I Några Länder Färekommer Fortfarande Viss Nomadism, Men De Flesta Är

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I Några Länder Färekommer Fortfarande Viss Nomadism, Men De Flesta Är Alternativa levnadssa tt Moderna nomader – Travellers – det irländska resandefolket Kandidatuppsats i geografi med kulturgeografisk inriktning Institutionen för Ekonomi och samhälle Avdelningen för Kulturgeografi VT-2014 Författare: Karolina Cugier Handledare: Bodil Jansund Sammanfattning Är annorlunda levnadssätt möjliga i en värld som blir alltmer ”västerniserad” eller globaliserad? Studien behandlar och problematiserar det mångfacetterade och komplexa levnadssättet som innefattar kommersiell nomadism som det irländska resandefolket, Travellers, begagnar sig av på ön Irland. I ett vidare perspektiv sätts studien av Travellers i kontext till hur det moderna samhället växt fram, samt vad som karaktäriserar det moderna. Detta för att förstå på vilket sätt Travellers levnadssätt underminerats samt hur interrelationen mellan storsamhället och den större familjeenheten som utgör Travellers sociala sammansättning påverkat deras försörjningsmöjligheter. Deras sociala roll behandlas utifrån två identifieringspunkter – bostaden och arbetet. Nomadism som fenomen, dess historia, uttryck och eventuella motiv beskrivs i uppsatsen. Moderniseringsprocessens inverkan på den västerländska människas kultur analyseras utifrån sociologisk teoribildning. Travellers kultur tas i beaktande utifrån platsbegreppet, där platsen utgörs av det sociokulturella läget i en integrativ och kvalitativ litteraturstudie. Det moderna västerländska samhället utgör uppsatsens ramverk och studeras implicit, medan den peripatetiska folkgruppen Travellers studeras explicit. Resultaten tolkas och presenteras fortlöpande genom hela arbetet utifrån ett hermeneutiskt angreppssätt. Studien visar att förändringar i Travellers levnadssätt kan ha orsakats av moderniseringsprocessens inverkan, något som går att identifiera i deras omställning av deras försörjningsmönster. Ändå är Travellers på Irland ett resandefolk som håller fast vid sin kultur och grupp trots en politik som arbetat emot dem. Attityden till hur de ska bemötas har gått från assimilering till integrering, från att ha betraktat dem som en problemgrupp till att uppmärksamma dem som en diskriminerad grupp. De har länge, men inte alltid, betraktats som en grupp med egen identitet men inte som en särskild etnisk grupp. Travellers traditionella livsstil och livsåskådning kontrasteras mot hur tidigare traditionella värderingar alternerats mot ett ”friare” liv som i sin tur kan leda till att inga värderingar överhuvudtaget gör sig gällande, hur moralen förskjuts i takt med ett alltmer rationellt samhälle, samt hur det kollektiva lämnat företräde åt det individuella. Följderna av det moderna samhället kan därför medföra en existentiell tomhet som grundar sig i att de valmöjligheter vi erbjuds inte är meningsfulla. Travellers går redan via sin kultur mot en sådan utveckling där deras nomadiska inställning genomsyrar varje aspekt av deras liv. ”Nomadism innebär ett visst sätt att se på världen, ett annorlunda sätt att uppfatta saker, ett annorlunda förhållningssätt till boende, till arbete, och livet i allmänhet”.1 Nyckelord: Travellers, nomadism, komplexa samhällen, livskvalitet, Irland 1 Séamus Ó Síocháin, Joseph Ruane, May McCann, "Introduction", Irish travellers: Culture and ethnicity, The Queen's University of Belfast, 1994, s. xviii. I Abstract Are different ways of life possible in a world that increasingly becomes "Westernized" or globalized? This study examines and analyzes the diverse and complex way of life that includes socioeconomical nomadism as the Irish Traveller community are availing themselves of on the island of Ireland. In a broader perspective the study of the Travellers is put in context to how modern society emerged, and what characterizes the contemporary western societies. This is to understand the way Travellers nomadic lifestyle has been constrained and how the interrelationship between the dominant society and the extended family group constituting Travellers social composition has affected their livelihoods. Their social role is considered from two identification points – home and work. Nomadism as a phenomenon, its history, expression and possible motives are being described in this work. Modernization process impact on Western human culture is analyzed on the basis of sociological theory. Travellers culture is taken into account based on the concept of place, where the place is constitute as a cultural or social location in an integrative and qualitative literature study. The modern western society constitutes the thesis framework and is being examined implicitly, while the peripatetic folk group of Travellers is being studied explicitly. The results are interpreted and presented throughout the whole work based on a hermeneutic approach. The study shows that changes in Travellers way of life have been caused by the impact of modernization, something that can be identified in their adaptation to urban areas and their changed livelihood patterns. Still, Travellers in Ireland are a peripatetic people who hold on to their culture and keep to their group despite a policy that has worked against them. The attitude to how they should be treated has gone from assimilation to integration, from perceiving them as a problematic group to noticing them as a discriminated group. For a long time, but not always, they have been considered as a group with their own identity but not as a separate ethnic group. Travellers traditional lifestyle and outlook on life is contrasted to how former traditional values have become replaced towards a more "free like" life, which in turn can lead to no values at all making their presence valid, how morality shifts in pace with an increasingly rational society, and how the collective leave precedence to the individual. The consequences of modern society may therefore pose an existential emptiness based in that the choices we are offered are not meaningful. Travellers with their culture go against such development where their nomadic mind-set permeates every aspect of Travellers’ lives. “Nomadism entails a way of looking at the world, a different way of perceiving things, a different attitude to accommodation, to work, and to life in general”. Keywords : Travellers , nomadism , complex societies, quality of life, Ireland II Ingress – tankar, idéer och inspiration för den här uppsatsens vidkommande Vår västerländska civilisation måste upphöra med alla pretentioner på att vara civilisationen par excellence för att den är bärare av de tekniska framstegen. Varför? Jo, för att vi måste inse att det som definierar en civilisation inte bara är den materiella kulturen och teknologin utan även och i synnerhet de värderingar som är knutna till den. Vi måste inse att vår jords civilisationer är baserade på olika värderingar.2 Den västerländska kulturen ställer vanligen ”det urbana mot det naturliga, det teknologiska mot det okonstlade, och ställer ofta ’civiliserade’ människor i rättsstater mot ’vildar’, som lever i ’stammar’ (ursprungsbefolkningar som lever intimt lierade med naturen)”.3 Fram till 1800-talet levde den största delen av Europas befolkning fortfarande lantliv, men den intelligentia som dominerade det europeiska tänkandet var urban (och blev därmed i allt högre grad ”borgerlig”). Utifrån den västerländska etnocentrismens uppfattning har det sedan dess länge accepterats en idé om en enda civilisation som motsats till ett som vilt betecknat naturtillstånd. På samma sätt kom alltifrån den tiden det feodala samhällets folk att uppfattas som rester av Europas ursprungsbefolkningar, vilka (i likhet med de folk som idag kallas ursprungsbefolkningar liknande Amazonas indianer, Sydafrikanska Kalahariöknens bushmän, Arktis inuiter, Australiens aboriginer m.m.) levde i nära kontakt med naturen utan att kunna dominera den p.g.a. att de bara hade sina traditionella tekniker och metoder att tillgå. Med anledning av Europas industrialisering och urbanisering, de teknologiska framstegen och det kapital som kunnat ackumuleras uppkom i samband med detta en ny ideologi, framstegsideologin. Detta tänk innebar bl.a. att man i rangordningen av olika samhällen jämförde det materiella tillståndet mellan olika kulturer, och därmed delade upp samhällena i underlägsna respektive överlägsna. ”Enligt lagen om folkens utveckling var alla människosamhällen predestinerade att passera från ett jägar- och samlarstadium fram till ett industrialiserat stadium. Ingen bildad europé tvivlade på den lagens giltighet. Än värre var att den lagen inympades i de europeiserade ’eliterna’, som man brukar kalla dem idag, i tredje världen.”4 "Välstånd kan isolera en."5 Citatet är hämtat från BBC-serien Att leva ett enkelt liv som visats av SVT. Kyrkoherden Pete Owen Jones bestämde sig för ett experiment, att i ett år leva utan pengar, däribland företa sig en vandring i Franciskus anda. Utan pengar var han tvungen att tigga till sig mat och husrum. En både smärtsam och berikande upplevelse som dock ledde till övertygelsen om att det ligger ett värde i denna sårbarhet, både för den som tigger, och för den som får möjlighet att ge. Det skapar ett beroende som inte är av ondo, utan av godo. Tvärtemot vad vi får lära oss. Syftet – att inse att vi alla är beroende av varandra, samt att ta reda på hur man kan leva ett liv som inte bygger på arbete för att konsumera. Den som har flest saker när han dör vinner, är tyvärr en sanning för många i dagens samhälle där Pete Owen Jones försöker bryta sig loss från myten att konsumtion är lösningen. Kan ett enklare liv bidra till ett mera meningsfullt liv är en fråga som
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