The Scriptures of Mankind: an Introduction
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You Will Be Like the Gods”: the Conceptualization of Deity in the Hebrew Bible in Cognitive Perspective
“YOU WILL BE LIKE THE GODS”: THE CONCEPTUALIZATION OF DEITY IN THE HEBREW BIBLE IN COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE by Daniel O. McClellan A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES Master of Arts in Biblical Studies We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard ............................................................................... Dr. Craig Broyles, PhD; Thesis Supervisor ................................................................................ Dr. Martin Abegg, PhD; Second Reader TRINITY WESTERN UNIVERSITY December, 2013 © Daniel O. McClellan Table of Contents Chapter 1 – Introduction 1 1.1 Summary and Outline 1 1.2 Cognitive Linguistics 3 1.2.1 Profiles and Bases 8 1.2.2 Domains and Matrices 10 1.2.3 Prototype Theory 13 1.2.4 Metaphor 16 1.3 Cognitive Linguistics in Biblical Studies 19 1.3.1 Introduction 19 1.3.2 Conceptualizing Words for “God” within the Pentateuch 21 1.4 The Method and Goals of This Study 23 Chapter 2 – Cognitive Origins of Deity Concepts 30 2.1 Intuitive Conceptualizations of Deity 31 2.1.1 Anthropomorphism 32 2.1.2 Agency Detection 34 2.1.3 The Next Step 36 2.2. Universal Image-Schemas 38 2.2.1 The UP-DOWN Image-Schema 39 2.2.2 The CENTER-PERIPHERY Image-Schema 42 2.3 Lexical Considerations 48 48 אלהים 2.3.1 56 אל 2.3.2 60 אלוה 2.3.3 2.4 Summary 61 Chapter 3 – The Conceptualization of YHWH 62 3.1 The Portrayals of Deity in the Patriarchal and Exodus Traditions 64 3.1.1 The Portrayal of the God of the Patriarchs -
Atmospheric Optics
53 Atmospheric Optics Craig F. Bohren Pennsylvania State University, Department of Meteorology, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA Phone: (814) 466-6264; Fax: (814) 865-3663; e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Colors of the sky and colored displays in the sky are mostly a consequence of selective scattering by molecules or particles, absorption usually being irrelevant. Molecular scattering selective by wavelength – incident sunlight of some wavelengths being scattered more than others – but the same in any direction at all wavelengths gives rise to the blue of the sky and the red of sunsets and sunrises. Scattering by particles selective by direction – different in different directions at a given wavelength – gives rise to rainbows, coronas, iridescent clouds, the glory, sun dogs, halos, and other ice-crystal displays. The size distribution of these particles and their shapes determine what is observed, water droplets and ice crystals, for example, resulting in distinct displays. To understand the variation and color and brightness of the sky as well as the brightness of clouds requires coming to grips with multiple scattering: scatterers in an ensemble are illuminated by incident sunlight and by the scattered light from each other. The optical properties of an ensemble are not necessarily those of its individual members. Mirages are a consequence of the spatial variation of coherent scattering (refraction) by air molecules, whereas the green flash owes its existence to both coherent scattering by molecules and incoherent scattering -
References: Snel's Law and Refraction Index of Refraction For
ESCI 340 - Cloud Physics and Precipitation Processes Lesson 13 - Atmospheric Optical Phenomena Dr. DeCaria References: One of the best sources for information about atmospheric optics is the Atmospheric Optics website, http://www.atoptics.co.uk Snel's Law and Refraction • The index of refraction for a medium is defined as m = c=c;~ (1) where c is the speed of light in a vacuum, andc ~ is the speed of light in the medium.1 • As light passes from one medium into another, there is both reflection and refraction. • Refraction occurs because the wave fronts bend as they cross from one medium into another, causing a ray of light to bend. The ray bends toward the medium that has the slower speed of light (highest index of refraction). • The bending of the ray is quantified by Snel's Law, which is stated mathematically as sin θ m 1 = 2 ; (2) sin θ2 m1 where θ1 is the angle of incidence (and reflection), θ2 is the angle of refraction, and m1 and m2 are the indices of refraction in the two mediums (see Fig. 1). • The amount by which a ray of light is deflected due to refraction can be quantified in one of two ways. { The bending angle, θ0, is the interior angle between the initial and final rays. { The deviation angle, θ00, is the complement of the bending angle, θ00 = 180◦ −θ0. { The relationship between bending angle and deviation angle is illustrated in Fig. 2. Index of Refraction for Air • Light travels faster through warm air than it does through cold air. -
Residents Complete Emergency Response
The Westfield NewsSearch for The Westfield News Westfield350.com The WestfieldNews Serving Westfield, Southwick, and surrounding Hilltowns “TIME IS THE ONLY WEATHER CRITIC WITHOUT TONIGHT AMBITION.” Partly Cloudy. JOHN STEINBECK Low of 55. www.thewestfieldnews.com VOL. 86 NO. 151 $1.00 TUESDAY,TUESDAY, APRIL JUNE 27, 20, 2017 2021 VOL.75 cents 90 NO. 92 Westfield High School offers credit recovery opportunity this week By AMY PORTER Staff Writer WESTFIELD – Westfield High School Principal Charles Jendrysik said the school will be offering students who failed certain required courses the first semester an opportunity to make up the credits during April vacation week. The program, a first for the high school, will be targeting a number Graduation was held Saturday for new members of the Westfield Community Emergency Response Team (CERT). Front of one-semester courses, includ- row: Matt Warren, Al Giguere, Jr., Kathy Dubuque, Jason Polan, and Charlie Smith; back row: Kathy Hillman, Shannon ing several English language arts Chiba, Assistant Director Melissa Blain, Director Steve Malochleb, Jain Makepeace, and Alfiya K. (MARC ST.ONGE/THE courses, physical education and WESTFIELD NEWS) financial literacy. “A lot of them are school requirements. We wanted to help students with the courses we knew they needed to pass in order to CERT: Residents complete graduate,” Jendrysik said. The school will run full days Tuesday to Saturday, due to the Patriot’s Day Monday holiday. emergency response training Jendrysik said he was encour- CHARLES aged by having over 50 students JENDRYSIK By HOPE E. TREMBLAY “My hope is to have at least 50 mem- Psychology 101 to not only deal with the sign up for the week. -
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Chaotic Modeling and Simulation (CMSIM) 2: 159-171, 2018 Chaotic dynamics of ice crystals scattering sun light 1 2 1 Alberto Tufaile , Timm A. Vanderelli , and Adriana P. B. Tufaile 1 Soft Matter Lab, Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (E-mail: [email protected]) 2 Ferrocell USA, 739 Route 259, Ligonier, Pennsylvania, 15658, USA (E-mail: [email protected]) 1 Soft Matter Lab, Escola de Artes, Ciências e Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (E-mail: [email protected]) Abstract. We are reporting the existence of the nonlinear dynamics in some curious phenomena observed in the context of atmospheric optics: jumping sundogs, halo formation and the miracle of the Sun. A possible connection between these atmospheric patterns of the atmospheric optics and light scattering in particles with the same size of the ice crystals could be based in the concept of diffracted rays. Keywords: Chaotic Modelling, Jumping Sundogs, Ferrofluids, Parlaseric circle. 1 Introduction There are some interesting phenomena involving atmospheric optics, for example, the jumping sundog is an amazing band of light continuously oscillating over the sky [1], sweeping downward and jumping up again, as it is shown in Fig. 1. Besides this phenomenon, Wirowski [2, 3] studied the bizarre effect known as “the miracle of the Sun”, in which many people observed oscillations in the size of the Sun, as it is shown in Fig. 2, and suggested the dynamical system describing this effect. These phenomena lasted a few minutes and some of them were recorded by some amateur observers. -
GENESIS in the PENTATEUCH Konrad Schmid I in the Heyday of the Documentary Hypothesis It Was a Common Assumption That Most Texts
GENESIS IN THE PENTATEUCH Konrad Schmid Introduction In the heyday of the Documentary Hypothesis it was a common assumption that most texts in Genesis were to be interpreted as elements of narra- tive threads that extended beyond the book of Genesis and at least had a pentateuchal or hexateuchal scope (J, E, and P). To a certain degree, exe- gesis of the book of Genesis was therefore tantamount to exegesis of the book of Genesis in the Pentateuch or Hexateuch. The Theologische Realen- zyklopädie, one of the major lexica in the German-speaking realm, has for example no entry for “Genesis” but only for the “Pentateuch” and its alleged sources. At the same time, it was also recognized that the material—oral or written—which was processed and reworked by the authors of the sources J, E, and P originated within a more modest narrative perspective that was limited to the single stories or story cycles, a view emphasized especially by Julius Wellhausen, Hermann Gunkel, Kurt Galling, and Martin Noth:1 J and E were not authors, but collectors.2 Gunkel even went a step further: “‘J’ and ‘E’ are not individual writers, but schools of narrators.”3 But with the successful reception of Gerhard von Rad’s 1938 hypothesis of a tradi- tional matrix now accessible through the “historical creeds” like Deut 26:5– 9, which was assumed to have also been the intellectual background of the older oral material, biblical scholarship began to lose sight of the view taken by Wellhausen, Gunkel, Galling, and Noth. In addition, von Rad saw J and 1 Julius Wellhausen, Die Composition des Hexateuchs und der historischen Bücher des Alten Testaments (3rd ed.; Berlin: Reimer, 1899); Hermann Gunkel, Genesis (6th ed.; HKAT 1/1; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1964 [repr. -
A Farewell to the Yahwist? the Composition of the Pentateuch In
A FAREWELL TO THE YAHWIST? The Composition of the Pentateuch in Recent European Interpretation Edited by Thomas B. Dozeman and Konrad Schmid Society of Biblical Literature Atlanta CONTENTS Abbreviations ...............................................................................................vii Introduction Thomas B. Dozeman and Konrad Schmid..................................................1 Part 1: Main Papers The Elusive Yahwist: A Short History of Research Thomas Christian Römer ..........................................................................9 The So-Called Yahwist and the Literary Gap between Genesis and Exodus Konrad Schmid .......................................................................................29 The Jacob Story and the Beginning of the Formation of the Pentateuch Albert de Pury ........................................................................................51 The Transition between the Books of Genesis and Exodus Jan Christian Gertz ................................................................................73 The Literary Connection between the Books of Genesis and Exodus and the End of the Book of Joshua Erhard Blum ..........................................................................................89 The Commission of Moses and the Book of Genesis Thomas B. Dozeman ............................................................................107 Part 2: Responses The Yahwist and the Redactional Link between Genesis and Exodus Christoph Levin ....................................................................................131 -
2016 Kevin J. Brunelle Astrophotography Contest 17 Photographers 101 Images Atmospheric
2016 Kevin J. Brunelle Astrophotography Contest 17 photographers 101 images Atmospheric 13 photographers 31 images Michael Lincoln - Lunar Departure Chuck Manges - August Lightning Storm Mike Christeson - reflection of sunset John Wenskovitch - Sunset to Start Star Party Season Alexis Kwasinski - Double rainbow at sunset Chuck Manges - Sun Dog Michael Christeson - Rainbow John Holtz - False Aurora at AO Michael Lincoln – Anti-crepuscular Rays Carol Christeson - cloudy Sunset Bill Moutz - Misty Morning Eric Fischer - Quilted Sunset Michael Lincoln – Weather Balloon Burst Michael Lincoln - Loon Balloon Carol Christeson - Solar pier sunset Alexis Kwasinski - Stormy sunset Bill Moutz - Sunrise on Lake Authur John Wenskovitch - Observing Time Carol Christeson - Let Gods light shine through your dark days Alexis Kwasinski - Sunset while flying Rich McLaughlin - Fluffy Clouds Michael Christeson - Flying Cow Alexis Kwasinski - Severe thunderstorm cell Mike Christeson - Cloud tries to eat the Sun Chuck Manges - Feather in the Sky Ed Honkus - Happy Valentine's Day Mike Christeson - Fly Like an Eagle Chuck Manges - Summer Lightning Eric Fischer - Wispy Virga Tail Frank Wielgus - Incandescent Clouds Mike Christeson - Last light before night Stellar 6 photographers 15 images Michael Lincoln - Milky Way and Sprite Alexis Kwasinski - Center of Milky Way_Part of Sagittarius and Ophiuchus Alexis Kwasinski - Scorpio holding Mars in its claws and some faint airglow Alexis Kwasinski - M45 Pleiades star cluster Michael Lincoln - Florida Night Mike Christeson -
Documentary Hypothesis
Documentary Hypothesis Notes from: 1. JOHN BARTON, "Source Criticism," The Anchor Bible Dictionary [http://www.ucalgary.ca/~eslinger/genrels/DocHypothesis.html] 2. http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/rs/2/Judaism/jepd.html 3. http:// www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_hypothesis.doc "SOURCE CRITICISM. [VI, 162] Formerly called “literary criticism” or “higher criticism,” source criticism is a method of biblical study, which analyzes texts that are not the work of a single author but result from the combination of originally separate documents. This method has been applied to texts of the Old Testament (especially but not exclusively the Pentateuch) and New Testament (especially but not exclusively the gospels). This entry surveys the application of this method to those texts. A. Definitions Modern literary conventions forbid plagiarism, and require authors to identify and acknowledge any material they have borrowed from another writer. But in ancient times it was common to “write” a book by transcribing existing material, adapting and adding to it from other documents as required, and not indicating which parts were original and which borrowed. The OT contains few books, which are the work of a single author throughout; for the most part its books are composite, and in some cases the source materials are drawn from original documents that may be spread over several centuries. Source criticism seeks to separate out these originally independent documents, and to assign them to relative (and, if possible, absolute) dates. Source criticism is to be distinguished from other critical methods. Where original documents prove not to have been free compositions, but to rest on older, oral tradition, FORM CRITICISM may then be used to penetrate behind the written text. -
Benjamin Sommer
THE TIKVAH CENTER FOR LAW & JEWISH CIVILIZATION Professor Moshe Halbertal Professor J.H.H. Weiler Directors of The Tikvah Center Tikvah Working Paper 02/12 Benjamin Sommer Artifact or Scripture? Authority and Revelation in the Bible and Jewish Thought NYU School of Law New York, NY 10011 The Tikvah Center Working Paper Series can be found at http://www.nyutikvah.org/publications.html All rights reserved. No part of this paper may be reproduced in any form without permission of the author. ISSN 2160‐8229 (print) ISSN 2160‐8253 (online) Copy Editor: Danielle Leeds Kim © Benjamin Sommer 2012 New York University School of Law New York, NY 10011 USA Publications in the Series should be cited as: AUTHOR, TITLE, TIKVAH CENTER WORKING PAPER NO./YEAR [URL] Artifact or Scripture? ARTIFACT OR SCRIPTURE? AUTHORITY AND REVELATION IN THE BIBLE AND JEWISH THOUGHT By Benjamin Sommer PREFACE In this book, I attempt to addresses several audiences at once: biblical scholars, students of modern Jewish and Christian thought, constructive theologians, clergy and religious educators, and, not least, ambitious lay readers who wonder about the place of the Bible in their lives and in the life of their communities. My goals for these academic, clerical, and lay audiences differ. Biblical scholars, along with lay readers interested in literary interpretation of the Bible, will find my analysis of biblical texts worthy of attention. These readings can show both scholars who specialize in Jewish and Christian theology and religious Jews and Christians more generally that the the Bible is more subtle and more interesting than they may have realized. -
JEDP Source Theory
JEDP Source Theory Literary analysis shows that the Pentateuch was not written by one person. Multiple strands of oral and written tradition were woven together to produce the Torah. The view that is persuasive to most of the critical scholars of the Pentateuch is called the Documentary Hypothesis, or the Graf-Wellhausen Hypothesis, after the names of the 19th-century scholars who put it in its classic form. It is also called the JEDP Source Theory, and since that is the most straight-forward name, that is the name we will be using in this class. Briefly stated, the JEDP Source Theory states that the Hebrew Bible (Christian Old testament) was written by a series of authors writing within 4 literary traditions. These traditions are known as J, E, D, and P. J (the Jahwist or Jerusalem source) uses YHWH as God's name. This source's interests indicate the writer most likely lived in the southern Kingdom of Judah in the time of the divided Kingdom. The J source is responsible for most of Genesis. E (the Elohist or Ephraimitic source) uses Elohim ("God") for the divine name until Exodus 3-6, where YHWH is revealed to Moses and to Israel. This source seems to have lived in the northern Kingdom of Israel during the divided Kingdom. E wrote Genesis 22 (the sacrifice of Isaac) story and other parts of Genesis, and much of Exodus and Numbers. J and E were joined fairly early, apparently after the fall of the Northern Kingdom in 722 BCE. It is often difficult to separate J and E stories that have merged. -
The Old Testament, Second Edition Michael D. Coogan Glossary of Terms
The Old Testament, Second Edition Michael D. Coogan Glossary of terms acrostic A text in which the opening letters of successive lines form a word, phrase, or pattern. The acrostics in the Bible are poems in which the first letters of successive lines or stanzas are the letters of the Hebrew alphabet in order. Ammonites Israel’s neighbors east of the Jordan River. The Ammonites are the “sons of Ammon,” who according to Genesis 19 were the offspring of Lot by one of his daughters. Their name is preserved in the modern city of Amman, Jordan. angel A word of Greek origin originally meaning messenger. In the Bible, these are supernatural beings sent by God to humans. anthropomorphic (anthropomorphism) The attribution of human characteristics to a nonhuman being, usually a deity. apocalyptic A genre of literature in which details concerning the end-time are revealed by a heavenly messenger or angel. Apocrypha Jewish religious writings of the Hellenistic and Roman periods that are not considered part of the Bible by Jews and Protestants, but are part of the canons of Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches, who also call them the deuterocanonical books. apodictic law A type of law characterized by absolute or general commands or prohibitions, as in the Ten Commandments. It is often contrasted with casuistic law. Aramaic A language originating in ancient Syria that in the second half of the first millennium BCE became used widely throughout the Near East. Parts of the books of Daniel and Ezra are written in Aramaic. ark of the covenant The religious symbol of the premonarchic confederation of the twelve tribes of Israel, later installed in the Temple in Jerusalem by Solomon in the tenth century BCE.