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East Fork Lewis DRAFT Lower Columbia Salmon and Steelhead Recovery and Subbasin Plan 13 Lewis Subbasin – East Fork Lewis Figure 13-1. Location of the East Fork Lewis River Basin within the Lower Columbia River Basin. 13.1 Basin Overview The East Fork Lewis River Basin comprises approximately 235 square miles, primarily in Clark County with the upper portion in Skamania County. The East Fork Lewis enters the North Fork Lewis at RM 3.5. The subbasin is part of WRIA 27. The East Fork Lewis Basin will play a key role in the recovery of salmon and steelhead. The basin has historically supported populations of fall Chinook, summer and winter steelhead, chum, and coho. Today, Chinook, steelhead and chum are listed as threatened under the ESA. Coho salmon are a candidate for listing. Other fish species of interest are Pacific lamprey and coastal cutthroat trout – these species are also expected to benefit from salmon protection and restoration measures. East Fork Lewis salmon and steelhead are affected by a variety of in-basin and out-of basin factors including stream, Columbia River mainstem, estuary, and ocean habitat conditions; harvest; hatcheries; and ecological relationships with other species. Analysis has demonstrated that recovery cannot be achieved by addressing only one limiting factor. Recovery will require action to reduce or eliminate all manageable factors or threats. The deterioration of habitat conditions in the Columbia River mainstem, estuary, and plume affect all anadromous salmonids within the Columbia Basin. Direct harvest of listed salmon and steelhead is prohibited but sport and commercial fisheries focusing on hatchery fish and other healthy wild populations, primarily in the mainstem Columbia and ocean, incidentally affect ESA-listed East Fork Lewis fish. Key ecological interactions of concern include effects of nonnative species; nutrient inputs from salmon carcasses; and predation by species affected by development including Caspian terns, EAST FORK LEWIS II, 13-1 May 2004 DRAFT Lower Columbia Salmon and Steelhead Recovery and Subbasin Plan northern pikeminnow, seals, and sea lions. Discussions of out-of-basin factors, strategies, and measures common to all subbasins may be found in Volume I, Chapters 4 and 7. This subbasin chapter focuses on habitat and other factors of concern specific to the East Fork Lewis Subbasin. The bulk of the land is forested and a large percentage is managed as commercial forest. Agricultural and residential activities are found in valley bottom areas. Recreation uses and residential development have increased in recent years. Most of the land is private (63%), with about 20% of the basin area lying within the Gifford Pinchot National Forest. Stand replacement fires, which burned large portions of the basin between 1902 and 1952, have had lasting effects on basin hydrology, sediment transport, soil conditions, and riparian function. The largest of these fires was the Yacolt Burn in 1902. Subsequent fires followed in 1927 and 1929. The East Fork Lewis has a high degree of watershed process impairment (sediment, flow) in the lower half of the basin. This portion suffers from a variety of land uses including agriculture, grazing, mining, rural residential development, and some timber harvest. The upper portion of the basin, much of which lies within the Gifford Pinchot National Forest is more intact. Past fires and forest harvest have degraded watershed processes and riparian areas in many subwatersheds, however, healthy conditions exist in headwater areas. The most important areas in the basin from an aquatic habitat perspective are the mainstem reaches and the lower mainstem tributaries. The upper mainstem is critical for summer steelhead production. These spawning and rearing reaches currently support good numbers of naturally-produced steelhead, though much higher production could be achieved with recovery of impaired conditions. Upper basin timber harvest and road building have the greatest impact here. The middle mainstem provides the best potential for winter steelhead. This stock would also benefit from restoration measures focused on recovering watershed process impairments related to forest harvest. The lower mainstem and lower mainstem tributaries represent important spawning and rearing sites for fall Chinook, chum, and coho. These areas currently suffer from loss of key habitat, low habitat diversity, and channel instability. These conditions are partly due to recent avulsions of the mainstem into stream-adjacent gravel pits. This area also suffers from artificial confinement projects and degraded riparian zones. Rural residential development is widespread in the lower portion of the basin and is expected to increase. The population in the basin was approximately 24,400 persons in 2000 (LCFRB 2001). The population of the basin is expected to more than double by 2020. Population growth will result in conversion of forestry and agricultural land uses to residential uses, with potential impacts to habitat conditions. It is important that growth management policy adequately protect sensitive habitats and the conditions that create and support them. EAST FORK LEWIS II, 13-2 May 2004 DRAFT Lower Columbia Salmon and Steelhead Recovery and Subbasin Plan Land Ownership Land Ownership Private 63% Federal 20% State 16% Other public 1% EAST FORK LEWIS II, 13-3 May 2004 DRAFT Lower Columbia Salmon and Steelhead Recovery and Subbasin Plan Vegetation Composition Late Seral 7% Land Use / Cover Mid Seral 28% Early Seral 3% Other Forest 37% Non Forest 25% EAST FORK LEWIS II, 13-4 May 2004 DRAFT Lower Columbia Salmon and Steelhead Recovery and Subbasin Plan 13.2 Species of Interest Focal salmonid species in the East Fork Lewis include fall Chinook, winter steelhead, summer steelhead, chum, and coho. The health or viability of these populations range from very low (chum) to medium (fall Chinook), except for coho, which is very low. Focal populations need to improve to a targeted level that contributes to recovery of the species (see Volume I, Chapter 6). Recovery goals call for restoring all five populations to a high or very high viability level. This level will provide for a 95% or better probability of population survival over 100 years. Other species of interest in the East Fork Lewis Subbasin include coastal cutthroat trout and Pacific lamprey. Regional objectives for these species are described in Volume I, Chapter 6. Recovery actions targeting focal salmonid species are also expected to provide significant benefits for these other species. Cutthroat will benefit from improvements in stream habitat conditions for salmonids. Lamprey are also expected to benefit from habitat improvements in the estuary, Columbia River mainstem, and East Fork Lewis Subbasin although specific spawning and rearing habitat requirements of lamprey are not well known. Table 13-1. Current viability status of East Fork Lewis populations and the biological objective status that is necessary to meet the recovery criteria for the Cascade strata and the lower Columbia ESU. ESA Hatchery Current Objective Species Status Component Viability Numbers Viability Numbers Fall Chinook Threatened No Medium 100-700 High+ 1,900-3,900 Winter Steelhead Threatened Yes Low-Med 100-300 High 600-1,300 Summer Steelhead Threatened Yes Low-Med 100 High 200-400 Chum Threatened No 1,100- Very low <100 High 71,000 Coho Candidate No Low Unknown High unknown Fall Chinook– The historical East Fork Lewis River adult population is estimated from 4,000-30,000 fish. The current natural spawning number for tule fall Chinook ranges from 100- 700 fish. There is no hatchery fall Chinook production. Natural spawning occurs primarily in six miles of the mainstem from Lewisville Park downstream to Daybreak Park. Spawning occurs primarily in October for the tule population, a later timed fall Chinook run spawns in November to January. Juvenile rearing occurs near and downstream of the spawning areas. Juveniles migrate from the East Fork Lewis in the spring and early summer of their first year. Winter Steelhead– The historical East Fork Lewis adult population is estimated from 3,000-10,000 fish. Current natural spawning returns range from 100-300. In-breeding with Skamania Hatchery produced steelhead is possible, but likely low because of differences in spawn timing. Spawning occurs in the mainstem East Fork Lewis and tributaries. Access upstream of Sunset Falls was blocked until 1982 when the falls were “notched”. Spawning time is generally from early March to early June. Juvenile rearing occurs both downstream and upstream of the spawning areas. Juveniles rear for a full year or more before migrating from the East Fork Lewis. Summer Steelhead– The historical East Fork Lewis adult population is estimated from 1,000-9,000 fish. Current natural spawning returns average about 100 fish. In-breeding with Skamania Hatchery produced steelhead is thought to be low because of differences in spawn timing and distribution. Spawning occurs throughout the basin, extending to the mainstem East Fork Lewis and tributaries upstream of Moulton Falls. Juvenile rearing occurs both downstream EAST FORK LEWIS II, 13-5 May 2004 DRAFT Lower Columbia Salmon and Steelhead Recovery and Subbasin Plan and upstream of the spawning areas. Juveniles rear for a full year or more before migrating from the Lewis. Chum– Historical adult populations produced from the Lewis Basin (including the mainstem, North, and East Lewis) are estimated from 120,000-300,000. Current natural spawning is estimated at less than 100 fish. Spawning occurs in the lower reaches of the mainstem, North Fork, East Fork, and in Cedar Creek. Natural spawning chum in the Lewis Basin are all naturally produced as no hatchery chum are released in the area. Juveniles rear in the lower reaches for a short period in the early spring and quickly migrate to the Columbia. Coho– The historical East Fork Lewis adult population is estimated from 5,000-40,000, with the majority of returns late stock which spawn from late November to March. Some early stock coho were also historically present with spawning occurring primarily in early to mid- November.
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