 S45 S61 1 NFPA 704 3 Related compounds Chloroacetic acid Related chloroacetic acids Trichloroacetic acid Acetic acid Related compounds Difluoroacetic acid Dibromoacetic acid (verify) (what is: / ?) Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox references Dichloroacetic acid, often abbreviated DCA, is the chemical compound with formula C H Cl 2COOH. It is an acid, an analogue of acetic acid, in which two of the three hydrogen atoms of the methyl group have been replaced by chlorine atoms. The salts and esters of dichloroacetic acid are called dichloroacetates. Salts of DCA have been studied as potential drugs because they inhibit the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase.[citation needed] Although preliminary studies have shown DCA can slow the growth of certain tumors in animal studies and in vitro studies, "Available evidence does not support the use of DCA for cancer treatment at this time."[2] Contents • 1 Chemis try and occurre nce • 2 Therap eutic use • 2 . 1 L a c t i c a c i d o s i s • 3 Potenti al cancer applicat ions • 3 . 1 R e s u l t s o f Chemistry and occurrence The chemistry of dichloroacetic acid is typical for halogenated organic acids. It is a member of the chloroacetic acids family. The dichloroacetate ion is produced when the acid is mixed with water. As an acid with a pKa of 1.35,[1] pure dichloroacetic acid is very corrosive and extremely destructive to tissues of the mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract via inhalation.[3] DCA does not occur in nature. It is a trace product of the chlorination of drinking water and is produced by the metabolism of various chlorine-containing drugs or chemicals.[4] DCA is typically prepared by the reduction of trichloroacetic acid. DCA is prepared from chloral hydrate also by the reaction with calcium carbonate and sodium cyanide in water followed by acidifying with hydrochloric acid. Therapeutic use Owing to the highly corrosive action of the acid, only the salts of dichloroacetic acid are used therapeutically, including its sodium and potassium salts, sodium dichloroacetate and potassium dichloroacetate. Lactic acidosis The dichloroacetate ion stimulates the activity of the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase by inhibiting the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase.[5] Thus, it decreases lactate production by shifting the metabolism of pyruvate from fermentation towards oxidation in the mitochondria. This property has led to trials of DCA for the treatment of lactic acidosis in humans. [6] [7] [8] [9] A randomized controlled trial in children with congenital lactic acidosis found that while DCA was well tolerated, it was ineffective in improving clinical outcomes.[7] A separate trial of DCA in children with MELAS (a syndrome of inadequate mitochondrial function, leading to lactic acidosis) was halted early, as all 15 of the children receiving DCA experienced significant nerve toxicity without any evidence of benefit from the medication.[8] A randomized controlled trial of DCA in adults with lactic acidosis found that while DCA lowered blood lactate levels, it had no clinical benefit and did not improve hemodynamics or survival.[9] Thus, while early case reports and pre-clinical data suggested that DCA might be effective for lactic acidosis, subsequent controlled trials have found no clinical benefit of DCA in this setting. In addition, clinical trial subjects were incapable of continuing on DCA as a study medication owing to progressive toxicities. Potential cancer applications Cancer cells generally express increased glycolysis, because they rely on anaerobic respiration that occurs in the cytosol (lactic acid fermentation) rather than oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria for energy (the Warburg effect), as a result of hypoxia that exists in tumors and malfunctioning mitochondria. [10] [11] Usually dangerously damaged cells kill themselves via apoptosis, a mechanism of self-destruction that involves mitochondria, but this mechanism fails in cancer cells. A phase I study published in January 2007 by researchers at the University of Alberta, who had tested DCA on human[12] cancer cells grown in mice, found that DCA restored mitochondrial function, thus restoring apoptosis, allowing cancer cells to self-destruct and shrink the tumor.[13] These results received extensive media attention, beginning with an article in New Scientist titled "Cheap, ‘safe’ drug kills most cancers".[12] Subsequently, the American Cancer Society and other medical organizations have received a large volume of public interest and questions regarding DCA.[14] Clinical trials in humans with cancer have not been conducted in the USA and are not yet final in Canada, emphasizing the need for caution in interpreting the preliminary results. [14] [15] Results of phase II clinical trials In in vitro studies, Evangelos Michelakis of University of Alberta found that in tissue samples from 49 patients, DCA caused depolarization of mitochondria in GBM tissue but not in healthy brain tissue.[16] Five patients with primary GBM were entered into a phase II trial. Three had not responded to several chemotherapies and was considered appropriate for palliative care. Two were newly diagnosed and then went through surgical removal of tumour mass. All of them were treated with DCA and chemotherapy.[16] Of the five patients tested, one of the first three died after three months.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE (L,Z-Dichloroethane) April 19, 1978
    NlaSM e~ 9~ 8tdtetue ~~-B~ 19tAwe3() In 1978 CONTENTS NO. TITLE DATE 19 - Z,4-DIAMINOANISOLE (4-Methoxy-m-Phenylenediamine) IN HAIR AND FUR DYES January 13, 1978 «( » 2.0 - TETRACHLOROETHYLENE (perchloroethylene) January 20, 1978 ZI - TRlMELUTIC ANHYDRIDE (TMA) February 3, 1978 ZZ - ETHYLENE THIOUREA April 11, 1978 Z3 - ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE AND DISULFIRAM TOXIC INTERACTION April 11, 1978 ( 4: 1) Z4 - DIRECT BLUE 6, DIRECT BLACK 38, DIRECT BROWN 95 Benzidine Derived Dyes April 17, 1978 Z5 - ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE (l,Z-dichloroethane) April 19, 1978 Z6 - NIAX· Catalyst ESN •••a mixture of Dimethylaminopropionitrile and Bis[Z-(dimethylamino)ethylj ether May 22,1978 27 - CHLOROETHANES: REVIEW OF TOXICITY August 21, 1978 28 - VINYL HALIDES CARCINOGENICITY Vinyl Bromide, Vinyl Chloride, Vinylidene Chloride September 21,1978 (1 _:"_ :3) 29 - GL YCIDYL ETHERS October lZ, 1978 (1 ~7 ) 30 - EPICHLOROHYDRIN October 12, 1978 ( 1~1 ) Cumulative List of NIOSH Current Intelligence Bulletins #l through ;¥o30 for 1975 through 1978 ----------.--------- U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION" A /IYID WELFARE Public Health Ser"ice Center tor Disease Control National Institute tor Occupational Satety and Heallf:hiJ / / NIOSH CURRENT INTELLIGENCE BULLETIN REPRINTS - BULLETINS 19 thru 30 for 1978 Leonard J. Bah1man, Editor Technical Evaluation and Review Branch U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE Public Health Service Center for Disease Control National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Office of Extramural Coordination and Special Projects Rockville, Maryland 20857 September 1979 DISCLAIMER Mention of company names or products does not constitute endorsement by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. DHEW (NIOSH) Publication No.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemical Specific Parameters May 2019
    Regional Screening Level (RSL) Chemical-specific Parameters Supporting Table April 2019 Contaminant Molecular Weight Volatility Parameters Melting Point Density Diffusivity in Air and Water Partition Coefficients Water Solubility Tapwater Dermal Parameters H` HLC H` and HLC VP VP MP MP Density Density Dia Diw Dia and Diw Kd Kd Koc Koc log Kow log Kow S S B τevent t* Kp Kp Analyte CAS No. MW MW Ref (unitless) (atm-m3/mole) Ref mmHg Ref C Ref (g/cm3) Ref (cm2/s) (cm2/s) Ref (L/kg) Ref (L/kg) Ref (unitless) Ref (mg/L) Ref (unitless) (hr/event) (hr) (cm/hr) Ref Acephate 30560-19-1 1.8E+02 PHYSPROP 2.0E-11 5.0E-13 EPI 1.7E-06 PHYSPROP 8.8E+01 PHYSPROP 1.4E+00 CRC89 3.7E-02 8.0E-06 WATER9 (U.S. EPA, 2001) 1.0E+01 EPI -8.5E-01 PHYSPROP 8.2E+05 PHYSPROP 2.1E-04 1.1E+00 2.7E+00 4.0E-05 EPI Acetaldehyde 75-07-0 4.4E+01 PHYSPROP 2.7E-03 6.7E-05 PHYSPROP 9.0E+02 PHYSPROP -1.2E+02 PHYSPROP 7.8E-01 CRC89 1.3E-01 1.4E-05 WATER9 (U.S. EPA, 2001) 1.0E+00 EPI -3.4E-01 PHYSPROP 1.0E+06 PHYSPROP 1.3E-03 1.9E-01 4.5E-01 5.3E-04 EPI Acetochlor 34256-82-1 2.7E+02 PHYSPROP 9.1E-07 2.2E-08 PHYSPROP 2.8E-05 PHYSPROP 1.1E+01 PubChem 1.1E+00 PubChem 2.2E-02 5.6E-06 WATER9 (U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Innovation in Integrated Chemical Product-Process Design - Development Through a Model-Based Systems Approach
    Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Dec 17, 2017 Innovation in Integrated Chemical Product-Process Design - Development through a Model-based Systems Approach Conte, Elisa; Gani, Rafiqul; Abildskov, Jens Publication date: 2010 Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Conte, E., Gani, R., & Abildskov, J. (2010). Innovation in Integrated Chemical Product-Process Design - Development through a Model-based Systems Approach. Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark: Technical University of Denmark (DTU). General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Innovation in Integrated Chemical Product- Process Design -Development through a Model- based System Approach Problem definition Computer-aided Design Sol D Market copolymer composition Regulatory Sustainability Toxicology Sol C AI Experimental
    [Show full text]
  • Photoinduced Decomposition of Trichloroethylene on Soil
    Environ. Sci. Technol. 1999, 33, 74-80 extensive research has been reported on the photoassisted Photoinduced Decomposition of decomposition of TCE on TiO2(s) photocatalysts as an alternative environmental remediation method to destroy Trichloroethylene on Soil TCE efficiently (8-17). In the reported studies, the photo- Components catalytic oxidation of TCE in low concentration (ppm level) was investigated at TiO2(s) interfaces with the gas phase (including air or oxygen), or with an aqueous solution, by TING TAO, JANE J. YANG, AND such instrumental methods as IR (11-13, 16), GC (16, 17), GARY E. MACIEL* and MS (13, 14, 16). The ªtotal mineralizationº of TCE to Department of Chemistry, Colorado Sate University, CO2 and HCl has been reported for some conditions (18, 19). Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 Intermediate products have also been observed during the photodegradation of TCE on TiO2(s) catalysts; among them are dichloroacetic acid, dichloroacetyl chloride, dichloro- acetylaldehyde, trichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetylaldehyde, The photoinduced decomposition of trichloroethylene phosgene, and other products (11-17). Various mechanisms adsorbed on Ca-montmorillonite by long-wavelength UV have been proposed for TCE photooxidation on a TiO2(s) irradiation has been studied in a quartz tube open to air or surface. Some researchers have suggested that hydroxyl through which air or oxygen is passed. Solid-sample radicals or hydroperoxide radicals initiate the decomposition and liquid-solution NMR techniques were used to identify of TCE (12, 19). Other researchers have suggested that TCE apparent products or intermediates of the photodecom- is oxidized in chain reactions initiated by chlorine atoms position. Dichloroacetic acid was identified as a major (13, 14, 20) or that TCE is oxidized on TiO2(s) by electronically organic product/intermediate; substantial amounts of activated O2 (11).
    [Show full text]
  • Toxicological Profile for Chlorine
    CHLORINE 143 4. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL INFORMATION 4.1 CHEMICAL IDENTITY Information regarding the chemical identity of chlorine is located in Table 4-1. This information includes synonyms, chemical formula and structure, and identification numbers. For the purpose of disambiguation, terms that are commonly used in reference to chlorinated water are defined in Table 4-2. 4.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Information regarding the physical and chemical properties of chlorine is located in Table 4-3. Chlorine (Cl2) is a heavier-than-air, greenish-yellow gas with a pungent, irritating odor (HSDB 2009). The odor threshold for chlorine in air is generally between 0.2 and 0.4 ppm (Amoore and Hautala 1983; The Chlorine Institute 1998). Perceivable sensory irritation occurs at 1.0 ppm in air (EPA 1999). Chlorine is a nonflammable gas; however, it is a very strong oxidizing agent, reacting explosively or forming explosive compounds or mixtures with many common chemicals (O'Neil et al. 2001). Chlorine reacts directly with nearly all of the elements to form chlorides (Lide 2005; O'Neil et al. 2001). Chlorine is stored and transported as a liquid in pressurized containers (EPA 1999). Chlorine is transported as either a liquid or a gas through pipelines within chemical plants or over distances of several kilometers (Schmittinger et al. 2006). Chlorine hydrolyzes rapidly and almost completely in water to form hydrochloric acid, hypochlorous acid, and hypochlorite as follows: + - Cl2 + H2O HOCl + H + Cl + - HOCl H + OCl The equilibrium constants for these reactions are represented by: [ HOCl ][H + ][Cl − ] K 1 = (1) [Cl 2 ] CHLORINE 144 4.
    [Show full text]
  • New York City Department of Environmental Protection Community Right-To-Know: List of Hazardous Substances
    New York City Department of Environmental Protection Community Right-to-Know: List of Hazardous Substances Updated: 12/2015 Definitions SARA = The federal Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (enacted in 1986). Title III of SARA, known as the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Act, sets requirements for hazardous chemicals, improves the public’s access to information on chemical hazards in their community, and establishes reporting responsibilities for facilities that store, use, and/or release hazardous chemicals. RQ = Reportable Quantity. An amount entered in this column indicates the substance may be reportable under §304 of SARA Title III. Amount is in pounds, a "K" represents 1,000 pounds. An asterisk following the Reporting Quantity (i.e. 5000*) will indicate that reporting of releases is not required if the diameter of the pieces of the solid metal released is equal to or exceeds 100 micrometers (0.004 inches). TPQ = Threshold Planning Quantity. An amount entered in this column reads in pounds and indicates the substance is an Extremely Hazardous Substance (EHS), and may require reporting under sections 302, 304 & 312 of SARA Title III. A TPQ with a slash (/) indicates a "split" TPQ. The number to the left of the slash is the substance's TPQ only if the substance is present in the form of a fine powder (particle size less than 100 microns), molten or in solution, or reacts with water (NFPA rating = 2, 3 or 4). The TPQ is 10,000 lb if the substance is present in other forms. A star (*) in the 313 column= The substance is reportable under §313 of SARA Title III.
    [Show full text]
  • Hazardous Substances in Plastics Erik Hansen (COWI A/S) Nils Nilsson (Danish Technological Institute) Kristine Slot Ravnholt Vium (Danish Technological Institute)
    Hazardous sub- stances in plastics Survey of chemical substances in consumer products No. 132, 2014 Title: Reporting: Hazardous substances in plastics Erik Hansen (COWI A/S) Nils Nilsson (Danish Technological Institute) Kristine Slot Ravnholt Vium (Danish Technological Institute) Published by: The Danish Environmental Protection Agency Strandgade 29 1401 Copenhagen K Denmark www.mst.dk/english Year: ISBN no. 2014 978-87-93283-31-2 Disclaimer: When the occasion arises, the Danish Environmental Protection Agency will publish reports and papers concerning re- search and development projects within the environmental sector, financed by study grants provided by the Danish Envi- ronmental Protection Agency. It should be noted that such publications do not necessarily reflect the position or opinion of the Danish Environmental Protection Agency. However, publication does indicate that, in the opinion of the Danish Environmental Protection Agency, the content represents an important contribution to the debate surrounding Danish environmental policy. Sources must be acknowledged. 2 Hazardous substances in plastics Contents Foreword ....................................................................................................................... 7 Conclusion and summary .............................................................................................. 8 Sammenfatning og konklusioner ................................................................................. 11 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Refrigerants
    CHAPTER 19 REFRIGERANTS Phaseout of Refrigerants .............................................................................................................. 19.1 Refrigerant Properties .................................................................................................................. 19.4 Refrigerant Performance ............................................................................................................. 19.6 Safety ............................................................................................................................................ 19.6 Leak Detection ............................................................................................................................. 19.7 Effect on Construction Materials ................................................................................................ 19.11 EFRIGERANTS are the working fluids in refrigeration, air- Transport properties of thermal conductivity and viscosity affect Rconditioning, and heat pumping systems. They absorb heat the performance of heat exchangers and piping. High thermal con- from one area, such as an air-conditioned space, and reject it into ductivity and low viscosity are desirable. another, such as outdoors, usually through evaporation and conden- No single fluid satisfies all the attributes desired of a refrigerant; sation, respectively. These phase changes occur both in absorption as a result, a variety of refrigerants is used. This chapter describes and mechanical vapor compression systems, but
    [Show full text]
  • Chloroacetic Acids
    Chloroacetic Acids GU¨ NTER KOENIG, Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft, Augsburg, Germany ELMAR LOHMAR, Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft, Koln,€ Germany NORBERT RUPPRICH, Bundesanstalt fur€ Arbeitsschutz, Dortmund, Germany MARTIN LISON, CABB GmbH, Sulzbach, Germany ALEXANDER GNASS, CABB GmbH, Gersthofen, Germany 1. Introduction........................ 473 3.6. Derivatives......................... 481 2. Chloroacetic Acid ................... 473 3.6.1. Dichloroacetyl Chloride. ............... 481 2.1. Physical Properties .................. 473 3.6.2. Dichloroacetic Acid Esters.............. 481 2.2. Chemical Properties ................. 474 4. Trichloroacetic Acid ................. 482 2.3. Production ......................... 475 4.1. Physical Properties .................. 482 2.3.1. Hydrolysis of Trichloroethylene ...... 476 4.2. Chemical Properties ................. 482 2.3.2. Chlorination of Acetic Acid . .......... 476 4.3. Production ......................... 482 2.4. Quality Specifications................. 478 4.4. Quality Specifications................. 482 2.5. Uses .............................. 478 4.5. Uses .............................. 482 2.6. Derivatives......................... 478 4.6. Derivatives......................... 483 2.6.1. Sodium Chloroacetate . ............... 478 4.6.1. Trichloroacetyl Chloride ............... 483 2.6.2. Chloroacetyl Chloride . ............... 479 4.6.2. Trichloroacetic Acid Esters . .......... 483 2.6.3. Chloroacetic Acid Esters ............... 479 4.6.3. Trichloroacetic Acid Salts .............. 484 2.6.4.
    [Show full text]
  • Part 3 Dangerous Goods List and Limited Quantities
    PART 3 DANGEROUS GOODS LIST AND LIMITED QUANTITIES EXCEPTIONS - 145 - CHAPTER 3.1 GENERAL 3.1.1 Scope and general provisions 3.1.1.1 The Dangerous Goods List in this Chapter lists the dangerous goods most commonly carried but is not exhaustive. It is intended that the list cover, as far as practicable, all dangerous substances of commercial importance. 3.1.1.2 Where a substance or article is specifically listed by name in the Dangerous Goods List, it shall be transported in accordance with the provisions in the List which are appropriate for that substance or article. A "generic" or "not otherwise specified" entry may be used to permit the transport of substances or articles which do not appear specifically by name in the Dangerous Goods List. Such a substance or article may be transported only after its dangerous properties have been determined. The substance or article shall then be classified according to the class definitions and test criteria and the name in the Dangerous Goods List which most appropriately describes the substance or article shall be used. The classification shall be made by the appropriate competent authority when so required or may otherwise be made by the consignor. Once the class of the substance or article has been so established, all conditions for dispatch and transport, as provided in these Regulations shall be met. Any substance or article having or suspected of having explosive characteristics shall first be considered for inclusion in Class 1. Some collective entries may be of the "generic" or "not otherwise specified" type provided that the regulations contain provisions ensuring safety, both by excluding extremely dangerous goods from normal transport and by covering all subsidiary risks inherent in some goods.
    [Show full text]
  • 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Cas N°:79-34-5
    OECD SIDS 1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE FOREWORD INTRODUCTION 1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE CAS N°:79-34-5 UNEP PUBLICATIONS 1 OECD SIDS 1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE SIDS Initial Assessment Report For SIAM 15 Boston, Massachussetts, 22-25 October 2002 1. Chemical Name: 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 2. CAS Number: 79-34-5 3. Sponsor Country: France National SIDS Contact Point in Sponsor Country: Mme Laurence Musset Ministère de l'Environnement et de l'Aménagement du Territoire 20, avenue de Ségur 75302 Paris 07 SP France 4. Shared Partnership with: 5. Roles/Responsibilities of the Partners: • Name of industry sponsor /consortium • Process used 6. Sponsorship History • How was the chemical or category brought into the OECD HPV Chemicals Programme ? 7. Review Process Prior to The national peer review consisted of a presentation and critical the SIAM: discussion at a national panel of experts in toxicology and ecotoxicology from administration, university and industry and nominated by the ministry of environment. In parallel, a review was performed by the national institute on environmental and industrial risk (INERIS) by request from the ministry of environment. For this particular substance, only the verification of the most relevant underlying study reports or publications was performed (e.g. long-term aquatic toxicity). 8. Quality check process: 9. Date of Submission: 9 August 2002 10. Date of last Update: 11. Comments: 2 UNEP PUBLICATIONS OECD SIDS 1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE SIDS INITIAL ASSESSMENT PROFILE CAS No. 79-34-5 Chemical Name 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane Structural Formula Cl2HC - CCl2H SUMMARY CONCLUSIONS OF THE SIAR 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane is a colourless volatile liquid with chloroform-like odour.
    [Show full text]
  • 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
    This report contains the collective views of an international group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, or the World Health Organization. Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 3 1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE First draft prepared by Ms K. Hughes and Ms M.E. Meek, Environmental Health Directorate, Health Canada Please note that the layout and pagination of this pdf filea re not identical to the printed CICAD Published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization, and produced within the framework of the Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals. World Health Organization Geneva, 1998 The International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS), established in 1980, is a joint venture of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the International Labour Organisation (ILO), and the World Health Organization (WHO). The overall objectives of the IPCS are to establish the scientific basis for assessment of the risk to human health and the environment from exposure to chemicals, through international peer review processes, as a prerequisite for the promotion of chemical safety, and to provide technical assistance in strengthening national capacities for the sound management of chemicals. The Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals (IOMC) was established in 1995 by UNEP, ILO, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, WHO, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (Participating Organizations), following recommendations made by the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development to strengthen cooperation and increase coordination in the field of chemical safety.
    [Show full text]