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A325 Frith End to Bucks Horn Oak, Alice Holt Near Farnham Hampshire

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A325 Frith End to Bucks Horn Oak, Alice Holt Near Farnham Hampshire A325 FRITH END TO BUCKS HORN OAK, ALICE HOLT NEAR FARNHAM HAMPSHIRE VOLUME I: TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION For ASI HERITAGE CONSULTANTS on behalf of HAMPSHIRE COUNTY COUNCIL CA REPORT: 03118 OCTOBER 2003 A325 FRITH END TO BUCKS HORN OAK ALICE HOLT FOREST, NEAR FARNHAM HAMPSHIRE VOLUME I: TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION CA PROJECT: 1593 CA REPORT: 03118 Author: Alistair Barber Approved: Simon Cox Signed: ……………………………………………………………. Issue: 01 Date: 2 OCTOBER 2003 This report is confidential to the client. Cotswold Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability to any third party to whom this report, or any part of it, is made known. Any such party relies upon this report entirely at their own risk. No part of this report may be reproduced by any means without permission. © Cotswold Archaeology Headquarters Building, Kemble Business Park, Cirencester, Gloucestershire, GL7 6BQ Tel. 01285 771022 Fax. 01285 771033 E-mail: [email protected] A325 Frith End to Bucks Horn Oak, Alice Holt, Nr. Farnham, Hampshire: Topographic Survey & Evaluation © Cotswold Archaeology CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 4 The site ................................................................................................................ 4 Archaeological background.................................................................................. 5 Archaeological objectives .................................................................................... 6 Methodology ........................................................................................................ 6 2. RESULTS ............................................................................................................ 8 Topographic Survey............................................................................................. 8 Archaeological Evaluation.................................................................................... 9 The Finds ............................................................................................................. 12 The Biological Evidence....................................................................................... 13 3. DISCUSSION....................................................................................................... 13 4. CA PROJECT TEAM ........................................................................................... 21 5. REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 21 APPENDIX 1: CONTEXT DESCRIPTIONS...................................................................... 24 APPENDIX 2: THE POTTERY.......................................................................................... 26 APPENDIX 3: OTHER ARTEFACTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES ..................... 29 APPENDIX 4: LEVELS OF PRINCIPAL DEPOSITS (TRENCHES 1-11)......................... 32 APPENDIX 5: QUANTIFICATION OF POTTERY SHERD DENSITY: TRENCHES 9-11 33 1 A325 Frith End to Bucks Horn Oak, Alice Holt, Nr. Farnham, Hampshire: Topographic Survey & Evaluation © Cotswold Archaeology LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. 1 Site location plan Fig. 2 Location of sites 1 to 5, showing evaluation trenches and topographic survey areas 1 to 3 (1:5000) Fig. 3 Site 1, survey area 3: contour plot showing trenches 9 and 10 Fig. 4 Site 1, survey area 3: enhanced topographic modelling (z coordinate x 2), showing trenches 9 and 10 Fig. 5 Site 1, survey areas 1 and 2: contour plot showing trench 11 Fig. 6 Site 1, survey areas 1 and 2: enhanced topographic modelling (z coordinate x 2), showing trench 11 Fig. 7 Site 1, trenches 9 to 11: selected sections Fig. 8 Sites 2 to 4, trenches 1 to 6: selected photographs Fig. 9 Sites 1 and 5, trenches 7 to 11: selected photographs 2 A325 Frith End to Bucks Horn Oak, Alice Holt, Nr. Farnham, Hampshire: Topographic Survey & Evaluation © Cotswold Archaeology SUMMARY Site Name: A325 Frith End to Bucks Horn Oak Location: Alice Holt Forest, Near Farnham, Surrey NGR: SU 8080 3990 to SU 8069 4169 Type: Topographic Survey and Archaeological Evaluation Date: 18-27 August 2003 Location of Archive: To be deposited with Hampshire County Museums Service Accession no. A2003.48 Site Code: AHF 03 Scheduled Mon. No: County Monument No. 244 A programme of archaeological work was undertaken by Cotswold Archaeology in August 2003 at the request of ASI Heritage Consultants (on behalf of Hampshire County Council) on five discrete sites adjacent to the A325 between Frith End to Bucks Horn Oak. In compliance with an approved Written Scheme of Investigation a topographic survey was first undertaken within an area, (Site 1), of a statutorily-protected Scheduled Ancient Monument (county monument no. 244) within the Roman and later pottery production centre at Alice Holt forest. The topographic survey results informed the subsequent positioning of three evaluation trenches, numbered 9 to 11, within Site 1. Trenches 9 and 10, within the southern part of Site 1, identified a sequence of well- preserved, complex and fragile deposits, 0.65-1.2m in thickness, associated with mid to late 1st-century AD and later pottery production. Set directly upon natural clays a metalled surface, possibly part of a drying shed or workshop, was overlain by a clay deposit possibly forming part of a kiln structure. Successive late 1st-century floors, and associated soil accumulations, were covered by 2nd and 3rd century deposits associated with a previously identified Romano-British pottery waster dump (AH 46; Lyne 1979). In excess of 27, 000 sherds of Roman pottery, dating from c. AD 50-270, were recovered. Trench 11, within the northern part of Site 1, was sited close to a 4th-century waster dump (AH 68) but revealed no Romano-British deposits. A total of 937 residual pottery sherds, dating to c. AD 50-300, suggest a waster dump or kiln nearby. A post-medieval soil containing abundant brick may indicate a demolished structure in the site vicinity, which may have truncated part of the putative waster dump. Trenches 1 to 8, sited to the north of the scheduled area, revealed only a single worked flint, of late Neolithic or Bronze Age date, and an undiagnostic sherd of Roman grey-ware pottery. 3 A325 Frith End to Bucks Horn Oak, Alice Holt, Nr. Farnham, Hampshire: Topographic Survey & Evaluation © Cotswold Archaeology 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 In August 2003 Cotswold Archaeology (CA) carried out a topographic survey and archaeological evaluation for ASI Heritage Consultants, on behalf of Hampshire County Council, alongside the Frith End to Bucks Horn Oak section of the A325 road near Farnham (between NGR: SU 8080 3990 and SU 8069 4169; Fig. 1). The survey and evaluation were undertaken within an archaeologically sensitive area of Alice Holt forest, part of which has statutory protection as a Scheduled Ancient Monument (county monument no. 244). Localised failure of the road embankment has occurred at five locations (Sites 1 to 5), where the A325 crosses existing streams and drainage ditches (Fig. 2) and the fieldwork was designed to provide archaeological information to assist in the design and management of proposed road maintenance works. 1.2 The topographic survey and evaluation were carried out in accordance with a specification for archaeological recording prepared by Mr Michael Heaton of ASI Heritage Consultants as archaeological advisor to Hampshire County Council (ASI 2003), and with subsequent detailed Written Scheme of Investigations produced by CA (2003b, 2003c) and approved by Mr Heaton. The fieldwork also followed the Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Field Evaluation issued by the Institute of Field Archaeologists (1999). The progress and quality of the evaluation was monitored both by Mr Heaton and by Mr Ian Wykes, County Archaeological Officer, Hampshire County Council, and included site visits on 19 and 27 August 2003. This volume contains an account of the survey and evaluation results: Volume II contains copies of site records and finds assessment sheets. The site 1.3 Five areas adjacent to the A325 between Bucks Horn Oak and Frith End will be affected by proposed widening of the road embankment. Sites 1 to 5 are all situated towards the southern edge of Alice Holt forest, approximately 8km south of Farnham, and on the eastern side of the Blacknest tributary of the river Slea (Fig. 2). This section of the A325 has a discernible incline from north to south, with a ground level of approximately 108m AOD at Site 5 and 77m AOD at Site 1. 4 A325 Frith End to Bucks Horn Oak, Alice Holt, Nr. Farnham, Hampshire: Topographic Survey & Evaluation © Cotswold Archaeology 1.4 The underlying geology of the area is mapped as Lower Greensand and Upper Greensand with stiff Gault clay of the Cretaceous period (Institute of Geological Sciences, 1979). The Gault clays produce a thin poorly-drained gley soil unsuitable for agriculture. 1.5 Proposed maintenance works are focussed upon grass verges and areas of recent tree clearance immediately west and east of the carriageway, alongside established woodland managed by Forest Enterprises on behalf of the Forestry Commission. Archaeological background 1.6 The archaeological and historical development of Alice Holt forest and its environs is known from a number of sources (Lyne 1976, 1978, Lyne and Jefferies 1979, Lyne 1998, Lyne forthcoming). An overview is also provided within an archaeological assessment document produced
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