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The Steller Sea Lion (Eumetopias Jubatus) Decline and The THE STELLER SEA LION (EUMETOPIAS JUBATUS) DECLINE AND THE GULF OF ALASKA / BERING SEA COMMERCIAL FISHERY by Daniel Reneau Hennen A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biological Sciences MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY Bozeman, Montana October 2004 UMI Number: 3143874 ________________________________________________________ UMI Microform 3143874 Copyright 2004 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ____________________________________________________________ ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road PO Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 © COPYRIGHT by Daniel Reneau Hennen 2004 All Rights Reserved ii APPROVAL of a dissertation submitted by Daniel Reneau Hennen This dissertation has been read by each member of the dissertation committee and has been found to be satisfactory regarding content, English usage, format, citations, bibliographic style, and consistency, and is ready for submission to the College of Graduate Studies. Dr. Daniel Goodman Approved for the Department of Ecology Dr. David Roberts Approved for the College of Graduate Studies Dr. Bruce McLeod iii STATEMENT OF PERMISSION TO USE In presenting this dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a doctoral degree at Montana State University, I agree that the Library shall make it available to borrowers under the rules of the Library. I further agree that copying of this dissertation is allowable for scholarly purposes, consistent with "fair use" as prescribed in the U.S. Copyright Law. Requests for extensive copying or reproduction of this dissertation should be referred to Bell & Howell Information and Learning, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106, to whom I have granted "the exclusive right to reproduce and distribute my dissertation in and from microfilm along with the non-exclusive right to reproduce and distribute my abstract in any format in whole or in part." Daniel Reneau Hennen October 18, 2004 iv ACNKOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without the mentorship of my adviser Dan Goodman, or the advice and assistance of my committee members, Tom Loughlin, Bob Garrott, Bill Quimby, and Bruce Maxwell. I received great advice and from many employees of the National Marine Fisheries Service, in particular, Tom Loughlin, Lowell Fritz, Anne York, Jerry Berger and Rod Towell. I would further like to thank NMFS for the financial support necessary for this work and Tom Loughlin and Brian Fadely for allowing me to work on their summer pup cruises to Alaska. Finally, I would like to thank Dan Gustafson for all his computer related help and most importantly, my wife, Jeanne Harper, for her fine editing and her patience. v TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………….…………….……..…1 2. THE STELLER SEA LION………………………………………………………….….………4 PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION…………...………………………………………………..………………..4 REPRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………...………5 HABITAT………………………………………………………………………………………………....5 BEHAVIOR……………………………………..………………………………………….……………..7 FORAGING……………………………………………..………………………………………………...9 PREDATOR INTERACTIONS…………………………………..……………………………………..10 COMMON DISEASES……………………………………………………..…………………………...12 STOCK SEPARATION……………………………………………………………..…………………..13 THE DECLINE AND STOCK COMPARISON……………………………………………..…………14 SIMILAR SPECIES……………………………………………………………………………………..16 3. ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES OF THE BERING SEA AND GULF OF ALASKA………….……………..…………………………………………..19 THE BERING SEA………………..…………………………..………………………………………...19 THE GULF OF ALASKA……………………..………………………………..……………………….23 THE REGIME SHIFT HYPOTHESIS AND STELLER SEA LIONS………….....……………………25 4. THE BERING SEA AND GULF OF ALASKA COMMERCIAL FISHERY……………………………………………………………………………….……...31 PRE WORLD WAR II…………………...……………….……………………………………………...31 WORLD WAR II TO 1976………………………...…………………………………………………….34 1976 TO 2000………………………………………………..…………………………………………..42 5. THE HISTORY OF STELLER SEA LION MANAGEMENT RELATING TO COMMERCIAL FISHERIES…………………………………….…………57 6. PREVIOUS STUDIES OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN COMMERCIAL FISHERIES AND STELLER SEA LIONS IN THE GULF OF ALASKA AND BERING SEA…..…………………………….………….…61 COMPARISON OF COMMERCIAL HARVEST OF WALLEYE POLLOCK AND NORTHERN SEA LION ABUNDANCE IN THE BERING SEA AND GULF OF ALASKA…………………………………………... ……...……………...……………61 COMPARISONS OF WALLEYE POLLOCK, THERAGRA CHALCOGRAMMA, HARVEST TO STELLER SEA LION, EUMETOPIAS JUBATUS, ABUNDANCE IN THE BERING SEA AND GULF OF ALASKA………………………………………………....….64 AN ANALYSIS OF GROUNDFISH FISHING ACTIVITIES NEAR STELLER SEA LION ROOKERIES IN ALASKA …………………….…………...….……………...68 COMMENTS…………………………………………………………………………………...………..73 vi 7. CORRELATIONS BETWEEN THE STELLER SEA LION DECLINE AND THE BERING SEA / GULF OF ALASKA COMMERCIAL FISHERY……………………………………………….………………...…76 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………….…….……....76 METHODS……………………………………………………………………..…………………..…….77 RESULTS…………………………………………………………..…………….……………………...84 Simple Linear Regression………………………………………….………………………..84 Using 1977 – 1991 Fishing as a Predictor of YFC – 1991 SSL Population Trend.……………………….………………....……..84 1977 – 1991 Fishing as a Predictor of 1991 – 2001 SSL Population Trend………………………………………………………………….……................96 1991 – 2000 Fishing as a Predictor of 1991 – 2001 SSL Population Trend…………………………………………………….…...………………97 1977 – 2000 Fishing as a Predictor of 1991 – 2001 SSL Population Trend…………………………………………………………….…...……..103 Multiple Linear Regression and Principal Components Analysis……..………………......111 1977 – 1991 Fishing as a Predictor of YFC – 1991 SSL Population Trend………………………………………….……………………………………..111 1977 – 1991 Fishing as a Predictor of 1991 - 2001 SSL Population Trend………………………………………………….…...………………………...115 1991 – 2000 Fishing as a Predictor of 1991 - 2001 SSL Population Trend………………………………………………………….…...………………...118 1977 – 2000 Fishing as a Predictor of 1991 - 2001 SSL Population Trend………………………………………………………………….…………......123 DISCUSSION……………………………………………...………………………………………..126 8. CONCLUSIONS…………………………………………………..………………………….145 APPENDICES……………………………………………………………….………………….151 APPENDIX A: FISHERIES GEAR AND TECHNOLOGY………………………………...…152 APPENDIX B: STOCK HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF IMPORTANT FISH SPECIES………………………….……………………………..……161 APPENDIX C: STELLER SEA LION POPULATION TREND MODELS……………………………………………...……………….……...……….166 APPENDIX D: PRINCIPAL COMPONANTS ANALYSIS (PCA)………..……..……….…..183 REFERENCES CITED…………………………………………………………………….……189 vii LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. List of Abbreviations Used…………………………………………………….……...82 2. Fishing From 1977 - 1991 vs. YFC (50’s) - 1991 Slope Estimates.…………………..………………… ….………...…………………...…...84 3. Fishing From 1977 - 1991 vs. YFC - 1991 (no 50’s) Slope Estimates…………………………………………………………….……….……....86 4. Fishing From 1977 - 1991 vs. 1977 - 1991 Slope Estimates……………….…….…...87 5. Ranked Fishing From 1977 – 1991 vs. YFC (50’s) – 1991 Slope estimates………………………………………………………………….…....88 6. Ranked Fishing From 1977 – 1991 vs. YFC (no 50’s) – 1991 Slope Estimates………………………………………………………………............90 7. Ranked Fishing From 1977 – 1991 vs. 1977 – 1991 Slope Estimates…………………………………………………………………….……….91 8. Ranked Summer, Pollock, Small/Non-pelagic Trawl Fishing From 1977 – 1991 vs. YFC (50’s) – 1991 Slope Estimates………….……………...92 9. Ranked Summer, Pollock, Small/Non-pelagic Trawl Fishing From 1977 – 1991 vs. YFC (no 50’s) – 1991 Slope Estimates………….…………..93 10. Ranked Summer, Pollock, Small/Non-pelagic Trawl Fishing From 1977 – 1991 vs. 1977 – 1991 Slope Estimates…………………….…………..93 11. Ranked Fall, Pollock, Small/Non-pelagic Trawl Fishing From 1977 – 1991 vs. YFC (50’s) – 1991 Slope Estimates………………….……...93 12. Ranked Fall, Pollock, Small/Non-pelagic Trawl Fishing From 1977 – 1991 vs. YFC (no 50’s) – 1991 Slope Estimates………………….…..93 13. Ranked Fall, Pollock, Small/Non-pelagic Trawl Fishing From 1977 – 1991 vs. 1977 – 1991 Slope Estimates………………………….……..94 14. Ranked Summer, Pacific Cod, Small/Non-pelagic Trawl Fishing From 1977 – 1991 vs. YFC (50’s) – 1991 Slope Estimates…………………....…....94 viii 15. Ranked Summer, Pacific Cod, Small/Non-pelagic Trawl Fishing From 1977 – 1991 vs. YFC (no 50’s) – 1991 Slope Estimates……………….……..94 16. Ranked Summer, Pacific Cod, Small/Non-pelagic Trawl Fishing From 1977 – 1991 vs. 1977 – 1991 Slope Estimates………………………………..94 17. Ranked Fall, Pacific Cod, Small/Non-pelagic Trawl Fishing From 1977 – 1991 vs. YFC (50’s) – 1991 Slope Estimates…………………..…….95 18. Ranked Fall, Pacific Cod, Small/Non-pelagic Trawl Fishing From 1977 – 1991 vs. YFC (no 50’s) – 1991 Slope Estimates……………………..95 19. Ranked Fall, Pacific Cod, Small/Non-pelagic Trawl Fishing From 1977 – 1991 vs. 1977 – 1991 Slope Estimates………………………….…….95 20. Ranked Fall, Atka Mackerel, Small/Non-pelagic Trawl Fishing From 1977 – 1991 vs. YFC (50’s) – 1991 Slope Estimates………………..…….…95 21. Ranked Fall, Atka Mackerel, Small/Non-pelagic Trawl Fishing From 1977 – 1991 vs. YFC (no 50’s) – 1991 Slope Estimates……………………..96 22. Ranked Fall, Atka Mackerel, Small/Non-pelagic Trawl Fishing From 1977 – 1991 vs. 1977 – 1991 Slope Estimates………………………….…….96 23. Ranked Large/Pelagic Trawl, Pollock, (All Seasons) Fishing From 1977 – 1991 vs. 1991 - 2001 Slope Estimates………………………………..97 24. Ranked Spring, Pacific Cod, (All Gear Types) Fishing From 1977 – 1991 vs. 1991 - 2001 Slope Estimates………………………………..97 25. Ranked Large/Pelagic Trawl, Winter, Pollock Fishing From 1991
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