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National Report for Seagrass in Cambodia

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National Report for Seagrass in Cambodia United Nations UNEP/GEF South China Sea Global Environment Environment Programme Project Facility NATIONAL REPORT on Seagrass in the South China Sea MALAYSIA Mr. Kamarruddin bin Ibrahim Focal Point for Seagrass Head, Turtle and Marine Ecosystem Center (TUMEC) Department of Fisheries Malaysia 23050 Rantau Abang, Dungun, Terengganu, Malaysia NATIONAL REPORT ON SEAGRASS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA – MALAYSIA Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................................1 2. REVIEW OF NATIONAL DATA AND INFORMATION....................................................................1 2.1 GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF SEAGRASS .................................................................................1 2.1.1 Status of Seagrasses ...................................................................................................1 2.1.2 Floristic and Biogeography of Seagrasses ..................................................................2 2.2 BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS.................................................................................................................6 2.2.1 Associated Marine Biota ..............................................................................................6 2.2.2 Marine Endangered Species........................................................................................6 2.2.3 Associated Fisheries Resources..................................................................................7 2.3 THREATS TO SEAGRASS RESOURCES..........................................................................................7 2.3.1 Natural Threats ............................................................................................................7 2.3.2 Human Activities ..........................................................................................................7 3. ECONOMIC VALUATION (IMPORTANCE AND USE OF SEAGRASSES)...................................9 4. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS AND NATIONAL LEGISLATION.........................................9 4.1 CONSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT................................................................................................9 4.2 NATIONAL LEGISLATIONS ..........................................................................................................10 4.2.1 The Fisheries Act, 1985 (Amended 1993) .................................................................10 4.2.2 The Environmental Quality Act, 1974 ........................................................................10 4.2.3 National Forestry Act, 1984 (Amended 1993)............................................................10 4.3 STATE LEGISLATION .................................................................................................................10 5. MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVES.................................................................................................11 5.1 MANAGEMENT EFFORTS ...........................................................................................................11 5.2 NATIONAL POLICIES..................................................................................................................11 5.2.1 National Policy on Biological Diversity (NPB) ............................................................11 5.2.2 National Policy on the Environment ...........................................................................12 5.2.3 National Marine Parks Malaysia: Policy and Concept ...............................................12 5.2.4 Malaysia Plans ...........................................................................................................13 5.2.5 The Third National Agricultural Policy (1998-2010) ...................................................13 5.2.6 Draft National Integrated Coastal Zone Management Policy (NICZM)......................13 5.3 DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES ......................................................................................................13 5.3.1 Government Circular No. 5/1987 on Control of Development in the Coastal Zone...13 5.3.2 Guidelines for Erosion Control for Development Projects in the CZ (JPS 1/97)........14 5.3.3 Guidelines for Development Planning in the CZ (JPBD 6/97) ...................................15 5.3.4 National Ecotourism Plan (NEP)................................................................................15 5.3.5 Other Guidelines ........................................................................................................15 6. RECOMMENDATIONS/ACTION PLAN.........................................................................................15 6.1 PROTECTED AREA FOR SEAGRASS BEDS...................................................................................15 6.2 INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF SEAGRASS, MANGROVE AND CORAL REEF ECOSYSTEMS ............15 6.3 LEGISLATION AND POLICY .........................................................................................................15 6.4 MANAGEMENT PLAN AND CONSERVATION PROGRAMME .............................................................16 6.5 RESEARCH PRIORITIES .............................................................................................................16 6.6 EDUCATION AND AWARENESS PROGRAMMES.............................................................................16 REFERENCES.......................................................................................................................................17 NATIONAL REPORT ON SEAGRASS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA – MALAYSIA List of Tables Table 1 Locations of known seagrass areas and estimated coverage in Malaysia. Table 2 Seagrass species recorded in Malaysia. Table 3 The checklist of seagrasses distribution in Malaysia. Table 4 Seagrass beds and associated coastal and marine ecosystems in Malaysia. Table 5 Threats human activities to selected seagrass beds in Malaysia. Table 6 Selected state legislation related to coastal and marine ecosystems. List of Figures Figure 1 Distribution of seagrass species in Sarawak. Figure 2 Distribution of seagrass species in Sabah. Figure 3 Development of Kota Kinabalu Industrial Park near Sepangar Bay and Karambunai Lagoon may also pose severe threats (land clearing and sedimentation) to the seagrass beds of Sepangar Bay, Karambunai Lagoon and Kuala Sungai Merkabong. List of Annexes ANNEX 1 Species, depth range, substratum, ambient salinity, temperature and habitat characteristics of seagrasses along the Straits of Malacca. ANNEX 2 Location, latitude and longitude and habitat characteristics of Halophila Beccarii. ANNEX 3 Habitat characteristics, associated system, form and association of seagrass species at Punang-Bt. Sari-Lawas River Estuary Beach Front, Lawas, Sarawak, East Malaysia. ANNEX 4 Macroalgae Species at Seagrasses Meadows Merambong, Tanjung Adang (Darat and Laut), Teluk Kemang and Port Dickson. ANNEX 5 Lists of fish and Crustacean species caught within Merambong seagrass shoal. NATIONAL REPORT ON SEAGRASS IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA – MALAYSIA 1 1. INTRODUCTION Seagrass ecosystems have been greatly neglected globally (Duarte, 1999; Fortes, 1995;) and especially in Malaysia (Japar, 1994; Mohd Kushairi, 1992; Phang, 1998). Seagrasses are the only group of flowering plants that inhabit the submerged coastal and marine water. They have adapted to environment with a root system that can withstand wave action and a reproductive system that distributes pollen by water. 2. REVIEW OF NATIONAL DATA AND INFORMATION 2.1 Geographic Distribution of Seagrass 2.1.1 Status of Seagrasses The majority of seagrasses in Malaysia are restricted to sheltered areas in the shallow intertidal associated ecosystems, semi-enclosed lagoons and subtidal zones, between mangrove and coral reef ecosystems (Japar and Muta Harah, 2003). Seagrasses are also found around offshore islands with fringing reefs. They can be several hundred metres wide and a few kilometres length along the coast. In Peninsular Malaysia, seagrasses are found in Langkawi Islands, Penang, Pangkor Island, Port Dickson, Melaka, Sungai Pulai estuary, Tanjung Adang, Strait of Johor, Sungai Johor, Mersing Islands Marine Park, Kemaman, Paka, Merhang, Setiu Laggon, Pulau Redang, Pengkalan Nangka and Pantai Baru (Kelantan). In Sabah, seagrasses have been extensively surveyed and found mainly at Tunku Abdul Rahman Park, Sepangar Bay, Tanjung Kaitan, Karambunai, Sungai Salut, Sungai Mekabong, Sulaman Lake (personal observation), Tanjung Mengayau, Bak-bak, Pulau Mantanani, Pulau Banggi, Pulau Balambangan, Pulau Jambongan, Sandakan, Darvel Bay, Pulau Sipadan, Pulau Labuan and Pulau Layang-layang. Table 1 shows the locations of known seagrass areas and estimated coverage in Malaysia. Table 1 Locations of known seagrass areas and estimated coverage in Malaysia. State Location Area (ha) Reference/Remarks Kelantan • Pengkalan Nangka Lagoon 40.0 (Japar and Muta Harah, 2003) • Kampung Baru Nelayan – 27.0 (Japar and Muta Harah, 2003) Kampung Sungai Tanjung • Pantai Baru Lagoon 20.0 (Japar and Muta Harah, 2003) Terengganu • Setiu Lagoon ? Orosco (2002)? • Gong Batu (Setiu Lagoon) 5.0 (Japar and Muta Harah, 2003) • Sungai Terengganu 0.6 (Orosco and Amir Sharifudeen, 2004) • Sungai Kemaman 17.0 (Japar and Muta Harah, 2003) • Chukai, Kemaman 3.3 (Japar and Muta Harah, 2003) • Telaga Simpul 28.0 (Japar and Muta Harah, 2003) • Sungai Paka Lagoon 4.7 (Japar and Muta Harah, 2003) • Sungai Paka shoal 43.0 (Japar and Muta Harah, 2003) • Sungai
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