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FIELDTRIP Guidebook Authors: Pascale Côté(1), Andrée Bolduc(1), Simon Careau(2), Esther Asselin(1)

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FIELDTRIP Guidebook Authors: Pascale Côté(1), Andrée Bolduc(1), Simon Careau(2), Esther Asselin(1) Québec FORTIFIED CITY: GEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL HERITAGE FIELDTRIP GUIDEbook Authors: Pascale Côté(1), Andrée Bolduc(1), Simon Careau(2), Esther Asselin(1) Visual Elements Léopold Nadeau(1), Luce Dubé(3), Marco Boutin(3) Layout and production Marie-Josée Tremblay(1) (1) : Natural Resources Canada, Geological Survey of Canada, GSC-Québec: http://gsc.nrcan.gc.ca/org/quebec (2) : Parks Canada, Québec Field Unit : http://www.pc.gc.ca (3) : Institut national de la recherche scientifique :http://www.ete.inrs.ca This fieldtrip guidebook provides information complementing the “Geoscape Quebec” poster and website. The “Geoscape Quebec” website is accessible at: http://geoscape.nrcan.gc.ca/quebec The double-sided colour poster measuring 67 cm X 97 cm can be ordered from the Quebec Geoscience Centre’s distribution centre: Telephone: (418) 654-2677 Email: [email protected] The Earth Sciences Sector of Natural Resources Canada covered the cost of reproducing this guidebook in connection with the activities of National Science and Technology Week. NRCan activities hold considerable importance for the economy, promote the maintenance of strong communities, foster advances of knowledge, innovation and technology, support sustainable development and give NRCan a leading role in the international scientific community. http://nrcan-rncan.gc.ca/nstw-snst/ This publication is also available online at: http://www.cgq-qgc.ca/fieldtrip Cette publication est également disponible en français TA TABLE OF CONTENTS B LE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . 5 FIELDTRIP . 6 STOP 1 - Esplanade Powder Magazine . 7 STOP 2 - Maison Cureux . 9 STOP 3 - Parc du Cavalier-du-Moulin . 10 STOP 4 - Québec Citadel . 11 STOP 5 - Rue des Carrières . 18 STOP 6 - Governor’s Garden . 20 STOP 7 - Dufferin Terrace . 21 STOP 8 - Champlain Monument . 22 STOP 9 - Prescott Gate . 23 STOP 10 - Maison Parent . 24 STOP 11 - The Royal Battery . 25 STOP 12 - Place Royale . 30 STOP 13 - Côte de la Montagne . 31 STOP 14 - Rue Saint-Antoine . 32 STOP 15 - Rue Sous-le-Cap . 33 CONCLUSION . 38 GLOSSARY . 40 REFERENCES . 42 USEFUL LINKS IN EARTH SCIENCES . 44 QUÉBEC FORTIFIED CITY: GEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL HERITAGE - FIELDTRIP GUIDEbook LOCATION OF STOPS QUÉBEC FORTIFIED CITY: GEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL HERITAGE - FIELDTRIP GUIDEbook I INTRODUCTION NTRODUCTION This fieldtrip provides a geological and historical overview of the Québec City area. The geological landscape of this region provides the backdrop for explaining how landscape components come into being or change over time. The notions of geology that we discuss are linked to our immediate environment, Old Québec, and to the spectacular events that sometimes make regional headlines, such as earthquakes and rock slides. This tour of Old Québec comprises 15 stops. Scientific concepts are explained in detail at each of them and are complemented with historical vignettes in italics that focus on historic sites and fortifications. All the information on the dimension stones has been graciously provided by Robert Ledoux, professor at the department of geology and geological engineering at Université Laval. The information comes from the sources listed in the reference section or from personal communications. All the information, visual elements and vignettes related to history have been provided by Parks Canada. All the visual elements, graphs and diagram, unless otherwise specified, have been produced by the Québec Geoscience Centre. Alix Pincivy (INRS) has conducted the preliminary research from which the concept of this guide book was developed. Aïcha Achab (INRS) provided advice on the content of this document. Alwynne Beaudoin (Royal Alberta Museum) contributed most of the information about human migrations. We are grateful for these additions that enhance the text of stop 11. We hope that you will find this guide useful for the fieldtrip that you are about to embark on. Teachers should find it a help as it gives examples drawn from the local urban and natural environment that support teaching of the Earth Sciences. Enjoy your fieldtrip and good reading… QUÉBEC FORTIFIED CITY: GEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL HERITAGE - FIELDTRIP GUIDEbook FIELDTRIP Built on an extraordinary site, atop a cliff, the Fortifications of Québec tower over the St. Lawrence River. Visitors can stroll along the 4.6-km-long walkway and FIELDTRIP enjoy the splendid views. Like nowhere else in North America, the City of Québec’s defence system follows a classic urban style, characterized by flanking and defence in depth, and was adapted to the city’s topography. More than just the vestiges of the military art of war, the Fortifications of Québec also bear witness to the era of fortified cities between the 17th and 19th centuries. Inside Québec’s walls, you can get a feeling of how the military’s presence dominated the city. The parade grounds, esplanades, military arteries, barracks and warehouses, in which ammunitions and artillery paraphernalia were stored in the 18th and 19th centuries, are remnants of a city’s past that was punctuated by the beat of the war drum. Québec, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is the only city in North America to have retained the major parts of its defence system. This picturesque setting with its superb vistas serves as the backdrop for an exploration of the region’s billion- year-old geological history. At different sites, visitors can discover traces of an ancient ocean, the transportation of enormous rocky masses over long distances to the threshold of the city itself, and the passage of colossal glaciers that covered the area for thousands of years. The legacy of this eventful past provides some of the most spectacular attractions in the region, along with an environment that is occasionally at the mercy of nature’s whims. QUÉBEC FORTIFIED CITY: GEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL HERITAGE - FIELDTRIP GUIDEbook STOP 1 STOP 1 - Esplanade Powder Magazine 100 rue Saint-Louis here and there. This stone was used towards the end of the French regime, around 1740. It was quarried between Sillery and Cap-Rouge, along boulevard Champlain. Its hardness makes it difficult to cut and explains why it has not been used much so far, despite its proximity to Québec City. Chaussegros de Léry used this stone to build part of the Québec fortifications. The British used it extensively in their military National Archives Canada, c. 1830, J.P. Cockburn works, such as the Martello towers. Close to the door, we can see a black Between the St. Louis and Ursulines building stone that appears in thin beds. bastions, stands the Esplanade Powder It is called “Cap Diamant” stone, Cap Magazine (1815), restored and open stone or Québec stone. It is the first to the public. The effectiveness of stone used in the Québec area, because fortifications largely depends on the the first settlers could find it right at the location of their powder magazines. heart of the town, in the promontory. It This is is why the British would is a black, argillaceous limestone that distribute them strategically around the splits into thin sheets along the bedding city, while at the same time avoiding planes, when exposed to water and air. having an overly large concentration of There were numerous quarrying sites gun powder in one place. In 1816, there along the Cap Diamant promontory and were 12 powder magazines in the City this fieldtrip will visit one of them. of Québec. To protect the surrounding area, the walls of the powder magazines Built atop a rocky promontory at the are 1.5 meters thick, their ceilings are junction of three geological provinces, arched and they are surrounded by a Québec City is a rich source of building thick outer wall. stones and, ever since the French regime in the seventeenth century, builders have At the entrance of the powder magazine, made extensive use of all of them. The we can see two types of building stones Cap stone and the Sillery-Cap-Rouge that are among the oldest building sandstone belong to the Appalachians materials used locally. The greenish and were readily exploitable close to stone is very abundant in the fortifications town. With time, the supply sources of Québec City. It is a sandstone that diversified and limestone from the St. shows a brownish weathering surface Lawrence Lowlands were exploited in and contains pebbles and fragments QUÉBEC FORTIFIED CITY: GEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL HERITAGE - FIELDTRIP GUIDEbook quarries located in Beauport, Château- the second half of the XIXth century, Richer, Neuville, Deschambault and and when the railway opened up, Saint-Marc-des-Carrières. With time, granite from the Canadian Shield was new building materials were used in exploited. The greenish sandstone was exploited in Sillery and Cap- Rouge. It was used to build part of Québec fortifications, the Citadel and the Martello Towers. It has been used to rebuild the Saint-Jean Gate in 1938. IHistorical interpretation at the Fortifications of Québec Interpretation Centre. QUÉBEC FORTIFIED CITY: GEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL HERITAGE - FIELDTRIP GUIDEbook STOP 2 STOP 2 - Maison Cureux 86 rue Saint-Louis Maison Cureux is one of the rare examples of houses constructed from what was called “Cap Diamant” stone or Cap stone the first type of building stone used in Québec City. When the early settlers built their homes on the promontory, they dug the foundations, reserving the excavated stone to build the walls. This very fissile stone is weakened and splits easily when exposed to air and water. It is therefore The Cureux House was built in 1729 not conducive to providing good quality by innkeeper Michel Cureux. It is the exterior masonry. To ensure that houses second oldest residence on Rue St. made of Cap stone will last longer, they Louis. The house standing today is must be sheathed in wood or covered a reconstruction of the original one, with parget, as was done with this house which was destroyed in 1709 to make up until 1968.
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