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THIRD SERIES, VOLUME 56, NUMBER 3 CONTENTS SEPTEMBER 1997 PARTS A AND B The Table of Contents is a total listing of Parts A and B. Part A consists of pages 2339–3020, and Part B pages 3021–3740. PART A Note to Reader ...... i

RAPID COMMUNICATIONS

General methods of statistical physics Exact solution of a two-dimensional random Ising model ...... R2339 Maurizio Serva Analysis of a dissipative model of self-organized criticality with random neighbors ...... R2343 Marie-Line Chabanol and Vincent Hakim Universal macroscopic background formation in surface super-roughening ...... R2347 H.-W. Lee and Doochul Kim Rectification by hopping motion through nonsymmetric potentials with strong bias ...... R2351 K. W. Kehr, K. Mussawisade, T. Wichmann, and W. Dieterich Noise, order, and spatiotemporal intermittency ...... R2355 H. L. Yang, Z. Q. Huang, and E. J. Ding

Classical fluids Chaotic nucleation of metastable domains ...... R2359 M. Argentina and P. Coullet Pressure statistics for locally isotropic turbulence ...... R2363 Reginald J. Hill and Olus¸ N. Boratav Propagation of surface deformation coupled with convection waves under the excitation of a chemical wave train ...... R2367 Tatsunari Sakurai, Etsuro Yokoyama, and Hidetoshi Miike Towards a simple model of compressible Alfve´nic turbulence ...... R2371 M. V. Medvedev and P. H. Diamond

Liquid crystals Weakly nonlinear analysis of the secondary bimodal instability in planar nematic convection ...... R2375 Emmanuel Plaut and Roland Ribotta

Complex fluids, diffusion-limited aggregation, and dendritic growth Self-organized percolation ...... R2379 A. M. Alencar, J. S. Andrade, Jr., and L. S. Lucena Crossover of a block copolymer brush in a polymer melt from a stretched to collapsed conformation ...... R2383 Robert Oslanec, Petr Vlcek, William A. Hamilton, and Russell J. Composto

Biological physics Scale-similar activity in the brain ...... R2387 E. Novikov, A. Novikov, D. Shannahoff-Khalsa, B. Schwartz, and J. Wright Dynamics of a polyampholyte hooked around an obstacle ...... R2390 H. Schiessel, I. M. Sokolov, and A. Blumen

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Plasma physics Channeling of intense laser beams in underdense plasmas ...... R2394 M. D. Feit, J. C. Garrison, and A. M. Rubenchik

ARTICLES General methods of statistical physics Data-based control trajectory planning for nonlinear systems ...... 2398 Carl Rhodes, Manfred Morari, Lev S. Tsimring, and Nikolai F. Rulkov Nonequilibrium phase transition in the kinetic Ising model: Critical slowing down and the specific-heat singularity ...... 2407 Muktish Acharyya Target patterns arising from the short-wave instability in near-critical regimes of reaction-diffusion systems ..... 2412 Arkady B. Rovinsky, Anatol M. Zhabotinsky, and Irving R. Epstein Finite-size scaling of the density of zeros of the partition function in first- and second-order phase transitions .... 2418 Richard J. Creswick and Seung-Yeon Kim Time series investigations on an experimental system driven by phase transitions ...... 2423 M. Frank and M. Schmidt Ergodic properties and equilibrium of one-dimensional self-gravitating systems ...... 2429 Kenneth R. Yawn and Bruce N. Miller Topological proof for the Alexander-Orbach conjecture ...... 2437 Alexander V. Milovanov Coadsorption of two monomer species on a square lattice with first- and second-neighbor interactions ...... 2447 Alain J. Phares, Francis J. Wunderlich, Joseph P. Martin, Patrick M. Burns, and Gintaras K. Duda Reversal effects in stochastic kink dynamics ...... 2457 A. V. Savin, G. P. Tsironis, and A. V. Zolotaryuk Phase transitions in a nonequilibrium percolation model ...... 2467 Siegfried Clar, Barbara Drossel, Klaus Schenk, and Franz Schwabl Correlations between resonances in a statistical scattering model ...... 2481 T. Gorin, F.-M. Dittes, M. Mu¨ller, I. Rotter, and T. H. Seligman Transport properties in disordered ratchet potentials ...... 2492 F. Marchesoni Quantum scattering from arbitrary boundaries ...... 2496 M. G. E. da Luz, A. S. Lupu-Sax, and E. J. Heller Curvature fluctuations and the Lyapunov exponent at melting ...... 2508 Vishal Mehra and Ramakrishna Ramaswamy Stochastic resonance in maps and coupled map lattices ...... 2518 Prashant M. Gade, Renuka Rai, and Harjinder Singh Active walker model for the formation of human and animal trail systems ...... 2527 Dirk Helbing, Frank Schweitzer, Joachim Keltsch, and Pe´ter Molna´r Relaxation fluctuations about an equilibrium in quantum chaos ...... 2540 Arul Lakshminarayan Cluster, backbone, and elastic backbone structures of the multiple invasion percolation ...... 2548 Roberto N. Onody and Reginaldo A. Zara Analytic calculation of arbitrary matrix elements for the boson exponential quadratic operator ...... 2553 Jian-wei Pan, Qin-xi Dong, Yong-de Zhang, Guang Hou, and Xiang-bin Wang Short time expansion for first passage distributions ...... 2560 Reuven Zeitak

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Selection and stabilization of spatiotemporal patterns in two-dimensional coupled map lattices ...... 2568 Yu Jiang, A. Antillo´n, P. Parmananda, and J. Escalona Experimental evidence of characteristic relations of type-I intermittency in an electronic circuit ...... 2573 Chil-Mim Kim, Geo-Su Yim, Yeon Soo Kim, Jeong-Moog Kim, and H. W. Lee Stretched relaxation after switching off the strong electric field in a near-critical solution under high pressure .... 2578 Sylwester J. Rzoska, Jerzy Ziol”o, and Aleksandra Drozd-Rzoska Dichotomously switched phase flows ...... 2582 Simon J. Fraser and Raymond Kapral Symmetry between laminar and burst phases for on-off intermittency ...... 2592 A. Cˇ enys, A. N. Anagnostopoulos, and G. L. Bleris Shift in the velocity of a front due to a cutoff ...... 2597 Eric Brunet and Bernard Derrida Correlations in sea-level elevations ...... 2605 P. Dimon, J. D. Pietrzak, and H. Svensmark Burst avalanches in solvable models of fibrous materials ...... 2615 M. Kloster, A. Hansen, and P. C. Hemmer Adhesion of solids ...... 2626 Maxim Vergeles, Amos Maritan, Joel Koplik, and Jayanth R. Banavar Nonlinear dynamics of coupled charged rotators ...... 2635 Shinji Chiba and Yasuji Sawada Onset of oscillatory instabilities under stochastic modulation ...... 2649 Franc¸ois Drolet and Jorge Vin˜als First-order nonequilibrium phase transition in a spatially extended system ...... 2658 R. Mu¨ller, K. Lippert, A. Ku¨hnel, and U. Behn Generalized functional-integral approach to time evolution of a coupled photon system ...... 2663 Feng Peng Stochastic master-equation approach to aggregation in freeway traffic ...... 2666 R. Mahnke and N. Pieret Phase transitions in two-variable coupled map lattices ...... 2672 Yu Jiang Universality class for a one-dimensional evolution model ...... 2676 L. Anton Distribution of the wave function inside chaotic partially open systems ...... 2680 P. Sˇeba, F. Haake, M. Kus´, M. Barth, U. Kuhl, and H.-J. Sto¨ckmann Nonequilibrium time evolution in quantum field theory ...... 2687 Christof Wetterich Ray splitting in a class of chaotic triangular step billiards ...... 2691 A. Kohler, G. H. M. Killesreiter, and R. Blu¨mel Persistence exponents for fluctuating interfaces ...... 2702 J. Krug, H. Kallabis, S. N. Majumdar, S. J. Cornell, A. J. Bray, and C. Sire Stationary, dynamical, and chaotic states of the two-dimensional damped Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation ...... 2713 Marco Paniconi and K. R. Elder Geometric interpretation of chaos in two-dimensional Hamiltonian systems ...... 2722 Henry E. Kandrup Ground-state entropy of Potts antiferromagnets: Bounds, series, and Monte Carlo measurements ...... 2733 Robert Shrock and Shan-Ho Tsai Synchronization of spatiotemporal chaos and its applications ...... 2738 Gang Hu, Jinghua Xiao, Junzhong Yang, Fagen Xie, and Zhilin Qu

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Two-time correlation functions of a harmonic system nonbilinearly coupled to a heat bath: Spontaneous Raman spectroscopy ...... 2747 K. Okumura and Y. Tanimura Two-dimensional frustrated Ising model with four phases ...... 2751 M. Pasquini and M. Serva Vortex velocity pair correlations ...... 2757 Gene F. Mazenko Dependence of Barkhausen pattern reproducibility on hysteresis loop size ...... 2776 J. R. Petta, M. B. Weissman, and G. Durin Correlation functions in first-order phase transitions ...... 2781 V. Garrido and D. Crespo Critical line of an anisotropic Ising antiferromagnet on square and honeycomb lattices ...... 2793 Xian-Zhi Wang and Jai Sam Kim Critical behavior of magnetic films in the Ising model ...... 2805 J. T. Ou, Furong Wang, and D. L. Lin Thermodynamics of frost heaving: A thermodynamic proposition for dynamic phenomena ...... 2811 Hisashi Ozawa Scaling range and cutoffs in empirical fractals ...... 2817 Ofer Malcai, Daniel A. Lidar, Ofer Biham, and David Avnir Controlling chaos by negative feedback of subharmonic components ...... 2829 R. Meucci, A. Labate, and M. Ciofini Local field probability distribution in random media ...... 2835 Marc Barthe´le´my and Henri Orland

Classical fluids Experimental and theoretical study of adiabatic, intermediate, and isothermal oscillations in air ...... 2841 J. Pierrus and O. L. de Lange Nonideal gas of clusters at equilibrium ...... 2851 Rodrigo Soto and Patricio Cordero Chaotic particle dynamics in viscous flows: The three-particle Stokeslet problem ...... 2858 Imre M. Ja´nosi, Tama´sTe´l, Dietrich E. Wolf, and Jason A. C. Gallas Screw dynamo and the generation of nonaxisymmetric magnetic fields ...... 2869 Abhik Basu General second-rank correlation tensors for homogeneous magnetohydrodynamic turbulence ...... 2875 S. Oughton, K.-H. Ra¨dler, and W. H. Matthaeus Thermodynamic perturbative approach for simple fluids: Structure of a confined square-well fluid ...... 2889 Soon-Chul Kim and Soong-Hyuck Suh Similarity solutions in one-dimensional relativistic gas dynamics ...... 2896 P. Carbonaro Generalized collective modes in a binary He0.65-Ne0.35 mixture ...... 2903 Taras Bryk, Ihor Mryglod, and Gerhard Kahl Primary instabilities in convective cells due to nonuniform heating ...... 2916 A. M. Mancho, H. Herrero, and J. Burguete Bjerknes forces between small cavitation bubbles in a strong acoustic field ...... 2924 R. Mettin, I. Akhatov, U. Parlitz, C. D. Ohl, and W. Lauterborn Mode coupling approach to the ideal glass transition of molecular liquids: Linear molecules ...... 2932 Rolf Schilling and Thomas Scheidsteger Scaling of transient hydrodynamic interactions in hard sphere suspensions ...... 2950 H. J. H. Clercx

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Correlation of charged fluids separated by a wall of finite thickness: Dependence on the charge of the fluid and the wall ...... 2958 Marcelo Lozada-Cassou and Jiang Yu Numerical study on lateral movements of cellular flames ...... 2966 Satoshi Kadowaki Lateral diffusive migration of massive particles in high-velocity vertical pipe flow of moderately dense gas-solid suspensions ...... 2972 Piroz Zamankhan, Hooman Vahedi Tafreshi, and John C. Chen Generalized hydrodynamics and shock waves ...... 2981 Mazen Al-Ghoul and Byung Chan Eu Microscopic structure of the hydrogen-xenon mixture ...... 2993 R. Senesi, M. Nardone, F. P. Ricci, M. A. Ricci, and A. K. Soper Effects of uniform injection at the wall on the stability of Couette-like flows ...... 3000 F. Nicoud and J. R. Angilella Boundary layer length scales in convective turbulence ...... 3010 Y.-B. Xin and K.-Q. Xia Nonlinear front evolution of hydrodynamic chemical waves in vertical cylinders ...... 3016 Joseph W. Wilder, Desiderio A. Vasquez, and Boyd F. Edwards

PART B Note to Reader ...... i

Liquid crystals Forces in an inhomogeneously ordered nematic liquid crystal: Stable and metastable states ...... 3021 A. Borsˇtnik and S. Zˇ umer Dynamic behavior of oscillatory plastic flow in a smectic liquid crystal ...... 3028 Richard A. Herke, Noel A. Clark, and Mark A. Handschy Effect of silica aerosil particles on liquid-crystal phase transitions ...... 3044 Hisashi Haga and Carl W. Garland Dynamics of electric-field-induced molecular reorientation and segmental mobility in the smectic-C phase of a ferroelectric liquid crystal: Faster reorientation of cores than the alkyl chains revealed by time-resolved infrared spectroscopy ...... 3053 A. L. Verma, B. Zhao, S. M. Jiang, J. C. Sheng, and Y. Ozaki One-dimensional walls in liquid crystals ...... 3061 M. Simo˜es

Complex fluids, diffusion-limited aggregation, and dendritic growth Dendritic crystal growth for weak undercooling ...... 3068 M. D. Kunka, M. R. Foster, and S. Tanveer Energy exchange dynamics of the discrete nonlinear Schro¨dinger equation lattice and intrinsic formation of strongly localized states ...... 3101 D. Hennig Domain growth in the presence of quenched disorder ...... 3112 Arthur E. Bailey, B. J. Frisken, and David S. Cannell Shear viscosity of an ordering latex suspension ...... 3119 B. van der Vorst, D. van den Ende, N. J. J. Aelmans, and J. Mellema Chemical freezing of phase separation in immiscible binary mixtures ...... 3127 Daniele Carati and Rene´ Lefever Wigner-Seitz model of charged lamellar colloidal dispersions ...... 3137 Emmanuel Trizac and Jean-Pierre Hansen

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Osmotic pressure and viscoelastic shear moduli of concentrated emulsions ...... 3150 T. G. Mason, Martin-D. Lacasse, Gary S. Grest, Dov Levine, J. Bibette, and D. A. Weitz Fracture deformation and influence on permeability ...... 3167 V. V. Mourzenko, O. Galamay, J.-F. Thovert, and P. M. Adler Liquid-liquid phase separation in cylindrical pores: Quench molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations . . . 3185 Lev D. Gelb and K. E. Gubbins Growth of a needle crystal from an undercooled alloy melt ...... 3197 M. Conti Statistical reconstruction of three-dimensional porous media from two-dimensional images ...... 3203 Anthony P. Roberts Critical behavior of a polydisperse polymer solution as revealed by turbidity ...... 3213 Rio Kita, Kenji Kubota, and Toshiaki Dobashi Nonequilibrium size distributions of fluid membrane vesicles ...... 3219 Leonardo Golubovic´ and Mirjana Golubovic´ Theory of ferroelectric phase transition of polymers ...... 3231 Susumu Ikeda and Hiroyuki Suda Effects of changes in the chain conformation on the kinetics of order-disorder transitions in block copolymer melts ...... 3240 Toshihiro Kawakatsu Evolution of a two-dimensional foam containing a single topological defect: An experimental study ...... 3251 A. Abd el Kader and J. C. Earnshaw Static and dynamic profiles of tethered polymer layers probed by analyzing the noise of an atomic force microscope ...... 3256 Andreas Roters, Martin Gelbert, Martin Schimmel, Ju¨rgen Ru¨he, and Diethelm Johannsmann Density-functional theory of the kinetics of crystallization of hard-sphere suspensions: Single conserved order parameter ...... 3265 Robert Wild and Peter Harrowell Universality of an irreversible kinetic gelation model ...... 3274 Sang Bub Lee and Hyun Joo Jeon Yield stress thixotropic clay suspension: Investigations of structure by light, neutron, and x-ray scattering ..... 3281 Fre´de´ric Pignon, Albert Magnin, Jean-Michel Piau, Bernard Cabane, Peter Lindner, and Olivier Diat Effects of container geometry on granular convection ...... 3290 E. L. Grossman Diffusion-limited aggregation as a growth process statistically invariant under an infinitesimal affine transformation of mass and multiple spatial coordinates ...... 3301 John Jarecki Two-dimensional magnetic liquid froth: Coarsening and topological correlations ...... 3310 Florence Elias, Cyrille Flament, Jean-Claude Bacri, Olivier Cardoso, and Franc¸ois Graner Permeability and effective porosity of porous media ...... 3319 A. Koponen, M. Kataja, and J. Timonen Physical and electrochemical contributions to the cell voltage in the thin-layer electrochemical deposition of copper at constant current ...... 3326 John R. de Bruyn Coil-globule transition of poly͑methyl methacrylate͒ in isoamyl acetate ...... 3338 Mitsuo Nakata and Tomohide Nakagawa Scaling theory of self-avoiding crumpled membranes in solution ...... 3346 Dah-Yen Yang and Sheh-Yi Sheu Influence of the geometry of a rough substrate on wetting ...... 3353 K. Topolski, D. Urban, S. Brandon, and J. De Coninck

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Collective, short-wavelength excitations in liquid gallium ...... 3358 F. J. Bermejo, R. Ferna´ndez-Perea, M. Alvarez, B. Roessli, H. E. Fischer, and J. Bossy Organization of polymers at interfaces ...... 3370 Miguel Aubouy Channel flow in a Langmuir monolayer: Unusual velocity profiles in a liquid-crystalline mesophase ...... 3378 M. L. Kurnaz and D. K. Schwartz

Biological physics Volume distributions of avalanches in lung inflation: A statistical mechanical approach ...... 3385 Mamatha K. Sujeer, Sergey V. Buldyrev, Stefano Zapperi, Jose´ S. Andrade, Jr., H. Eugene Stanley, and Be´la Suki Crystallization of proteins accompanied by formation of a cylindrical surface ...... 3395 A. A. Boulbitch Unstable periodic orbits in human epileptic activity ...... 3401 Michel Le Van Quyen, Jacques Martinerie, Claude Adam, and Francisco J. Varela Conformation fluctuations of polymerized vesicles in the inextensible and flexible limit ...... 3412 Hyoungsoo Yoon and J. M. Deutsch Emergent spatial correlations in stochastically evolving populations ...... 3421 Marek Grabowski and R. E. Camley On-line learning with adaptive back-propagation in two-layer networks ...... 3426 Ansgar H. L. West and David Saad Particle trapping and self-focusing in temporally asymmetric ratchets with strong field gradients ...... 3446 Maurice J. Chacron and Gary W. Slater Effects of nonlocalized target shape in the random walk description of transillumination experiments for optical imaging ...... 3451 George H. Weiss and Amir H. Gandjbakhche Thermal fluctuations of electric field and solute density in biological cells ...... 3460 J. A. Fay Diffusion constant for the repton model of gel electrophoresis ...... 3468 M. E. J. Newman and G. T. Barkema

Plasma physics

Statistical mechanics of highly charged ion plasmas in local thermodynamic equilibrium ...... 3474 G. Faussurier, C. Blancard, and A. Decoster Statistical treatment of radiative transitions in local thermodynamic equilibrium plasmas ...... 3488 G. Faussurier, C. Blancard, and A. Decoster Many particle simulations of the quantum electron gas using momentum-dependent potentials ...... 3498 W. Ebeling and F. Schautz Nature of the density–magnetic-field-intensity correlation observed in the solar wind ...... 3508 Francesco Malara, Pierluigi Veltri, and Leonardo Primavera Particle simulations of efficient fast electron generation near the cutoff layer of an electrostatic wave ...... 3515 S. J. Karttunen, T. J. H. Pa¨ttikangas, T. J. J. Tala, and R. A. Cairns Dispersion and birefringence in a synchrotron-emitting gas ...... 3527 D. B. Melrose Dense hydrogen plasma: Comparison between models ...... 3534 J. G. Cle´rouin and S. Bernard

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Analyzing time-resolved spectroscopic data from an azimuthally symmetric, aluminum-wire array, z-pinch implosion ...... 3540 K. G. Whitney, J. W. Thornhill, P. E. Pulsifer, J. P. Apruzese, T. W. L. Sanford, T. J. Nash, R. C. Mock, and R. B. Spielman

Physics of beams

Spectral analysis of correction techniques for linear colliders ...... 3558 Andrey Sery and Alban Mosnier Experimental confirmation of transverse focusing and adiabatic damping in a standing wave linear accelerator . . . 3572 S. Reiche, J. B. Rosenzweig, S. Anderson, P. Frigola, M. Hogan, A. Murokh, C. Pellegrini, L. Serafini, G. Travish, and A. Tremaine Polarization lifetime near an intrinsic depolarizing resonance ...... 3578 H. O. Meyer, B. Lorentz, M. Dzemidzic, J. Doskow, W. Haeberli, P. V. Pancella, R. E. Pollock, B. v. Przewoski, F. Rathmann, T. Rinckel, F. Sperisen, and T. Wise Analytic and numerical analysis of the longitudinal coupling impedance of a rectangular slot in a thin coaxial liner ...... 3583 Alexei V. Fedotov and Robert L. Gluckstern Integrability of cyclotron motion ...... 3602 Sang Wook Kim and Hai-Woong Lee Generation of ultrashort radiation pulses by injection locking a regenerative free-electron-laser amplifier ...... 3606 G. Shvets and J. S. Wurtele

Classical physics, including nonlinear media

Dark and bright shock waves on oscillating backgrounds in a discrete nonlinear Schro¨dinger equation ...... 3611 V. V. Konotop and M. Salerno Statistics of the cumulative phase of microwave radiation in random media ...... 3619 P. Sebbah, O. Legrand, B. A. van Tiggelen, and A. Z. Genack Classical tunneling as a consequence of radiation reaction forces ...... 3624 Frederik Denef, Joris Raeymaekers, Urban M. Studer, and Walter Troost Universality of the Gunn effect: Self-sustained oscillations mediated by solitary waves ...... 3628 L. L. Bonilla and I. R. Cantalapiedra Inductive instability in heterogeneous nonstationary systems ...... 3633 Yu. Dolinsky and T. Elperin Variational approach to the problem of dark-soliton generation ...... 3638 F. Kh. Abdullaev, N. K. Nurmanov, and E. N. Tsoy How transversal fluctuations affect the friction of a particle on a rough incline ...... 3645 S. Dippel, G. G. Batrouni, and D. E. Wolf Phase plane of moving discrete breathers ...... 3657 Paul A. Houle

Computational physics

Simulating Ising spin glasses on a quantum computer ...... 3661 Daniel A. Lidar and Ofer Biham Pruned-enriched Rosenbluth method: Simulations of ␪ polymers of chain length up to 1 000 000 ...... 3682 Peter Grassberger

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BRIEF REPORTS

General methods of statistical physics Experimental study of a ternary Aϩ2B C reaction-diffusion system with a propagating reaction front: Scaling exponents ...... → 3694 Andrew Yen and Raoul Kopelman Mechanism of chaos synchronization and on-off intermittency ...... 3697 Chil-Min Kim Synchronization of the trajectory as a way to control the dynamics of a coupled system ...... 3701 Michał Z˙ ochowski and Larry S. Liebovitch Extracting information from interimpact intervals in a mechanical oscillator ...... 3705 K. N. Slade, L. N. Virgin, and P. V. Bayly Robust synchronization ...... 3709 Ioan Grosu Stochastic resonance and symmetry breaking in a one-dimensional system ...... 3713 Moshe Gitterman, Richard I. Shrager, and George H. Weiss

Complex fluids, diffusion-limited aggregation, and dendritic growth Solute trapping in directional solidification at high speed: A one-dimensional study with the phase-field model . . 3717 M. Conti Analysis of dielectric relaxation time of organic monolayer films on a material surface ...... 3721 Mitsumasa Iwamoto and Chen-Xu Wu

Biological physics Autocorrelations of R-R distributions as a measure of heart variability ...... 3725 Michał Z˙ ochowski, Katarzyna Winkowska-Nowak, Andrzej Nowak, Grzegorz Karpinski, and Andrzej Budaj 40-Hz coherent oscillations in neuronal systems ...... 3728 Wei Wang, Guang Chen, and Z. D. Wang

ERRATA Erratum: Clustering properties of d-dimensional overlapping spheres ͓Phys. Rev. E 54, 5331 ͑1996͔͒ ...... 3732 J. Quintanilla and S. Torquato Erratum: Percolation thresholds and universal formulas ͓Phys. Rev. E 55, 1514 ͑1997͔͒ ...... 3732 S. C. van der Marck

Cumulative Author Index ...... 3733