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Seed Oil Using Soxhlet Method S.H. Mohd-SetaparMalaysian et al. Journal / Malaysian of Fundamental Journal of andFundamental Applied Sciences and Applied Vol.10, Sciences No.1 (2014)Vol.10, 1-6 No.1 (2014) 1-6 Extraction of rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) seed oil using soxhlet method S.H. Mohd-Setapar*, Lee Nian-Yian and N.S. Mohd-Sharif Centre of Lipid Engineering & Applied Research (CLEAR), Dept. of Chemical Eng., Fac. of Chemical Eng., Universiti Teknologi Malaysia 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia. *Corresponding Author: [email protected] (S.H. Mohd-Setapar) Article history : ABSTRACT Received 4 January 2013 Revised 24 June 2013 Soxhlet extraction which is also known as solvent extraction refers to the preferential dissolution of oil by Accepted 1 July 2013 contacting oilseeds with a liquid solvent. This is the most efficient method to recover oil from oilseeds, Available online 1 August 2013 thus solvent extraction using hexane has been commercialized as a standard practice in today’s industry. In this study, soxhlet extraction had been used to extract the rubber seed oil which contains high GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT percentage of alpha-linolenic acid. In addition, the different solvents will be used for the extraction of rubber seed oil such as petroleum ether, n-hexane, ethanol and water to study the best solvent to extract the rubber seed oil so the maximum oil yield can be obtained. On the other hands, the natural resource, rubber belongs to the family of Euphorbiaceae, the genus is Hevea while the species of rubber is brasiliensis. Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) seeds are abundant and wasted because they had not been used in any industry or applications in daily life. The oil of rubber seeds had been found that contained a significant percentage of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids especially alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). Alpha-linolenic acid is one of the important elements of omega-3 fatty acids which play important roles in human metabolism, not only playing structural roles in phospholipid bilayers but also acting as precursors to bioactive molecules. Moreover, rubber seed oil also contains a high percentage of oleic acid and linoleic acid, these all are valuable compounds. Thus, rubber seed oil can be regarded as a plant derived oleic-linolenic acid. Rubber seeds can be considered as good sources for human food, animal feed and biofuel with its high content of fat, protein, amino acids and fatty acids. Therefore, it is important to study the method of extraction to extract the valuable components from rubber seeds, purify the extracted seed Cleaned rubber kernels oil, so that the rubber seeds oil can be utilized into difference industries pharmaceutical, food, oleochemical and cosmetics. Keywords: Soxhlet extraction, Alpha-linolenic Acid, Rubber Seed Oil, Solvent, Yield © 2014 Penerbit UTM Press. All rights reserved http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v10n1.61 1. INTRODUCTION furniture manufactured from rubber wood has their own fan around the world. It might seem like the Malaysian rubber Over the years, Malaysia has been one of the trees are utilized completely, but there are not many studies growing producers of natural rubber that involves are done on the rubber seed itself. Rubber seed oil has plantation, processing and manufacturing of rubber trees currently been found to also have plenty of industrial for local and international customers. There are ongoing potential. In Jerantut, Pahang, rubber seeds has been researches developed to dismantle this major asset of fermented and are used in condiments and curries. The Malaysia, scientifically known as Hevea Brasiliensis, for rubber seeds delicacies are very popular among the people its maximum utility as it is known to be very beneficial and there and are one of the “must have” for tourists. The profitable crop. pleasant bitter taste of it was acknowledged and Malaysian rubber trees are acknowledged in surprisingly it doesn’t show any adverse effect to the producing natural rubber for commercialization. The latex consumers, not even being intoxicated. Therefore, this obtained from the trees has been widely contributing in the somehow raises the curiosity of the fact that rubber seed oil industry for quite a long time now, and continues to serve might also be edible. until now. To date, studies are done for further The oil of rubber seeds had been found that improvement of the product by modifying the existing latex contained a significant percentage of long chain and convert it into dry rubber, latex concentrate or just as polyunsaturated fatty acids especially alpha-linolenic acid latex intermediates (Malaysian Rubber Board, 2011). (ALA). Alpha-linolenic acid is one of the important Moreover, the rubber tree itself has also been found useful elements of omega-3 fatty acids which play important roles in the industry. In virtue of its uniqueness and durability, in human metabolism. Therefore, it is important to study S.H. Mohd-Setapar et al. / Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences Vol.10, No.1 (2014) 1-6 the method of extraction to extract the valuable compounds solvent must also be non-toxic to humans or animals to from rubber seed so that it can be utilized in different feed. The solvent should also possess selectivity, depending industries. on the desired end product. Nurhan Dunford, an Agricultural Engineering Currently, n-hexane is extensive and preferably used Associate Professor claimed in his writing that solvent for commodity vegetable oil extraction due to its extraction extraction refers to preferential dissolution of oil by efficiency and ease of availability. Conversely, as hexane contacting oilseeds with a liquid solvent. This is the most vapor is three times heavier than air and a slight amount of efficient method to recover oil from oilseeds, thus solvent hexane mixed with air can initiate explosion mixture, extraction using hexane has been commercialized as a hexane is categorized as flammable and hazardous air standard practice in today’s industry. This method has been pollutant and is included in the list of toxic chemicals by used by a number of other studies on RSO and is selected the US Environmental Protection Agency. As stated in the for the high percentage oil (99.5%) extracted from the PFA act 1954, the maximum permissible limit for n-hexane seeds [1]. in oil and the meal are only 5ppm and 10ppm respectively. Solvent extraction is much related to Soxhlet In real life cases, it is very tedious and energy consuming extraction. Most of this type of extractions is done in the to meet the hexane maximum permissible limit. However, Soxhlet extractor (Figure 1) which was invented in 1879 by despite the abundant disadvantages of using n-hexane as a Franz von Soxhlet. solvent extraction, n-hexane is still the major solvent used because of its high solubility, low corrosion, low evaporation loss and greasy residue. Moreover, the product has a better odor and flavour [4]. In virtue of the toxicology and environmental concerns of using n-hexane as extracting solvent, researchers were very motivated in searching new alternatives. There are also other famous and preferable solvents used, such as petroleum ether, water, alcohols and many more. As reported by Johnson et al. [4], there is quite a number of alternative solvents can be used, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. While water can be the processing aid for aqueous extraction of oilseeds, halogenated hydrocarbons also show tremendous potential in oilseed processing. 2. EXPERIMENTAL 2.1 Reagents and apparatus The solvents used in solvent extraction were n- hexane, petroleum ether, water and a mixture of ethanol Fig. 1 Solvent extractor (95% pure) and water (70:30, v:v). Meanwhile, for oil conversion to fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) prior to The choice of solvent used is based on solvent alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) analysis, sulphuric acid extraction capacity, effects of solvent on oil properties, (H SO ), toluene and methanol were utilized. The process safety, solvent volatility and stability, and 2 4 apparatus of Soxhlet extraction including condenser, tubes, economic considerations [2]. This is because most of the Soxhlet chamber, round bottom flask and heating mantle common solvent used; light paraffinic petroleum fraction were set up for solvent extraction. In addition, oil recovery such as pentane, hexane, heptane and octane are method was done using a rotary vacuum evaporator. The flammable, studies have been developed to use chlorinated analysis of ALA content in the extracted rubber seed oil hydrocarbons, alcohols, water and etc. as an alternative. was using gas chromatography with helium as the carrier According to Devesh et al. [3], aqueous ethanol can be a gas. Other equipments used including oven, blender and better alternative solvent to n-hexane due to its comparable 0.5mm sieve were used for seed preparation. extraction efficiency between the solvents. On the other hand, he reported that the efficiency can be further 2.2 Sampling enhanced by the lower particle size of the seeds. According to Johnson et al. [4], there are eleven properties of ideal Bulk of raw rubber (Hevea Brasiliensis) seeds was solvents for oilseed extraction. The most vital property of de-hulled manually to free kernels from its shell as in an ideal solvent is that it must have a high solvent power Figure 2. Then, the thin outer layer was removed from the for triglycerides at elevated temperature which is exhibited kernels (Figure 3) and the cleaned seeds were sliced to by lower alcohols. Secondly, the solvent must be non-toxic approximately the same size for drying. and safe for the workers, and the meals produced using the | 2 | S.H. Mohd-Setapar et al. / Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences Vol.10, No.1 (2014) 1-6 2.3 Determination of moisture content using each proposed solvent for 4, 6 and 8 hours at solid to solvent ratio of 1:10.
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