Discovery. INSTITUTION Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
4. DOCUMENT RESUME ED 310 946 SE 050 903 TITLE Discovery. INSTITUTION Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. National Air And Space Museum. SPONS AGENCY National Aeronautics and Space Administra'cion, Washington, D.C. REPORT NO NASA-PED-105 PUB DATE 89 NOTE 85p.; Drawings may not reproduce well. PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Use - Guides (For Teachers) (052) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC04 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Aerospace Education; Aviation Vocabulary; Early Childhood Education; Elementary School Science; *Primary Education; Satellites (Aerospace); *Science Activities; *Science History; Science Interests; *Science Materials; Space Exploration; *Space Sciences ABSTRACT This material presents the historical perspectives of flight and student activities for grades K-3 prepared by the National Air and Space Museum (NASH) and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Sections included are: (1) "Historical Perspective of Flight"; (2) "Discovery Vocabulary" (listing the terms found in the first section); (3) "Pre-Visit Activities"; (describing four activities to be accomplished before a tour of NASH); (4) "Classroom Activities" (presenting 30 activities); (5) "Reproducible Activities" (providing 18 activities); (6) "Solutions to Reproducible Activities"; (7) "NASA andlIASM Resource Centers" (listing addresses of Teacher Resource Centers); and (8) "Study Prints" (containing 12 pictures with their descriptions). (YP) *********************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * from the original document. *********************************************************************** U S. DEPARTMENT Or EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) This document has been reproduced as ecerved from the person o organization onginating it. 0 Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction Quality Points of view or opinions stated In this door 4 mnt do not necessarily represent official OERI position or POliCY , 1 Preface 2 Historical Perspective of Flight 3 Discovery Vocabulary 6 Pre-Visit Activities 7 Classroom Activities 11 Ar Reproducible Activities 19 Solutions to Reproducible Activities 47 NASA and NASM Resource Centers 49 Study Prints 51 Prepared by the National Air and Space Museum Smithsonian Institution in collaboration with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Preface L"--he Historical Perspective of Flight and Student Activities are for grades K-3. They deal with aviation history, not aerodynamics. The activities may be used in any of the ..... following ways: il. Teachers may direct large or small groups; 2. Students may direct their own activities; or a Teachers may write activities on cards for students to choose and perform independently or in small groups. Directions, length of time, and depth of involvement will need to be adjusted to the students' individual interests, needs, and abilities. Students may perform some activities before a Discovery tour, or visit to the National Air and Space Museum. Words that appear in bold-face type can be used as a lesson vocabulary. A list of Discovery Vocabulary words can be found on page eight. Whoever conducts the activity should present the words in writ- ten form during discussion. This may be done by writing the words on a chalkboard or by showing them on cards. The Study Prints of artifacts in the museum can be used for classroom discussions and display. 4 2 Historical Perspective of Flight Teacher Note:This brief historical Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, overview of air and space flight is making them the first persons to for teacher information. pilot a heavier-than-air machine that took off with its own power, Ever since humans first saw remained under control, and sus- birds soar through the sky, tained flight. they have wanted to fly. The ancient Greeks and Romans pictured many of their lit WS an exciting time, luring gods with wings on the shoulders other inventors to follow the or feet, and imaged mythological path of the Wright brothers. winged animals such as Pegasus, In the United States, as well the horse, who flew through the as in other countries, many peo- popular that in France they were skies. According to the legend of ple learned to make flying used for everythingsports, travel, Daedalus and Icarus, the father machines; soon everyone seemed warfare. Balloons became the and son escaped prison by attach- subjects of adventure stories. ing wings made of wax and feathers to their bodies. Unfor- tunately, Icarus flew too near the uring the late 1700s and Sun, and the heat caused the wax early 1800s in England, to melt. The feathers fell off, and Sir George Cayley Icarus plummeted to the sea. designed the modern Daedalus landed safely in Sicily. fixed-wing airplane, rather than trying to imitate the flapping of to want airplanes that were big- bird wings. He built models of ger and better. Aviation "firsts" gliders, then tested full-scale ver- happened one after the other sions of his designs. Cayley's work during those early days. For in- inspired a generation of engineers stance, Caibraith P. Rodgers, fly- who took the final steps toward ing the Wright EX "Vin Fiz," developing the airplane. The made the first cross-country flight development of the airplane in 1911. The trip was not non- became an international effort, stop, however:1 took 49 days, with contributions from Clement and Rodgers landed more than Ader of France, Hiram Maxim 80 times. Lieutenant James of England, Otto Lilienthal of Doolittle crossed the United Germany, and Samuel Langley States in one day, making only and Octave Chanute of the fuel stops, in 1922. In 1923, United States. Lieutenants Oakley G. Kelly These were all stories, however. On December 17, 1903, two and John A. Macready made It was not until the 1700s that a brothers from Dayton, Ohio, the first nonstop flight across the person actually went up into the named Wilbur and Orville United States in their Fokker T-2. air in a craft. That first successful Wright, were successful in flying Thousands cheered in 1927 recorded flight was in a hot-air an airplane that they built. Their when Charles A. Lindbergh in -balloon built by the Montgolfier powered aircraft flew for 12 the "Spirit of St. Louis" com- brothers. Balloons became so seconds above the sand dunes of pleted the first solo transatlantic 3 I flight. He flew from New York art of the ancient dream City to Paris, France, in 331/2 7U of flying was to leave hours. Amelia Earhart became Earth and journey to the the first woman to fly solo and stars. Rockets were part of nonstop across the Atlantic in that dream, too. According to one 1932 in the Lockheed 5-B Vega. story, a man in ancient China, Record after record was set. named Wan Hu, fastened a bun- dle of firecrackers to his chair and attempted to launch himself into and experimental work, Dr. Kiew uses for the airplane space. Unfortunately, after lighting Goddard finally achieved flight of became evident during the fireworks, Wan Hu was never a liquid-fueled rocket in the United World Wars I and II. seen again. States in 1926. Dr. Goddard Because the airplane In the 13th century, the hoped to send his rockets into the could find and attack an enemy Chinese fought their enemies by quickly and effectively, it changed atmosphere to measure tempera- firing rockets attached to poison- ture and atmospheric pressure. battlefield strategy forever. After tipped arrows. This idea was During World War II, rockets World War II, aircraft were devel- copied by other nations for several oped to exceed the speed of were developed into weapons, hundred years. Then, in the late which subsequently led to rockets sound. Captain Charles "Chuck" 1700s Sir William Congreve powerful enough to launch Yeager piloted the Bell X-1 developed the incendiary and objects into orbit around Earth. named "Glamorous Glennis" case shot rockets for the British to use against the French. Because these fire-producing rockets were putnik, launched by the not very accurate, the British had Soviet Union on October 4, to fire many at once to make sure 1957, was the first artificial they hit their target. satellite. Explorer was launched on January 31, 1958, by the United States Army. Several faster than the speed of sound- he first appearance of the months later, on October 1, 1958, 1,078 kilometers (670 miles per rocket in America was a new U.S. agency was created, hour)at 13,106 meters (43,000 during the War of 1812 at the National Aeronautics and feet) altitude on October 14, Fort McHenry, in Baltimore, Space Administration (NASA) 1947. No one knew what would Maryland. Francis Scott Key "devoted to peaceful purposes for happen when Yeager "broke the watched the Congreve "rockets' the benefit of all mankind." Since sound barrier," but his bullet- red glare" from a ship in the shaped X-1 reached 1,127 harbor, and was inspired to write kilometers (700 miles) per hour at "The Star Spangled Banner," 13,106 meters (43,000 feet) our national anthem. without damage. Modern rockets actually were In another five years, the idea researched and designed in the for the X-15 was conceived. Ulti- early 1900s by several scientists in mately, the X-15 rocket aircraft different parts of the world. Dr. flew over six times the speed of. Robert H. Goddard, a professor sound and set an unofficial alti- of physics, researched and devel- tude record of 108 kilometers (67 oped the first liquid-fueled rock- miles) above the surface of Earth. ets. After 17 years of theoretical 4 6 NASA's first satellite was launched in The American astronauts met and 1960, many different kinds of worked in space with the Soviet spacecraft have been sent into cosmonauts. our solar system. he Space Shuttle, or ventually humans flew into Space Transportation space. Since the 1960s, the System (STS), is the United States and the first reusable spacecraft Soviet Union have launched designed for routine use in space.