Land at Brook Farm Lower Arncott Oxfordshire

Archaeological Evaluation and Investigation

Accession no. OXCMS: 2014.201

for CgMs Consulting on behalf of Green Energy UK

CA Project: 660369 CA Report: 14574

December 2014

Land at Brook Farm Lower Arncott Oxfordshire

Accession no. OXCMS: 2014.201

Archaeological Evaluation and Investigation

CA Project: 660369 CA Report: 14574

prepared by Stuart Joyce, Senior Project Officer

date 4 December 2014

checked by Nicola Powell, Post-Excavation Manager

date

approved by Simon Carlyle, Principal Fieldwork Manager

signed

date

issue 01

This report is confidential to the client. Cotswold Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability to any third party to whom this report, or any part of it, is made known. Any such party relies upon this report entirely at their own risk. No part of this report may be reproduced by any means without permission. © Cotswold Archaeology

Cirencester Milton Keynes Andover Building 11 41 Burners Lane South Stanley House Kemble Enterprise Park Kiln Farm Walworth Road Kemble, Cirencester Milton Keynes Andover, Hampshire Gloucestershire, GL7 6BQ MK11 3HA SP10 5LH t. 01285 771022 t. 01908 564660 t. 01264 347630 f. 01285 771033 e. [email protected] © Cotswold Archaeology Brook Farm, Lower Arncott, Oxfordshire: Archaeological Evaluation and Investigation

CONTENTS

SUMMARY ...... 2

1. INTRODUCTION ...... 3

2. RESULTS ...... 7

3. DISCUSSION ...... 16

4. CA PROJECT TEAM ...... 18

5. REFERENCES ...... 18

APPENDIX A: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS ...... 20 APPENDIX B: THE FINDS ...... 25 APPENDIX C: OASIS REPORT FORM ...... 32

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Fig. 1 Site location plan, 1:25,000 Fig. 2 Trench location plan, showing geophysical survey results and archaeological features, 1:2000 Fig. 3 Trench location plan, showing geophysical survey results and archaeological features, 1:1000 Fig. 4 General view of the site, looking south-west Fig. 5 Ditch 804, looking south-east Fig. 6 Trench 9, ditch 905, looking west Fig. 7 Trench 10, section and photograph Fig. 8 Trench 16, ditch 1603, looking south-east Fig. 9 Trench 17, section and photograph Fig. 10 section and photograph Fig. 11 Trench 19, section ad photograph Fig. 12 Trench 20, section and photograph

1 © Cotswold Archaeology Brook Farm, Lower Arncott, Oxfordshire: Archaeological Evaluation and Investigation

SUMMARY

Project Name: Land at Brook Farm Location: Lower Arncott, Oxfordshire NGR: SP 5988 1760 Type: Archaeological evaluation and investigation Date: 22 to 25 September and 29 October to 5 November 2014 Planning Reference: Cherwell District Council 14/00950/F Location of Archive: Oxfordshire County Museums Service Accession Number: OXCMS: 2014.201 Site Code: BFB 14

Between September and November 2014, Cotswold Archaeology carried out an archaeological evaluation and subsequent investigation on land at Brook Farm, Lower Arncott, Oxfordshire. The work, which was commissioned by CgMs Consulting, acting on behalf of Green Energy UK, was carried out prior to the construction of a solar farm on site. The investigation took the form of an initial evaluation, comprising the excavation of sixteen trenches, followed by a targeted investigation of the identified archaeology with the excavation of an additional four trenches.

The evaluation identified the remains of a Romano-British ditch system dating to the mid 1st to 2nd centuries AD, elements of which roughly corresponded with anomalies detected by a geophysical survey carried out earlier in the year. The ditch system is probably the remains of a small farming settlement on the edge of the floodplain of the River Ray. A small assemblage of Roman pottery and animal bone was recovered from the site. Fragments of Roman roof tile suggest that there was a tiled Roman building in the immediate vicinity. Other features comprised three undated ditches, probably field or track boundaries associated with the Roman settlement, and medieval/post-medieval furrows.

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Between September and November 2014, Cotswold Archaeology (CA) carried out an archaeological evaluation and subsequent investigation on land at Brook Farm, Lower Arncott, Oxfordshire (site centred on NGR: SP 5988 1760; Fig. 1). The work, which was commissioned by CgMs Consulting (CgMs), acting on behalf of Green Energy UK, was carried out prior to the construction of a solar farm on site. The investigation took the form of an initial evaluation, comprising the excavation of sixteen trenches, followed by a targeted investigation of the identified archaeology with the excavation of an additional four trenches.

1.2 The archaeological works were undertaken following the granting of conditional planning consent by Cherwell District Council (planning ref. 14/00950/F, Conditions 16 and 17). The archaeological conditions were attached to planning consent on the advice of Richard Oram, Oxfordshire County Archaeological Services (OCAS). This decision was informed by an archaeological desk-based assessment (DBA) prepared by CgMs (2014) and a geophysical survey undertaken by GSB Prospection Ltd (GSB 2014) that had been submitted in support of the planning application.

1.3 The evaluation was carried out in accordance with the WSI (CA 2014a and b) and abided by the Institute for Archaeologists’ (IfA) Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Field Evaluation (IfA 2009) and the English Heritage (EH) procedural documents Management of Archaeological Projects 2 (EH 1991) and Management of Research Projects in the Historic Environment (MoRPHE): Project Manager’s Guide (EH 2006). The fieldwork was monitored by Richard Oram, OCAS, with site visits being made on 23 September and 3 November 2014.

The site 1.4 The site at Brook Farm, which covers an area of c. 14.2ha, is located 1km to the west of Lower Arncott and approximately 5km to the south of Bicester town centre (Fig. 1). It comprises a slightly trapezoidal pasture field, close to the south bank of the River Ray, and is bounded by agricultural land on all sides (Fig. 4). The ground is flat and lies at approximately 61m above Ordnance Datum (aOD).

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1.5 The geology of the site comprises Jurassic mudstone of the Peterborough Member, a subdivision of the Oxford Clay Formation. Superficial deposits of alluvium deposited by the River Ray occur along the northern edge of the site (BGS 2014).

Archaeological background 1.6 The DBA prepared by CgMs (2014) indicated that no designated heritage assets were present in or near the site and that no non-designated assets are recorded within the site in the Oxfordshire Historic Environment Record (HER). The report assessed there to be low archaeological potential for as yet undiscovered below ground archaeological assets from all archaeological periods (CgMs 2014). A summary of the findings from this report is presented below.

1.7 The HER records undiagnostic prehistoric struck flints c. 2km south-west of the site (HER 12878). Aerial photography revealed a circular cropmark (HER 11578), thought to date from the late Neolithic to early Bronze Age based on typological characteristics, 1.5km to the north-west of the site. An evaluation in the same area recorded undated features of likely prehistoric date (HER 27985), with a further ditch (HER 27985) containing Late Iron Age/Roman pottery.

1.8 The site lies c. 2.5km east of the Alchester to Dorchester Roman road and c. 3km south of Akeman Way (the modern A41). Although not confirmed, the projected route of a 1st-century Roman road, probably associated with the Roman fort at Alchester, may pass close western edge of the site. The site of the Roman town of Alchester lies c. 3.5km to the north-west. An evaluation at Springfield Farm (HER 28169) c. 2.2km to the north-east of the site, recorded Roman ditches, with a further Roman find spot of a Roman coin and pottery sherd identified c. 1.2km north-west of the site (HER 1807). Two Roman coins were also found within c. 1.7km and 2km north-west of the site (Portable Antiquities Scheme ref: SUR-8F3B46 and SUR- 8F66A4).

1.9 Approximately 2.2km north-west of the site, a watching brief and excavation revealed Late Iron Age/Roman ditches, two possible Iron Age roundhouses and cremations (HER 27985); Saxon material was also recovered from a ditch cutting these features. A sherd and whetstone of medieval date were found c. 1.6km to the north-west of the site (HER 9556). Medieval/post-medieval ridge and furrow has been recorded nearby at Home Farm and Springfield Farm.

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1.10 Map regression indicates that the site was open land from at least 1814, when the Ordnance Survey shows the site as lying within Arncott Common Field and probably under ridge and furrow cultivation. Subsequent mapping shows various sub-divisions and boundary removals within the field during the modern period.

1.11 A geophysical survey undertaken by GSB prospection Ltd did not identify any features of definitive archaeological interest, although parallel anomalies of uncertain origin were identified. Anomalies interpreted as indicating ridge and furrow cultivation were identified across the site, with evidence of field drains detected in both survey areas as well as a pipe located in the north (GSB 2014).

Archaeological objectives 1.12 The objectives of the evaluation, as stated in the WSIs (CA 2014a and b) were to provide information about the archaeological resource within the site, including its presence/absence, character, extent, date, integrity, state of preservation and quality, in accordance with the Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Field Evaluation (IfA 2009). This information will enable Cherwell District Council, as advised by OCAS, to identify and assess the particular significance of any heritage asset, consider the impact of the proposed development upon it, and to avoid or minimise conflict between the heritage asset’s conservation and any aspect of the development proposal, in line with the National Planning Policy Framework (DCLG 2012).

1.13 The specific objectives relating to the subsequent archaeological investigations were to determine if the ditches encountered during the initial evaluation phase are the side ditches of a Roman road leading south-east from the Roman town of Alchester. The projected route of the road passes along the western boundary of the site.

1.14 The specific research aims of the project, based on those outlined for the Roman period in Solent Thames Research Framework Resource Assessment: The Roman Period (Fulford 2010) and Solent Thames Research Agenda: The Roman Period (Fulford and Allen 2010) were to:

• investigate the nature and character of the archaeological remains to determine if they are the side ditches of a Roman road or had some other function;

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• to determine the nature and character of the remains if it is demonstrated that they are not associated with a Roman road; • seek to identify evidence for any buildings or other structures that may relate to Roman habitation and activity, including any industrial or agricultural processes that may have been undertaken within the site; • identify, through a programme of environmental sampling and the collection of ecofacts, any activities that may have been carried out in the vicinity of the site in order to determine the function of the ditches and the general nature of the environment immediately surrounding the site.

Methodology 1.15 The initial evaluation comprised the excavation of sixteen 30m trenches (Trenches 1-16), in the locations shown in Figure 2. Following on-site discussions between CgMs and OCAS, four additional trenches were excavated in the south-western part of the site (Trenches 17-20, Figs. 2 and 3) to determine if the ditches identified in this area were associated with the projected route of a 1st-century Roman road. Trenches 17 and 18 measured 30m by 4m, whilst Trenches 19 and 20 measured 30m by 1.8m. Trenches were set out on OS National Grid (NGR) co-ordinates using Leica GPS and surveyed in accordance with CA Technical Manual 4: Survey Manual (2012).

1.16 The trenches were excavated using a mechanical excavator fitted with a 1.8m wide toothless grading bucket. All machine excavation was undertaken under constant archaeological supervision, to the top of the first significant archaeological horizon or the geological substrate, whichever was encountered first. Where archaeological deposits were encountered they were excavated by hand in accordance with CA Technical Manual 1: Fieldwork Recording Manual (2013). All artefacts recovered were processed in accordance with Technical Manual 3: Treatment of Finds Immediately After Excavation (CA 1995).

1.17 Deposits were assessed for their palaeoenvironmental potential in accordance with Environmental Archaeology: A Guide to the Theory and Practice of Methods, from sampling and recovery to post-excavation (English Heritage 2011) and CA Technical Manual 2: The Taking and Processing of Environmental and Other Samples from Archaeological Sites (CA 2003). Six soil samples were taken from selected Roman deposits.

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1.18 The archive and artefacts from the evaluation are currently held by CA at their offices in Milton Keynes. Subject to the agreement of the legal landowner the artefacts will be deposited with the Oxfordshire County Museum Service under accession number OXCMS: 2014.201, along with the site archive. A summary of information from this project, set out within Appendix C, will be entered onto the OASIS online database of archaeological projects in Britain.

2. RESULTS

Summary 2.1 The remains of a Romano-British ditch system dating to the mid 1st to 2nd centuries AD, elements of which roughly corresponded with anomalies detected by the geophysical survey undertaken by GSB (2014), were encountered in Trenches 8- 10, 12, 15 and 17-20 (Figs. 2 and 3). The ditch system is probably the remains of a small farming settlement on the banks of the River Ray; no evidence was found for the postulated route of the Roman road in this area. Other features comprised three undated ditches in Trenches 14 and 16 and furrows in Trenches 1, 2, 8 and 12. No archaeological features were encountered in Trenches 3-7, 11 and 13. Details of the contexts and features recorded by the evaluation and subsequent investigation are presented in Appendix A.

General stratigraphy 2.2 The geological substrate generally comprised orangey or yellowish-brown clay with occasional manganese flecks. In the trenches in the south-west part of the site a thin, intermittent layer of purplish-grey silty clay was recorded (1702, 1902 and 2002); this deposit, which overlay the clay substrate and was cut by the archaeological features, was probably formed by natural processes. The surface of the geological substrate was also marked by irregular, shallow hollows, probably formed by tree roots. Subsoil was only encountered in the northern part of the site, where it had an average thickness of c. 0.2m and comprised mid brown silty clay. The overlying topsoil, which was mid greyish-brown clayey silt, was c. 0.25m thick. The site was poorly drained and numerous land drains were noted in most of the trenches.

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Late Iron Age/Roman Trench 8 2.3 The earliest feature in Trench 8 was a linear ditch, 804, that passed through its south-western end on an east to west alignment. It had a steep-sided concave profile, measured 0.75m wide by 0.33m deep and its fill contained a sherd of Iron Age pottery (Fig. 5). It was cut by ditch 802, which extended down the length of the trench on a north-east to south-west alignment, had a shallow concave profile and measured 0.5m wide by 0.09m deep. At the north-east end of the trench ditch 802 was cut by ditch 806, which measured 1.1m wide by 0.40m deep and its fill, 807, contained a sherd of Roman greyware.

Trench 9 2.4 At the south-east end of the trench was ditch 903, which was aligned east to west and measured 0.85m wide by 0.12m deep. A sherd of Roman pottery was recovered from its fill, 904. Approximately 4m to the south, ditch 905 passed through the trench on a north-east to south-west alignment; this was 0.7m wide and 0.30m deep (Fig. 6).

Trench 10 2.5 At the north-east end of the trench were two parallel, intercutting ditches, 1001 and 1004 (Fig. 7). They were on a north-north-west to south-south-east alignment and corresponded with a geophysical anomaly shown on the geophysical survey results. The earlier ditch, 1001, had a steep-sided V-shaped profile and measured at least 1.0m wide by 0.60m deep. Its south-west side had largely been truncated by ditch 1004, presumably a recut of the ditch, which was wider and deeper, measuring c. 3.0m wide by 0.92m deep. Sherds of 1st to 2nd-century pottery and fragments of fired clay and ceramic building material (brick/tile) were recovered from the fills of both ditches.

2.6 In the centre of the trench and on a more north-westerly alignment were two ditch- like features, 1011 and 1013. They were not identified in Trench 19 immediately to the north and it is likely that they were thin layers of naturally deposited silty clay or were formed by tree roots, similar to features investigated in Trenches 17 and 20 (see para. 2.2). However, sherds of Roman pottery, a fragment of lead sheet and Roman roof tilel were recovered from their surfaces.

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Trench 12 2.7 Two pits were identified within this trench, 1204 and 1206, both of which contained sherds of 1st to 2nd-century pottery. Pit 1204 was oval in plan and measured 0.93m long by 0.55m wide by 0.06m deep; pit 1206, which was located c. 5m to the south, was more circular in plan, with a diameter of c. 0.7m and a depth of 0.30m.

Trench 17 2.8 A continuation of ditches 1001 and 1004, investigated in Trench 10, was recorded at the north-east end of the trench. The ditch continued to the north-west and was also recorded in Trench 18 (see para. 2.11). The earlier ditch, 1716, was aligned north-north-west to south-south-east and corresponded with a geophysical anomaly shown on the survey results. It had moderately steep sides and a flat base and measured 1.9m wide by 0.44m deep (Fig. 9). Cutting along its north-east edge was ditch 1719, which was 0.55m wide and 0.10m deep.

2.9 At the south-west end of the trench were two parallel ditches, 1707 and 1710, on a north-west to south-east alignment and spaced c. 2m apart. They had similar dimensions, measuring c. 1.0m wide by 0.25m deep.

2.10 In the centre of the trench were two shallow features, 1703 and 1705, possibly a slot or elongated pit, 1703, and a pit, 1705. The earlier of the two features, 1705, had a shallow irregular profile and it is possible that it was formed by natural processes (e.g. tree roots). The slot, 1703, was more substantial, had a shallow concave profile and measured 4.5m long by 0.7m wide by 0.11m deep.

Trench 18 2.11 Passing through the trench on a roughly north-west to south-east alignment were five linear ditches of varying sizes. Near the centre of the trench was ditch 1821, which had steep, near vertical sides that broke sharply on to a roughly flat, but uneven base and measured 3.1m wide by 0.69m deep. This ditch is the southwards continuation of ditch 1001 in Trench 10, although no recut was noted.

2.12 Approximately 2m to the south-west was ditch 1828, a small ditch with a shallow concave profile measuring 0.6m wide by 0.15m deep. This bordered a larger ditch, 1811, that had a steep-sided, V-shaped profile and measured 2.0m wide by 0.54m deep.

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2.13 At the south-west end of the trench were two further ditches, 1817 and 1819, which were spaced c. 1.5m apart. They had similar V-shaped profiles and measured up to 1.5m wide by 0.50m deep.

2.14 There were three pits in the centre of the trench, 1803, 1809 and 1825. Circular pit 1803 had a diameter of c. 1.35m, a depth of 0.33m and near vertical sides and a broad flat base (Fig. 10). Its basal fill, 1804, contained sherds of mid to late 1st- century pottery. Pit 1809, the eastern end of which was truncated by ditch 1811, measured 0.7m long by 0.5m wide by 0.32m deep; there was no artefactual dating evidence in its fill, but it likely to be Roman in date. The largest of the three pits, 1825, which cut the south-west edge of ditch 1821, had a diameter of 1.4m and was 0.48m deep; sherds of Romano-British pottery were recovered from its upper fill, 1827.

Trench 19 2.15 At the eastern end of the trench was ditch 1903, which was aligned north-west to south-east, measured 0.6m wide by 0.30m deep and had a steep-sided, U-shaped profile (Fig. 11). It was cut by ditch 1906, which cut it at right angles and then appeared to turn sharply to the north-west at the south-west end of the trench. There was no artefactual dating evidence in the excavated fills of the ditches, but their proximity to dated features to the east suggests that they are of a similar date.

Trench 20 2.16 Near the centre of the trench was ditch 2005, which was aligned north-west to south-east and measured 0.9m wide by 0.28m deep. To the west was a slightly sinuous ditch, 2003, which was on a roughly east to west alignment. It had a shallow concave profile and was between 0.8m and 1.3m wide and up to 0.20m deep (Fig. 12). There was no artefactual dating evidence in the excavated fills of the ditches, but their proximity to dated features to the east suggests that they are of a similar date.

Medieval/post-medieval furrows Trenches 1, 2, 8 and 12 2.17 The remains of medieval/post-medieval plough furrows were recorded in the southern field, in Trenches 1, 2 and 8. The furrows, which were aligned north-west to south-east and were spaced c. 8m apart, corresponded with a series of parallel,

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linear anomalies shown on the geophysical survey plot in this part of the site. A possible furrow was also recorded in Trench 12 in the northern field.

Undated features Trench 14 2.18 Passing through the south-eastern end of the trench on a north-east to south west alignment was ditch 1402. It had a shallow concave profile and measured 0.55m wide by 0.13m deep.

Trench 16 2.19 Two parallel ditches, spaced c. 5m apart and aligned north to south, passed through the centre and south-east half of the trench. Ditch 1603 measured 1.3m wide by 0.43m deep and had a splayed, V-shaped profile (Fig. 8); ditch 1607 was less substantial, measuring 0.9m wide by 0.18m deep.

The finds by Jacky Somerville Pottery 2.20 Pottery totalling 421 sherds, with a total weight of 4348g, was recorded in 34 separate deposits. Of these, 73 sherds, weighing 44g, were recovered from bulk soil sampling of four deposits and the remainder were hand-recovered. The pottery was sorted by fabric type and codings for Roman fabrics, where possible, correspond to those defined in the National Roman Fabric Reference Collection (Tomber and Dore 1998). Sherd count and weight were recorded for each context, in addition to vessel form and rim EVEs (Estimated Vessel Equivalents), where these could be determined (see Appendix B, Tables 1 and 2).

Assemblage composition 2.21 The majority of the pottery was of probable local manufacture. Continental imports amongst the Roman assemblage consisted of two sherds of samian (1%) and five of North Gaulish White ware (4%).

Late Prehistoric 2.22 A single unfeatured bodysherd in a hand-made, thick-walled, quartz sand-tempered fabric from ditch fill 805 is considered to be of Iron Age date, on the basis of fabric and firing characteristics.

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Late Iron Age/Early Roman ‘Transitional’ 2.23 The largest portion of the pottery consists of ‘transitional’ (Late Iron Age to Early Roman) types made up of wheelthrown, grog-tempered and grog-and-quartz tempered fabrics. This grouping, recorded from 22 deposits, amounts to 279 sherds (2605g), which includes 71 sherds from bulk soil sampling of ditch fills 1002 and 1005.

2.24 Decoration, where present, mostly took the form of scored horizontal bands but one bodysherd from ditch fill 1712 displayed a row of shell or twig impressions between two horizontal grooves. Identifiable forms include: necked jars and bowls from ditch fills 1002, 1008 1009, 1207 and 2006, and pit fill 1207; large storage jars from ditch fills 1008, 1013 and 1717; a platter from ditch fill 1013; and a carinated cup from ditch fill 1008. Of the 279 sherds, 63 were in a fine ‘Belgic’ type grog-tempered fabric, including: rimsherds from necked jars from pit fill 1804, and ditch fills 1907 and 2004; and two joining bodysherds from a butt beaker copy which displayed lightly scored lattice decoration from ditch fill 1005. Ditch fill 1002 produced a rimsherd from a necked jar or bowl in a fine ‘Belgic’ type grog-and-quartz tempered fabric.

2.25 In addition to transitional types, which are typical of material produced in this locality during this period, there were small quantities of continental types present which share a similar date range.

2.26 Ditch fill 1008 produced five bodysherds, most likely from butt beakers of CAM 113 type, in North Gaulish White ware (NOG WH3). This type of pottery is dateable to the early to mid 1st century (Stead and Rigby 1989).

2.27 A single rimsherd, probably from a Drag. 29 bowl, in south Gaulish samian (LGF SA) was also recorded in ditch fill 1008. Samian from this production centre was exported to Britain from the mid 1st to early 2nd centuries and the Drag. 29 form is dateable to the 1st century (Webster 1996, 2–3; 40).

2.28 A small group of unfeatured bodysherds (eight sherds from ditch fills 1009, 1013 and 1815) occurs in a coarse grog-tempered fabric, which closely resembles Savernake Grog-tempered ware, a type which was manufactured in Wiltshire from the mid 1st to early 2nd centuries. Ditch fill 1823 produced a total of five sherds in a finer grog-tempered greyware, which included joining rimsherds from a jar or small

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bowl with a necked or everted rim. Both of the grey-firing, grog-tempered fabrics are likely to be local in origin, but contemporary with Savernake wares (Timby 2004, 296).

Roman 2.29 The bulk of the remainder of the pottery comprises reduced and other coarsewares for which dating after the late 1st century is probable. Also recovered was a bodysherd of central Gaulish samian from ditch fill 1816, which is 2nd century in date (Webster 1996, 2–3).

2.30 A total of six sherds in a black-firing, sand-tempered fabric was recovered from three deposits, including a rimsherd from a jar or bowl with a flat rim from ditch fill 1009.

2.31 Five deposits produced a total of 11 sherds of whiteware, of probable Oxford origin (OXF WH). Included were: ring-necked flagons, of early 2nd to mid 3rd century date; and a (Young) Type 33 necked jar, which is broadly Roman in date, all from ditch fill 1009; a base sherd from a mortarium from ditch fill 1013, dating to the early 2nd to 4th centuries (Young 1977, 101; 61–8); and a bowl or jar with a flat rim from ditch fill 2004.

2.32 Pottery of broad Romano-British date comprises: 62 sherds of greywares (see Table 1); 34 sherds in oxidised fabrics; four bodysherds in a buff-firing fabric; and four in a vesicular fabric. Forms represented by greyware fabrics include: necked jars from ditch fills 1009 and 1718, and pit fill 1207; and a flat rim dish from ditch fill 1013. Vessels in oxidised fabrics include: a beaker with a cornice rim from ditch fill 1009; and necked jars from ditch fills 1011, 1013 and 1718.

Ceramic building material 2.33 Ceramic building material of Roman date totalling 35 fragments (28 of which were recovered from bulk soil sampling of ditch fill 1002), weighing a total of 510g, was recorded in five deposits. Those which were sufficiently complete for further classification were tegula from ditch fill 1013 and other tile from ditch fill 1009.

2.34 Modern ceramic building material consisted of a fragment of Gault tile, recovered as an intrusive find from ditch fill 1816.

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Fired/burnt clay 2.35 A total of 75 fragments of fired/burnt clay, with a total weight of 208g, was recorded in 15 deposits. Of these, 58 were very small fragments recovered from bulk soil sampling of ditch fills 1002, 1005 and 1718, and pit fill 1804. The majority of fragments were orange in colour and several featured dark grey areas indicating incomplete oxidation. Fabric in all cases was soft with quartz-sand inclusions. All fragments were amorphous and no surfaces were preserved which might have suggested a function.

Lead alloy 2.36 A fragment of sheet lead alloy, of uncertain date and function, was recovered from ditch fill 1013.

Worked flint 2.37 A single flint tool was recovered from 1712. It was a notched flake, made on good quality pebble flint, with the notch formed from fine, irregular, semi-abrupt retouch on the dorsal distal edge. This is not a diagnostic tool type, so is only broadly dateable to the prehistoric period.

The faunal remains by Andy Clarke 2.38 A small assemblage of animal bones (67 fragments; 1121g) were recovered from Roman features within the site. For the purpose of this report, the bones were identified to species and skeletal element using an osteological reference collection (Cotswold Archaeology Ltd) as well as standard reference literature (Schmid 1972, Hillson 1996), and quantified by fragment count and weight. The bones were well- preserved but highly fragmentary having suffered from both historical and modern damage, rendering 67% of the assemblage unidentifiable beyond the level of ‘large mammal’ or ‘medium mammal’. Where modern breakage was observed and re- fitting was possible, those fragments were recorded as a single bone. The dating of the material is based on the preliminary phasing of the features, determined from the spot-dating of the finds. Any material not confidently phased is not discussed beyond the details set out in Appendix B, Table 3.

2.39 A total of 23 (721g) fragments of animal bone were recovered from 11 features in association with artefacts dating to the Roman period. The remains of cattle ( Bos taurus ) were identified from both meat-rich and meat-poor skeletal elements.

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Sheep/goat ( Ovis aries/Capra hircus ) remains were also present, identified only from meat-poor elements such as loose teeth and lower limb fragments.

2.40 These are common and expected species in assemblages of this period. In this case, as the amount of identifiable bone recovered is so low there is little to infer beyond confirming the presence of these two species on site. However, the assemblage displays a high level of historical fragmentation suggesting that carcasses were processed intensively not only for meat, but also for the extraction of bone marrow.

2.41 Although no physical remains were identified, the presence of dogs ( Canis familiaris ) is inferred from evidence of gnawing seen throughout the assemblage.

2.42 Bulk soil samples produced a further 95 fragments (31g) of bone, none of which was identifiable to species level.

Palaeoenvironmental evidence by Sarah Cobain 2.43 Six environmental bulk soil samples (105 litres of soil) were retrieved from six Roman deposits with the intention of recovering evidence of industrial, agricultural or domestic activity associated with the Roman settlement. The samples were processed by standard flotation procedures ( Technical Manual 2: The Taking and Processing of Environmental and Other Samples from Archaeological Sites, CA 2003). The full results are presented in Appendix B, Tables 4 and 5.

Roman 2.44 Ditches 1004 (Sample 1), 1001 (Sample 2), 1811 (Sample 4) and 1716 (Sample 6) and pit 1803 (Sample 5) all contained very small quantities of poorly-preserved charred cereal remains, including barley ( Hordeum vulgare ), wheat species (Triticum ) and spelt wheat ( Triticum spelta ) grains and small quantities of charcoal including alder/hazel ( Alnus glutinosa/Corylus avellana ), oak ( Quercus ), ash (Fraxinus excelsior ), hawthorn/rowan/crab apple ( Crataegus monogyna/Sorbus/Malus sylvestris ), cherry species ( Prunus ) and willow/poplar (Salix/Populus ). The assemblage is too small to ascertain whether crop processing or domestic food production was taking place on site and it is likely that much of the material derives from wind-blown hearth debris.

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Undated 2.45 Sample 3 was retrieved from fill 1608 within ditch 1607. No charred plant remains or identifiable charcoal was recovered and as a result no interpretation of activities being undertaken on site can be deduced.

3. DISCUSSION

3.1 The evaluation was successful in confirming an area of significant archaeology in the south-western part of the site, comprising an early Romano-British ditch system that was probably associated with a small farming settlement on the south bank of the River Ray. It has been suggested that the route of an early Roman road leading south from the 1st-century Roman fort at Alchester may pass along the western boundary of the site, although no evidence for this was revealed by the current investigation. Pottery from the features indicates that the settlement was probably established around the mid 1st century AD and that it was abandoned in the 2nd century AD. A single sherd of Iron Age pottery from one of the features suggests some activity within the vicinity prior to the establishment of the Roman settlement. Three undated ditches in the northern part of the site are likely to be Roman in date, although this cannot be substantiated due to the lack of finds in this area. Other features comprised the remnants of medieval/post-medieval furrows, predominantly in the southern field, and numerous modern land drains.

3.2 The more substantial Roman features broadly correspond with geophysical anomalies detected by a survey of the site undertaken by GSB (2014), although in a number of instances there was only an approximate correlation with the geophysical survey results, possibly due to the character of the geology. This low responsiveness of some features to geophysical survey techniques limits understanding of the layout of the settlement. Many of the anomalies were confirmed as geological in origin and several features were identified that were not detected by the geophysical survey.

Roman (AD 43 – AD 410)

3.3 The site is situated on level ground at the edge of the floodplain of the River Ray, approximately 3.5km to the south-east of the site of the Roman small town of Alchester and close to a network of major Roman roads. Akeman Way, which ran east-west between Alchester and St Albans ( Verulamium ), lies 3km to the north (the

16 © Cotswold Archaeology Brook Farm, Lower Arncott, Oxfordshire: Archaeological Evaluation and Investigation

modern A41) and the route of the Alchester to Dorchester Roman road lies 2.5km to the west (Margary, 1973). It has been suggested that the projected line of a Roman road leading south from the 1st-century fort at Alchester may run along the western boundary of the site. Although no evidence for the road was forthcoming from the investigation, it is interesting to note that the date of the pottery from the settlement roughly correlates with the period when such a road may have been in use.

3.4 A number of small Romano-British settlements have been identified in the vicinity of the site. An evaluation at Springfield Farm, c. 2km to the north-east of the site, recorded Roman ditches and probable field boundaries remote from the settlement (HER 28169; Oxford Archaeology, 2013; CgMs 2014). Evidence from the current evaluation combined with previous fieldwork indicates that the area around Lower Arncott was populated with several small low-status settlements with associated field systems, in an area remote from known areas of activity around Alchester and the surrounding Roman roads. The current site fits into this general pattern of settlement.

3.5 From the excavated evidence it is not possible to determine the layout of the settlement or to establish the function of the ditches, other than to state that they are generally associated with a small Roman settlement. The geophysical survey only detected two parallel ditches associated with the settlement, so add little to the understanding of the site. Given that many of the ditches are parallel (generally on a north-west to south-east axis), it is possibly that they demarcate tracks leading from the settlement towards the river, but no evidence of wheel ruts or metalling was identified to substantiate this interpretation.

3.6 The presence of Roman roof tile on the site indicates that there was a Roman building nearby, although no evidence for its foundations were encountered within the area investigated. No stone rubble was noted on the site, so the building may have been of timber construction with a tiled roof.

3.7 Environmental samples were recovered from five Roman deposits and an undated ditch that may have been a Roman field or track boundary. Small quantities of poorly-preserved charred cereal remains and charcoal were recovered from the confirmed Roman deposits, but this material is likely to have derived from wind- blown hearth debris.

17 © Cotswold Archaeology Brook Farm, Lower Arncott, Oxfordshire: Archaeological Evaluation and Investigation

3.8 A small assemblage of animal bone was recovered from Roman deposits, predominately bones from cattle and sheep/goat, which are typically recovered from settlements of this period. The small size of the assemblage precludes any statement on the animal husbandry practices being practiced at the settlement, but the bone did display a high level of historical fragmentation, suggesting that carcasses were processed intensively not only for meat, but also for the extraction of bone marrow. Gnaw marks were noted throughout the assemblage, indicating the presence of dogs at the settlement.

Medieval/post-medieval 3.9 Furrow bases, the remains of a medieval/post-medieval open field system, were recorded in the southern field and several furrows were recorded in the northern field, although they were less evident there. They were aligned north-west to south- east and were spaced approximately 8m apart; no evidence for headlands was noted. They correspond with a series of parallel linear anomalies shown on the geophysical survey results (GSB 2014).

4. CA PROJECT TEAM

4.1 The fieldwork was undertaken by James Coyne and Peter James, assisted by Dan Riley, Emily Evans, Dan Wojcik, Kostas Papagiannakis and Rob Scott. The report was written by Simon Carlyle, with contributions from Jacky Somerville, Andy Clarke and Sarah Cobain, and the illustrations were prepared by Rosanna Price. The archive has been compiled by James Coyne and prepared for deposition by Emily Evans. The project was managed for CA by Simon Carlyle.

5. REFERENCES

BGS (British Geological Survey) 2014 Geology of Britain Viewer http://mapapps.bgs.ac.uk/geologyofbritain/home.html Accessed 9 September 2014

CgMs (CgMs Consulting) 2014 Land at Brook Farm, Arncott, Oxfordshire, Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment, report MS/CB/16363

GSB (GSB Prospection Ltd) 2014 Land at Brook Farm, Arncott, Oxfordshire, Geophysical Survey Report, G1467

18 © Cotswold Archaeology Brook Farm, Lower Arncott, Oxfordshire: Archaeological Evaluation and Investigation

Hands, A R and Cotswold Archaeology 2004 The Romano-British Roadside Settlement at Wilcote, Oxfordshire III: Excavations 1997-2000 , BAR British Series 370 , Oxford, Hadrian Books Ltd

Hillson, S, 1996 Mammal bones and teeth: An introductory guide to methods of identification, London, The Institute of Archaeology, University of London

Margary, I D, 1973 Roman Roads in Britain , 3rd edition, London, John Baker

OCAS (Oxfordshire County Archaeological Services) 2014 Murcott Road, Upper Arncott: Design Brief for Archaeological Field Evaluation , unpublished document

Oxford Archaeology, 2013 Land at Springfields Farm, Ambrosden: Archaeological Evaluation , unpublished report

Schmid, E, 1972 Atlas of animal bones: For prehistorians, archaeologists and quaternary geologists, Amsterdam, Elsevier Publishing Company

Stead, I M, and Rigby, V, 1989 Verulamium: The King Harry lane Site London , English Heritage Report 12 , English Heritage/British Museum Publications

Timby, J, 2004 ‘The Pottery: Coarsewares’ in A R Hands and Cotswold Archaeology, 2004, 295–9

Tomber, R, and Dore, J, 1998 The National Roman Fabric Reference Collection: A Handbook , MoLAS Monograph 2, London

Webster, P, 1996 Roman Samian Pottery in Britain , Practical Handbook in Archaeology, 13

Young, C J, 1977 Oxfordshire Roman Pottery , British Archaeological Reports 43 , Oxford

19 © Cotswold Archaeology Brook Farm, Lower Arncott, Oxfordshire: Archaeological Evaluation and Investigation

APPENDIX A: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS

Context Type Description L W D/ T Spot date (m) (m) (m) Trench 1 100 Topsoil Soft mid greyish-brown silty clay with occ. pebbles - - 0.24 101 Geology Mid brownish-orange firm sandy clay - - - 102 Furrow Linear cut, aligned NW-SE. Unexcavated 1.8+ 2.2 n.e. Medieval/ post-med 103 Fill of 102 Soft mid brown silty clay with occ. pebbles - - n.e. 104 Furrow Linear cut, aligned NW-SE. Unexcavated 1.8+ 3.1 n.e. Medieval/ post-med 105 Fill of 104 Soft mid brown silty clay with occ. pebbles - - n.e. Trench 2 200 Topsoil Soft mid greyish-brown silty clay with occ. pebbles - - 0.46 201 Geology Mid brownish-orange firm sandy clay - - - 202 Furrow Linear cut, aligned NW-SE 1.8+ 2.2 0.22 Medieval/ post-med 203 Fill of 202 Soft mid brown silty clay with occ. pebbles - - 0.22 204 Furrow Linear cut, aligned NW-SE. Unexcavated 1.8+ 1.7 n.e. Medieval/ post-med 205 Fill of 204 Soft mid brown silty clay with occ. pebbles - - n.e. Trench 3 300 Topsoil Soft mid greyish-brown silty clay with occ. pebbles - - 0.30 301 Subsoil Soft mid brown silty clay - - 0.19 302 Geology Mid brownish-grey compact clay - - - Trench 4 400 Topsoil Soft mid greyish-brown silty clay with occ. pebbles - - 0.36 401 Subsoil Soft mid brown silty clay - - 0.16 402 Geology Mid brownish-grey compact clay - - - Trench 5 500 Topsoil Soft mid greyish-brown silty clay with occ. pebbles - - 0.26 501 Subsoil Soft mid brown silty clay - - 0.22 502 Geology Mid brownish-grey compact clay - - - Trench 6 600 Topsoil Soft mid greyish-brown silty clay with occ. pebbles - - 0.30 601 Geology Mid greyish-brown compact clay - - - Trench 7 700 Topsoil Soft mid greyish-brown silty clay with occ. pebbles - - 0.30 701 Geology Mid brownish-orange sandy clay - - - Trench 8 800 Topsoil Soft mid greyish-brown silty clay with occ. pebbles - - 0.31 801 Geology Mid orangey-brown sandy clay with freq. flint pebbles - - - and patches of mid yellowish-brown clay 802 Ditch Linear cut, aligned NE-SW, moderately steep sides 30.0+ 0.5 0.09 RB? and a concave base, cuts 805, cut by 806 803 Fill of 802 Soft mid greyish-brown mottled silty clay with mod. - - 0.09 pebbles 804 Ditch Linear cut, aligned E-W, steep sides and a concave 1.8+ 0.75 0.33 LIA base, cut by 802 805 Fill of 804 Soft mid greyish-brown mottled silty clay with mod. - - 0.33 pebbles 806 Ditch Linear cut, aligned E-W, moderately steep sides and a 1.8+ 1.1 0.40 RB flat, uneven base, cuts 803 807 Fill of 806 Soft mid bluish-grey mottled silty clay with mod. - - 0.40 pebbles Trench 9

20 © Cotswold Archaeology Brook Farm, Lower Arncott, Oxfordshire: Archaeological Evaluation and Investigation

Context Type Description L W D/ T Spot date (m) (m) (m) 900 Topsoil Soft mid greyish-brown silty clay with occ. pebbles - - 0.35 901 Subsoil Soft mid brown silty clay - - 0.34 902 Geology Mid brownish-orange compact sandy clay - - - 903 Ditch Shallow, linear cut, aligned NE-SW, steep sides and a 1.8+ 0.85 0.12 RB concave base 904 Fill of 903 Soft mid greyish-brown mottled silty clay with mod. - - 0.12 pebbles 905 Ditch Linear cut, aligned E-W, mod. steep sides and a 1.8+ 0.70 0.30 RB? concave base 906 Fill of 903 Soft mid greyish-brown mottled silty clay with mod. - - 0.30 pebbles Trench 10 1000 Topsoil Soft mid brownish-grey silty clay with occ. pebbles - - 0.23 1001 Ditch Linear cut, aligned NW-SE, steep-sided V-shaped 2.0+ 1.0 0.60 profile with a flat base, SW side largely truncated by 1004 1002 Fill of 1001 Firm mid bluish-grey silty clay, basal fill - - 0.14 1003 Fill of 1001 Firm light yellowish-grey silty clay - - 0.15 1004 Ditch Linear cut, aligned NW-SE, steep-sided V-shaped 2.0+ 3.0 0.90 EC1-C2 profile with a flat base, SW side largely truncated by 1004 1005 Fill of 1004 Soft light yellowish-grey clay - - 0.09 1006 Fill of 1004 Firm light greyish-blue silty clay - - 0.12 1007 Fill of 1004 Firm dark greyish-brown silty clay - - 0.10 1008 Fill of 1004 Firm mid greyish-blue clay - - 0.17 1009 Fill of 1004 Firm dark greyish-blue clay - - 0.46 1010 Ditch? Possible linear cut, aligned NW-SE, not excavated, 2.0+ 3.0 n.e. RB pottery sherds and CBM collected from surface 1011 Fill of 1010 Firm mid greyish-blue clay - - n.e. 1012 Ditch? Possible linear cut, aligned NW-SE, not excavated 2.0+ 4.0 n.e. 1013 Fill of 1012 Firm mid greyish-blue clay, pottery sherds and CBM - - n.e. C2 collected from surface 1014 Geology Mid yellowish-brown clay - - - Trench 11 1100 Topsoil Soft mid brownish-grey silty clay with occ. pebbles - - 0.26 1101 Geology Mid yellowish-brown clay - - - Trench 12 1200 Topsoil Soft mid brownish-grey silty clay with occ. pebbles - - 0.30 1201 Geology Mid yellowish-brown clay - - - 1202 Furrow Shallow linear cut, aligned NW-SE 1.8+ 1.2 0.08 Medieval/ post-med 1203 Fill of 1202 Soft mid brown silty clay with occ. pebbles - - 0.08 1204 Pit Oval cut, N side truncated by furrow 1202, shallow 0.93 0.55 0.06 C1+ concave profile 1205 Fill of 1204 Firm dark greyish-brown clay - - 0.06 1206 Pit Roughly circular cut, shallow concave profile 1.14 1.08 0.06 RB? 1207 Fill of 1206 Firm dark greyish-brown clay - - 0.06 Trench 13 1300 Topsoil Soft mid greyish-brown silty clay with occ. pebbles - - 0.32 1301 Subsoil Soft mid brown silty clay - - 0.17 1302 Geology Mid orangey-grey compact clay - - - Trench 14 1400 Topsoil Soft mid greyish-brown silty clay with occ. pebbles - - 0.28 1401 Geology Mid brownish-orange mottled sandy clay - - - 1402 Ditch Linear cut, aligned NE-SW, mod. steep sides and a 1.8+ 0.55 0.13 Undated concave base

21 © Cotswold Archaeology Brook Farm, Lower Arncott, Oxfordshire: Archaeological Evaluation and Investigation

Context Type Description L W D/ T Spot date (m) (m) (m) 1403 Fill of 1402 Soft mid greyish-brown mottled silty clay with mod. - - 0.13 pebbles Trench 15 1500 Topsoil Soft mid greyish-brown silty clay with occ. pebbles - - 0.26 1501 Subsoil Soft mid brown silty clay - - 0.16 1502 Geology Mid yellowish-brown compact clay - - - 1503 Ditch Linear cut, aligned N-S, shallow concave profile 2.0+ 0.56 0.09 C1 1504 Fill of 1503 Dark greyish-brown silty clay - - 0.09 Trench16 1600 Topsoil Soft mid greyish-brown silty clay with occ. pebbles - - 0.36 1601 Subsoil Soft mid brown silty clay - - 0.18 1602 Geology Mid yellowish-brown compact sandy clay - - - 1603 Ditch Linear cut, aligned N-S, splayed, V-shaped profile with 2.0+ 1.34 0.43 Undated a narrow concave base 1604 Fill of 1603 Firm mid yellowish-brown silty clay, basal fill - - 0.15 1605 Fill of 1603 Firm mid greyish-brown silty clay - - 0.16 1606 Fill of 1603 Firm dark greyish-brown clay, upper fill - - 0.16 1607 Ditch Linear cut, aligned N-S, shallow concave profile 2.0+ 0.90 0.18 Undated 1608 Fill of 1607 Firm mid-brownish-grey clay - - 0.18 Trench 17 1700 Topsoil Soft mid greyish-brown silty clay with occ. pebbles - - 0.15 1701 Geology Light orangey-brown mottled clay - - - 1702 Layer Mid to dark purplish-grey silty clay, probably of natural 4.0+ 3.2 0.04 formation 1703 Slot/pit? Short linear cut, aligned NE-SW, rounded terminals, 4.5 0.71 0.11 Undated shallow concave profile 1704 Fill of 1705 Firm mid brownish-grey silty clay - - 0.11 1705 Pit? Cut of possible ditch terminal, aligned NW-SE, SE end 1.6+ 0.66 0.14 Undated truncated by 1705, shallow irregular profile. Possibly of natural formation 1706 Fill of 1703 Firm mid brownish-grey clayey silt - - 0.14 1707 Ditch Linear cut, aligned NW-SE, mod. steep sides with a 4.0+ 1.0 0.25 RB concave base, slightly offset to SW, runs parallel and c. 1m to NE of ditch 1710 1708 Fill of 1707 Dark bluish-grey clay with lumps of orangey-brown - - 0.15 clay, basal fill 1709 Fill of 1707 Mid orangey-grey mottled clay, upper fill - - 0.13 1710 Ditch Linear cut, aligned NW-SE, mod. steep sides with a 4.0+ 0.95 0.20 C1 flat base, runs parallel and c. 1m to SW of ditch 1707, cuts 1702 1711 Fill of 1710 Dark bluish-grey clay, basal fill - - 0.06 1712 Fill of 1710 Mid greyish-brown mottled clay, upper fill - - 0.16 1713 - - - - - 1714 Tree bole Shallow irregular cut, no definable profile, one of a 1.1+ 0.8 0.04 number of similar features within the trench 1715 Fill of 1714 Mid yellowish-grey silty clay - - 0.04 1716 Ditch Linear cut, aligned NNW-SSE, mod. steep sides with a 4.0+ 1.85 0.44 LC1-C2 roughly flat base, cut by1719 1717 Fill of 1716 Firm mid bluish-grey silty clay with mod. charcoal - - 0.21 flecks, basal fill 1718 Fill of 1716 Firm, mottled mid bluish-grey silty clay with mod. - - 0.23 charcoal flecks, upper fill 1719 Ditch Linear cut, aligned NNW-SSE, shallow concave 4.0+ 0.55 0.10 profile, cuts 1718 1720 Fill of 1719 Firm mid yellowish-brown silty clay - - 0.10 Trench 18 1800 Topsoil Soft mid greyish-brown silty clay with occ. pebbles - - 0.14

22 © Cotswold Archaeology Brook Farm, Lower Arncott, Oxfordshire: Archaeological Evaluation and Investigation

Context Type Description L W D/ T Spot date (m) (m) (m) 1801 Geology Light orangey-brown mottled clay - - - 1802 Vegetation Mid bluish -grey silty clay, probably of natural - - - marks formation, intermittent patches throughout trench 1803 Pit Roughly circular cut, near vertical sides, broad flat 1.38 1.32 0.33 MC1-LC1 base 1804 Fill of 1803 Firm mid bluish-grey clay, basal fill - - 0.22 1805 Fill of 1803 Firm mid bluish-grey clay with orangey-brown mottles, - - 0.11 upper fill 1806 Ditch Linear cut, aligned NNW-SSE, steep-sided U-shaped 4.0+ 0.44 0.30 C1 profile, SW edge cut by 1811 1807 Fill of 1806 Firm mid bluish-grey clay, basal fill - - 0.16 1808 Fill of 1806 Mid yellowish-grey silty clay, upper fill - - 0.24 1809 Pit? Elongated oval cut, aligned NE-SW, NE end truncated 0.7 0.50 0.32 by ditch 1811, steep, near vertical sides and a concave base 1810 Fill of 1809 Firm mid bluish-grey silty clay - - 0.32 1811 Ditch Linear cut, aligned NNW-SSE, steep-sided V-shaped 4.0+ 2.0 0.54 C2 profile with concave base, cuts 1808 and 1810 1812 Fill of 1811 Firm mid yellowish-grey silty clay - - 0.20 1813 Fill of 1811 Firm dark grey silty clay - - 0.19 1814 Fill of 1811 Firm mid bluish-grey silty clay - - 0.48 1815 Fill of 1811 Light yellowish-grey sandy clay - - 0.30 1816 Fill of 1811 Firm mid bluish-grey silty clay - - 0.15 1817 Ditch Linear cut, aligned NW-SE, mod. steep-sided V- 4.0+ 1.5 0.50 MC2-LC2 shaped profile with concave base 1818 Fill of 1817 Firm mid bluish-grey clay with orangey-brown mottles - - 0.50 1819 Ditch Linear cut, aligned NW-SE, mod. steep-sided V- 4.0+ 1.0 0.31 shaped profile with narrow concave base, steeper gradient on NE slope 1820 Fill of 1817 Firm mid bluish-grey silty clay with occ. charcoal flecks - - 0.31 1821 Ditch Linear cut, aligned NNW-SSE, steep, near vertical 4.0+ 3.1 0.69 MC1-C2 sides breaking sharply on to an uneven, roughly flat base, cut by 1825 1822 Fill of 1821 Firm mid yellowish/bluish-grey clay - - 0.10 1823 Fill of 1821 Firm mid yellowish-grey silty clay - - 0.32 1824 Fill of 1821 Firm mid bluish-grey clayey silt - - 0.50 1825 Pit Roughly circular cut with mod. steep sides and flat 1.4 1.4 0.48 RB base, cuts 1824 1826 Fill of 1825 Firm mid yellowish/bluish-grey silty clay - - 0.06 1827 Fill of 1825 Firm mid bluish-grey clayey silt - - 0.48 1828 Ditch Linear cut, aligned NNW-SSE, shallow concave profile 4.0+ 0.6 0.15 1829 Fill of 1821 Firm mid bluish-grey clay with orangey-brown mottles - - 0.15 Trench 19 1900 Topsoil Soft mid greyish-brown silty clay with occ. pebbles - - 0.26 1901 Geology Light orangey-brown mottled clay - - - 1902 Layer Firm m id orangey-brown mottled clay, intermittent, - - 0.07 overlies geological substrate , cut by archaeology, probably of natural formation 1903 Ditch Linear cut, aligned NW-SE, steep-sided U-shaped 2.0+ 0.6 0.30 profile with a near flat base 1904 Fill of 1903 Firm mid greyish-orange mottled clay - - 0.10 C1 1905 Fill of 1903 Firm mid bluish-grey clay - - 0.20 1906 Ditch Linear ditch, aligned NE-SW, possibly curves sharply 1.7+ 0.89 0.26 EC1-MC1 to NW, mod. steep-sided concave profile, cuts 1905 1907 Fill of 1906 Firm mid bluish-grey clay - - 0.26 Trench 20 2000 Topsoil Soft mid greyish-brown silty clay with occ. pebbles - - 0.15 2001 Geology Light orangey-brown mottled clay - - -

23 © Cotswold Archaeology Brook Farm, Lower Arncott, Oxfordshire: Archaeological Evaluation and Investigation

Context Type Description L W D/ T Spot date (m) (m) (m) 2002 Layer Firm m id orangey-brown mottled clay, intermittent, - - 0.08 overlies geological substrate , cut by archaeology, probably of natural formation 2003 Ditch Roughly linear cut (slightly sinuous), aligned E-W, 8.5+ 1.3 0.20 shallow concave profile 2004 Fill of 2003 Firm mid bluish-grey mottled clay - - 0.20 2005 Ditch Linear cut, aligned NW-SE, near vertical sides 2.0+ 0.9 0.28 C1 breaking sharply on to a flat base 2006 Fill of 2005 Firm mid bluish-grey mottled clay, basal fill - - 0.26 2007 Fill of 2005 Firm mid brownish-orange mottled clay, upper fill - - 0.06

24 © Cotswold Archaeology Brook Farm, Lower Arncott, Oxfordshire: Archaeological Evaluation and Investigation

APPENDIX B: THE FINDS

Table 1: Pottery fabrics summary

Period Code Description Sherd Weight Count (g) IA QZ Quartz sand tempered 1 38 LIA/Early GT Grog-tempered 187 1801 Roman GTF Fine grog-tempered 63 473 ‘transitional’ GTQZ Grog with quartz 29 331 Roman BS Wheelthrown black-firing, sand tempered 6 30 BUF Buff firing fabric 4 29 GTGW Grog-tempered greyware 5 14 GTGWC Coarse grog-tempered greyware 8 275 (Savernake type) GW Greyware 14 166 GWC Coarse sandy greyware 3 29 GWF Fine greyware 22 269 GWOR Greyware with orange core 1 3 GWPA Greyware with pale core 18 123 GWYE Greyware with dark surfaces and yellowish 4 61 core OXF WH Oxford White ware 11 361 OXID Oxidised fabric 17 161 OXIDC Coarse sandy oxidised fabric 2 7 OXIDF Fine sandy oxidised fabric 15 66 VES Vesicular fabric 4 44 (Continental) LEZ SA 2 Central Gaulish (Lezoux) samian 1 10 LGF SA South Gaulish (La Graufesenque) samian 1 4 NOG WH3 North Gaulish White ware 3 5 53 Total 421 4348

Types in bold correspond to National Roman Fabric Reference codings (Tomber and Dore 1998)

25 © Cotswold Archaeology Brook Farm, Lower Arncott, Oxfordshire: Archaeological Evaluation and Investigation

Table 2: Quantification of pottery by context

Context Date Public Form Form Count Weight EVEs Comments fabric generic specific (g) 805 IA QZ 1 38 0 Up to 14mm thick 807 Roman OXIDF 1 2 0 904 Roman BUF 1 3 0 1002 LIA/Erom GT 8 88 0 1002 LIA/Erom GT 3 2 0 1002 LIA/Erom GTQZ 2 13 0 Horizontal grooved bands 1002 LIA/Erom GTQZ jar/bowl Necked 1 6 5 1002 Roman OXID 4 19 0 1002 Roman OXIDF 1 11 0 1005 LIA/Erom GT 1 22 0 1005 LIA/Erom GT 68 38 0 1005 LIA/Erom GTF 2 6 0 Lattice decoration - butt beaker copy 1005 LIA/Erom GTQZ 3 21 0 1007 LIA/Erom GT 6 66 0 1007 LIA/Erom GTF 2 13 0 1008 Roman BS 2 11 0 1008 LIA/Erom GT 6 58 0 1008 LIA/Erom GT 24 387 0 1008 LIA/Erom GT jar Necked 1 3 3 1008 LIA/Erom GT jar Necked 1 10 8 1008 LIA/Erom GT jar Large storage 1 18 3 1008 LIA/Erom GT jar Necked 1 21 3 1008 LIA/Erom GTQZ 3 28 0 Horizontal grooved bands 1008 LIA/Erom GTQZ jar Necked 1 10 9 1008 Roman GTQZ cup Carinated 1 9 10 1008 Roman GTQZ jar Necked 1 14 11 1008 Roman GW 2 21 0 1008 Roman GWOR 1 3 0 1008 Roman LGF SA bowl Drag. 29 1 4 6 1008 Roman NOG WH3 1 4 0 Rouletted, prob from a butt beaker of CAM 113 type 1008 Roman NOG WH3 4 49 0 Probably from a butt beaker of CAM 113 type 1009 Roman BS 2 9 0 1009 Roman BS jar/bowl Flat rim 1 8 5 1009 Roman BUF 3 26 0 1009 LIA/Erom GT jar Necked 1 3 7 1009 LIA/Erom GT 18 169 0 1009 Roman GTGWC 6 198 0

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1009 LIA/Erom GTQZ jar Necked 2 7 10 1009 LIA/Erom GTQZ 4 31 0 1009 Roman GW 7 69 0 1009 Roman GW jar Necked 1 7 6 1009 Roman GWC 1 6 0 1009 Roman GWF 1 2 0 1009 Roman GWF jar Necked 2 14 22 1009 Roman GWF jar Necked 1 19 8 1009 Roman GWF jar Necked 1 53 18 1009 Roman GWF jar Necked 3 89 26 1009 Roman GWF 2 16 0 Horizontal grooved bands 1009 Roman GWPA jar Necked 1 7 8 1009 Roman GWPA 3 19 0 1009 Roman OXF WH flagon 1 115 0 Neck sherd with handle, rim missing 1009 Roman OXF WH 2 6 0 1009 Roman OXF WH flagon Ring neck 1 7 0 1009 Roman OXF WH jar Necked Young 1 9 6 Type 33 1009 Roman OXID beaker Cornice rim 1 2 4 1009 Roman OXID 1 2 0 1011 Roman GWF 1 6 0 1011 Roman OXID jar Necked 1 7 3 1011 Roman OXIDC 1 4 0 1013 LIA/Erom GT 1 19 0 Deep horiz grooved bands 1013 LIA/Erom GT platter 1 10 3 1013 LIA/Erom GT 3 26 0 1013 LIA/Erom GT jar Large storage 1 103 7 1013 Roman GTGWC 1 59 0 1013 LIA/Erom GTQZ 2 31 0 1013 Roman GW dish Flat rim 1 45 12 1013 Roman GWPA 2 15 0 1013 Roman OXF WH 1 147 0 Mortarium base sherd 1013 Roman OXID jar Necked 2 62 15 Horiz grooved bands on neck 1013 Roman OXIDF 3 21 0 1100 LIA/Erom GT 1 1 0 1100 Roman OXID 2 8 0 1200 Roman OXID 2 36 0 1205 LIA/Erom GT 1 9 0 1207 LIA/Erom GT jar Necked 2 53 10 1207 Roman GW jar Necked 1 18 10 1207 Roman OXIDF 2 6 0 1504 LIA/Erom GT 2 10 0 1702 Roman OXID 3 13 0 1702 Roman OXIDF jar/bowl Necked 1 17 9

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1708 Roman OXF WH 3 7 0 1709 Roman GW 1 3 0 1709 Roman GWC 1 15 0 1712 LIA/Erom GTQZ 1 98 0 Twin bands of horiz scored dec with a row of impressed between (shell? Twig?) 1712 Roman GW 1 3 0 1712 Roman OXIDF 5 5 0 1717 LIA/Erom GT 1 4 0 Decorated with several scored horiz bands 1717 LIA/Erom GT 1 4 0 1717 LIA/Erom GT jar Large storage 1 69 10 1717 Roman GWPA 12 82 0 1717 Roman GWYE 1 8 0 1717 Roman GWYE jar Everted rim 1 39 9 1717 Roman OXIDC 1 3 0 1717 Roman OXIDF 1 1 0 1718 Roman GWYE jar Necked 1 11 3 1718 Roman OXID jar Necked 1 12 11 1718 Roman OXIDF 1 3 0 1804 LIA/Erom GT 1 1 0 1804 LIA/Erom GT 1 34 0 1804 LIA/Erom GT 1 91 0 Two incised horiz bands with a wavy incised line of decoration between 1804 LIA/Erom GTF 1 5 0 1804 LIA/Erom GTF jar Necked 1 4 8 1807 LIA/Erom GTF 1 7 0 1814 Roman GWF 1 7 0 1814 Roman GWYE 1 3 0 1815 LIA/Erom GT 4 95 0 1815 Roman GTGWC 1 18 0 1816 Roman BS 1 2 0 1816 LIA/Erom GT 1 11 0 Two incised horiz bands of decoration 1816 LIA/Erom GTF 2 10 0 1816 Roman LEZ SA 1 10 0 1818 LIA/Erom GT 6 31 0 1818 LIA/Erom GTF 1 3 0 1818 LIA/Erom GTQZ 1 1 0 1818 Roman GWF 4 18 0 1818 Roman OXF WH mortarium M6/M7 1 57 11 AD 100-170 1820 LIA/Erom GT 2 11 0 1820 LIA/Erom GTQZ 1 3 0

28 © Cotswold Archaeology Brook Farm, Lower Arncott, Oxfordshire: Archaeological Evaluation and Investigation

1823 Roman GTGW jar/small bowl Everted/necked 3 4 7 1823 Roman GTGW 2 10 0 1827 Roman GWC 1 8 0 1827 Roman GWF 6 45 0 1904 LIA/Erom GT 1 5 0 A line of scored decoration 1904 LIA/Erom GT 3 7 0 1907 LIA/Erom GT 4 22 0 Horizontal grooved bands 1907 LIA/Erom GT 5 27 0 1907 LIA/Erom GTF jar Necked 2 8 15 1907 LIA/Erom GTF jar Necked 3 81 35 1907 LIA/Erom GTF jar Necked 2 8 11 1907 LIA/Erom GTF 42 272 0 1907 Roman GTGWC 1 5 0 1907 LIA/Erom GTQZ 3 38 0 Carinated bowl body herds with multiple cordons above 1907 LIA/Erom GTQZ 1 7 0 1907 Roman VES jar Necked 3 39 29 2004 LIA/Erom GT 2 258 0 2004 LIA/Erom GTF jar Necked 4 56 15 2004 Roman OXF WH bowl Flat rim 54? 1 13 5 100-300 if correct 2006 LIA/Erom GT 2 15 0 2006 LIA/Erom GTQZ jar Necked 1 13 8 2006 LIA/Erom GTQZ 1 1 0

Erom=Early Roman

29 © Cotswold Archaeology Brook Farm, Lower Arncott, Oxfordshire: Archaeological Evaluation and Investigation

Table 3: Identified animal species by fragment count (NISP) and weight and context.

Cut Fill BOS O/C LM MM un -id SS Total Weight (g) 1001 1003 1 8 9 99 1001 1002 37 37 10 1004 1007 1 1 8 1004 1008 1 7 8 67 1004 1009 3 3 6 120 1004 1006 6 3 9 143 1004 1005 21 21 14 1012 1013 1 2 1 4 104 1716 1717 1 1 5 1716 1718 5 5 1 1803 1804 1 9 19 29 383 1806 1807 2 2 5 1811 1814 14 14 1 1811 1816 1 1 4 1817 1818 1 1 5 1821 1823 2 2 44 1825 1827 1 3 4 76 1906 1907 3 1 5 9 66 Total 19 4 35 9 96 163 Weight 702 19 376 27 31 1155 BOS = Cattle; O/C = sheep/goat; LM= large sized mammal; MM = medium sized mammal: un-id SS = unidentifiable fragments from bulk soil samples

Table 4: Plant macrofossil identifications

Stage of work Eval Eval Eval Exc Exc Exc Context number 1005 1002 1608 1814 1804 1718 Feature number 1004 1001 1607 1811 1803 1716 Sample number (SS) 1 2 3 1 2 3 Flot volume (ml) 6 5 11 2 1 3 Sample volume processed (l) 20 18 19 16 14 18 Soil remaining (l) 20 20 0 20 0 20 Period RB RB U/D RB RB RB Plant macrofossil preservation Poor Poor N/A Poor Poor Poor Habitat Family Species Common Name Code E Poaceae Hordeum vulgare L. Barley grain + + Triticum cf Triticum Wheat sp. cf emmer/ spelt wheat E + + + dicoccum /Triticum spelta grain E Triticum spelta Spelt wheat + E Poaceae Indeterminate cereal grain fragment + + ++ + +

30 © Cotswold Archaeology Brook Farm, Lower Arncott, Oxfordshire: Archaeological Evaluation and Investigation

Table 5: Charcoal identifications

Stage of work Eval Eval Eval Exc Exc Exc Context number 1005 1002 1608 1814 1804 1718 Feature number 1004 1001 1607 1811 1803 1716 Sample number (SS) 1 2 3 1 2 3 Flot volume (ml) 6 5 11 2 1 3 Sample volume processed (l) 20 18 19 16 14 18 Soil remaining (l) 20 20 0 20 0 20 Period RB RB U/D RB RB RB Charcoal quantity >2mm ++ +++ + ++ ++ +++ Charcoal preservation Poor Moderate Poor Poor Poor Poor Family Species Common Name ditch pit ditch Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn./ Betulaceae Alder/Hazel 1 Corylus avellana L. Quercus petraea (Matt.) Fagaceae Sessile Oak/Pedunculate Oak 5 1 1 4 1 Liebl./Quercus robur L. Oleaceae Fraxinus excelsior L. Ash 1 Crataegus monogyna/ Rosaceae Hawthorn/rowan/crab apple 2 Sorbus/Malus sylvestris Prunus L. Cherry species 4 2

Salicaceae Salix L./ Populus L. Willow/poplar 1 Indeterminate 6 1 2 1 Total (excluding indeterminate): 0 10 1 3 4 5

Key E = economic species + = 1-4 items; ++ = 5-20 items; +++ = 21-40 items; ++++ = 40+ items RB = Romano-British U/D = undated

Eval = evaluation; Exc = excavation

31 © Cotswold Archaeology Brook Farm, Lower Arncott, Oxfordshire: Archaeological Evaluation and Investigation

APPENDIX C: OASIS REPORT FORM

PROJECT DETAILS Project name Land at Brook Farm, Lower Arncott, Oxfordshire Short description The evaluation identified the remains of a Romano-British ditch system dating to the mid 1st to 2nd centuries AD, elements of which roughly corresponded with anomalies detected by a geophysical survey carried out earlier in the year. The ditch system is probably the remains of a small farming settlement on the edge of the floodplain of the River Ray. A small assemblage of Roman pottery and animal bone was recovered from the site. Fragments of Roman roof tile suggest that there was a tiled Roman building in the immediate vicinity. Other features comprised three undated ditches, probably field or track boundaries associated with the Roman settlement, and medieval/post-medieval furrows.

Project dates 22-30 September and 29 October-5 November 2014 Project type Evaluation Previous work Geophysical survey (GSB 2014); desk-based assessment (CgMs 2014) Future work None Monument type Roman settlement Significant finds Roman pottery PROJECT LOCATION Site location Brook Farm, Lower Arncott, Oxfordshire Study area 14.2ha. Site co-ordinates SP 5988 1760 PROJECT CREATORS Name of organisation Cotswold Archaeology (CA) Project Brief originator - Project Design (WSI) originator CA Project Manager Simon Carlyle (CA) Project Supervisor Peter James (CA) and James Coyne (CA) PROJECT ARCHIVE Accession no: Content OXCMS: 2014.201 Physical Oxfordshire County Pottery, CBM Paper Museums Service Site records Digital Oxfordshire HER Report, digital photos BIBLIOGRAPHY

CA (Cotswold Archaeology) 2014 Land at Brook Farm, Lower Arncott, Oxfordshire: Programme of Archaeological Evaluation and Investigation. CA typescript report 14574

32 N Cirencester 01285 771022 Milton Keynes 01908 564660 Cotswold Andover 01264 347630 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Brook Farm, Lower Arncott, Oxfordshire

FIGURE TITLE Oxfordshire Site location plan

0 1km

FIGURE NO. Reproduced from the 2009 Ordnance Survey Explorer map with PROJECT NO. 660369 DATE 16/12/2014 the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of The Controller DRAWN BY RP REVISION 00 of Her Majesty's Stationery Office c Crown copyright Cotswold Archaeology Ltd 100002109 APPROVED BY JB SCALE@A4 1:25,000 1

4

Cirencester 01285 771022 Milton Keynes 01908 564660 Cotswold Andover 01264 347630 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk 4 General view of the site, looking south-west e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Brook Farm, Lower Arncott, Oxfordshire

FIGURE TITLE Photograph

PROJECT NO. 660369 DATE 16/12/2014 FIGURE NO. DRAWN BY RP REVISION 00 APPROVED BY JB SCALE@A4 N/A 4 5

Cirencester 01285 771022 Milton Keynes 01908 564660 Cotswold Andover 01264 347630 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk 5 Ditch 804, looking south-east (1m scale) e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Brook Farm, Lower Arncott, Oxfordshire

FIGURE TITLE Photograph

PROJECT NO. 660369 DATE 16/12/2014 FIGURE NO. DRAWN BY RP REVISION 00 APPROVED BY JB SCALE@A4 N/A 5 6

Cirencester 01285 771022 Milton Keynes 01908 564660 Cotswold Andover 01264 347630 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk 6 Trench 9, ditch 905, looking west (0.5m scale) e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Brook Farm, Lower Arncott, Oxfordshire

FIGURE TITLE Photograph

PROJECT NO. 660369 DATE 16/12/2014 FIGURE NO. DRAWN BY RP REVISION 00 APPROVED BY JB SCALE@A4 N/A 6 Section AA

topsoil 1000 NE SW 61m AOD

1009

1008 1007 1003

1006 1002 1005 ditch 1004 ditch 1001

01m

Trench 10, ditches 1001 and 1004, looking south-east (2m scale)

Cirencester 01285 771022 Milton Keynes 01908 564660 Cotswold Andover 01264 347630 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Brook Farm, Lower Arncott, Oxfordshire

FIGURE TITLE Trench 10, section and photograph

PROJECT NO. 660369 DATE 16/12/2014 FIGURE NO. DRAWN BY RP REVISION 00 APPROVED BY JB SCALE@A4 1:20 7 8

Cirencester 01285 771022 Milton Keynes 01908 564660 Cotswold Andover 01264 347630 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk 8 Trench 16, ditch 1603, looking south-east (1m scale) e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Brook Farm, Lower Arncott, Oxfordshire

FIGURE TITLE Photograph

PROJECT NO. 660369 DATE 16/12/2014 FIGURE NO. DRAWN BY RP REVISION 00 APPROVED BY JB SCALE@A4 N/A 8 Section BB

E WS N 61.5m AOD 1720 1715 ditch 1718 1719 ditch 1714

1717

ditch 1716

01m

Ditches 1714 and 1716, looking south

Cirencester 01285 771022 Milton Keynes 01908 564660 Cotswold Andover 01264 347630 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Brook Farm, Lower Arncott, Oxfordshire

FIGURE TITLE Trench 17, section and photograph

PROJECT NO. 660369 DATE 17/12/2014 FIGURE NO. DRAWN BY RP REVISION 00 APPROVED BY JB SCALE@A4 1:20 9 Section CC

SE NW 61.5m 1802 AOD 1805

1804

pit 1803

01m

Pit 1803, looking south-west

Cirencester 01285 771022 Milton Keynes 01908 564660 Cotswold Andover 01264 347630 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Brook Farm, Lower Arncott, Oxfordshire

FIGURE TITLE Trench 18, section and photograph

PROJECT NO. 660369 DATE 17/12/2014 FIGURE NO. DRAWN BY RP REVISION 00 APPROVED BY JB SCALE@A4 1:20 10 Section DD

NE SW SE NW SW NE 61.5m AOD 1905 1907 ditch 1906 ditch 1904 1906 1904 ditch ditch 1903 1903

NW SE NE SW 01m

1907

ditch 1906

Pit 1903 and 1906, looking north-west

Cirencester 01285 771022 Milton Keynes 01908 564660 Cotswold Andover 01264 347630 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Brook Farm, Lower Arncott, Oxfordshire

FIGURE TITLE Trench 19, section and photograph

PROJECT NO. 660369 DATE 17/12/2014 FIGURE NO. DRAWN BY RP REVISION 00 APPROVED BY JB SCALE@A4 1:20 11 Section EE

SE NW 61.5m AOD 2004

ditch 2003

01m

Ditch 2003, looking south-west

Cirencester 01285 771022 Milton Keynes 01908 564660 Cotswold Andover 01264 347630 Archaeology w www.cotswoldarchaeology.co.uk e [email protected]

PROJECT TITLE Brook Farm, Lower Arncott, Oxfordshire

FIGURE TITLE Trench 20, section and photograph

PROJECT NO. 660369 DATE 17/12/2014 FIGURE NO. DRAWN BY RP REVISION 00 APPROVED BY JB SCALE@A4 1:20 12