DOCSLIB.ORG

WEIGHT, Volumei and CENTER:OF MASS OF:Segmentsof the HUN N BODY

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
WEIGHT, Volumei and CENTER:OF MASS OF:Segmentsof the HUN N BODY 6 • P AMRL-TR-flg-70 WEIGHT, vOLUMEi AND CENTER:OF MASS OF:sEGMENTS OF THE HUN_N BODY ..... ° ..... , . f, 00000001-TSB03 ;[ AMRL-TR-69-70 WEIGHT, VOLUME, AND CENTEROF MASS OF SEGMENTSOF THE HUMAN BODY CHARLES E, CLAUSER Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory /OHN T. McCONVILLE Antioch Co//ege 1. W. YOUNG Ctoil Aecomedtcal Institute AUGUST 1969 Illl{l|l This document has been approved for public • release and sale; its distribution is unlimited. |11i I I i i Ii AEROSPACE MEDICAL RESEARCH LABORATORY AEROSPACE MEDICAL DIVISION AIR FORCE SYSTEMS COMMAND WRIGHT-PATTERSON AIR FORCE BASE, OHIO ° ' "....... .... 00060001-FsB04 / - ITSccurlt_ C|a.slf_ention I I I I I ] l II I [ DOCUMI_NT CONTROL DATA .R & D rS_curlfy cla#Mtleallon ol IIIIo, b_dy ot ahatraef and IndoMInS annaf.flnn r...I _,_ nntorod wh_)n thn ovoratl roporl la ela_MOod# ,, I_ ORIGINATING ACTIVITY fC_l%wOr_lff aulhOf)Aeros_)ac _ Medical Resear_ _, RRPORT SECURITY CLAS§IFICATIQN Laboratory, AMD, AFSC, Wrlght-Fatterson AFB, Ohio*, ! UNCLASSIFIED _nttochL _ollege, Ye_llow _prings, Ohio*.* _ & Civil Aero-I_b _.ou_ medical mstttu_e, yeaeral Aviation _amlnls_ratlon, l N/A WEIGHT, VOLUME, AND CENTER OF MASS OF SEGMENTS OF THE HUMAN BODY v 4, Dt_ISCRIPTIV_ NOTES (_'ypo o| roport and In©t.nIve d_l_a) FIAal Report B, AU THoRIs} (#'lrsf name, mlddlo InJtlot, lao_ n_rno) Charles E. Clauser*, john T. McConvtlle**, and ;. W. Young*** REPOR_ DATE 7o. TOTAL NO, OF PA_ES |Tb, NO--OP RE_'S August 1969 106 I 95 a", _.ONTRACT OR _RANT No:AF 33{515)-1101 ._ ORIGINATOR'' REPORT NUMBER(S) F33615-67-C-1310 AMRL-TR-69-70 _. PROJECT,O.7184 _"Task No. 718408 b. thOiTs ,ERreporREPt) OR.0T_,_(A.y o,_...m_°. _, =.y _. ,,_,*_ d, 10, OISTRIBUTION STATEMENT This document has been approved for public sale; iradistributionis unlimited. It, SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE8 12. SPONSORING MILITARY ACTIVITY Significant financial support was provided Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, by the National Aeronautics and Space Aerospace Medical Division, Air Force _,_.^_.,_+_=H,,und. er contract R-90 Systems Command, Wright-Patterson AFB,OI"I r,. _,,sv,_CT 4543_ This study was designed to supplement existing knowledge of the weight, volume, and center of mass of segments of the human body and to permit their more accurate estimation on the living from anthropometric dimensions. Weight, volume, and center of mass of 14 segments of the body were determined on 13 male cadavers. Presented are descriptive statistics of these variables as well as a series of regression equations predicting these parameters from anthropometry. Included in the seven supporting appendices are reports of studies of the mid- volume of segments as an approximation of their center of mass, relationships between standing and supine anthropometry, postmortem changes in gross body size, and comparisons between densities ol__resh and preserved human tissues. DD ,'2: ..1473 Security Classification ° 00000001-TSB05 Summary Knowledge of the weight, volume, and center of mass of segments of the human body is of significance to research in such diverse fields as physical educa- tion, prosthetics, and space technology. While the specific information needed may vary from one specialty to another, common to all is the objective of under- standing more fidly th_ biomechanics of man either as an entity or as a com. ponent of some complex system. The engineer or physicist may test a structure or material until it falls to determine designs and conditions appropriate to the physical characteristics of materia!_. The introduction of man as an integral part of a system, either in a passive or active role, restricts the freedom to test it because of possible injury to the human component. To overcome this restriction, it is common to replace the man with a physical model or, more recently, to use computer simulation. The degree to which a physical or mathematical model can be formulated as an isomorph of the human body thus becomes a crucial factor. This study was designed to supplement existing knowledge of the weight, volume, and location of the center of mass of segments of the human body and to permit their more accurate estimation on the living from anthropometric dimensions. Thirteen male cadavers were each dissected into 14 segments. The weight, volume, and center of mass of each segment were determined, and su/_cient anthropometry of the cadavers was taken to describe the length, circumference, and breadth or depth of each segment. The relationships between the size of the segments and its weight, volume, and the location of its center of mass form the basis for estimating these parameters of living populations. " .... "'- " ' .... "-"---........ 00000001- TSB06 "'-,.._ _t,h,l_._ i"AG!: t_LAI",iK NOT _:iI.N'_ED, Foreword This studywas accomplishedunder Project7184,"Human Pedormance in Advanced _ys- terns'; Task 718408, "Anthropology for Design," It was a Jolnt effort among the Anthropology Branch, Human Engineering Division, Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory (AMRL); the Anthropology Research Project, Antioch College, under contracts AF 33(fl15)-1101 and F33015- 67-C-1310; and the Anthropology Section, Civil Aeromcdical Institute (CAMI), Federal Aviation Administration, Significant financial support was provided by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under contract R-30. The research reported here could not have been carried out without the complete cooperation of the administrative directors of the several organizations involved. Dr. J. M. Christensen, Di- rector of the Human Engineering Division, H. T. E. Hertzberg, then Chief of the Anthropology Branch, AMRL; Dr. Stanley Mohler, then Director of Research, CAMI; and Professor Edmund Churchill, Director of the Anthropology Research Project, were enthusiastic supporters of the joint undertakingand made everyattempttoassureitssmoothfunctioning.The actualdatacollection was carriedoutattheCAMI laboratoriesinOklahoma Citywhere Mr.JohnSwearingen,Chiefof Protectionand SurvivaBrl anch,and Dr.R. G. Snyder,then Chiefof the AnthropologySection, went togreatlengthstoassurethatpropersupportin termsof equipment,workspaceand per- sonnelwas alwaysavailable. The effortsand responsibilitiwerees sharedequallyamong the authorsa,nd thestudywas indeeda jointeffort.The names of themany individualswho supportedthisstudyatthevarious laboratoriines(_ fabricationof equipmentand insupportactiviti(easdministrativse,ecretarial, photographicetc., )are toonumerous to listindividually,yettheyohen playeda significarolnt e inthedevelopmentofthestudy.A speciaacl knowledgmentismade toMr.DeWittPierce(CAMI) who providedtechnicaaldviceand assistanceintheuseof thefluoroscopaend X-rayequipment and toMr William]',;, anFloros(CAMI) who preparedtheillustratiuonssed inthisreport.Miss PatriciM_rsh,a alsoofCAMI, actedasa laboratorasy sistaduntringtheinitialdatacollectiphonase ofthestudy. ProfessorChurchillprepareda number of computerroutinesavd providedextensivgeuid- anceand adviceintheanalysisof thedata.Miss MargaretMarshallworkedasa laboratoryassist- antduringthedatacollectionphaseand asa statisticaasslistaduringnt theanalysis.Her patience and attentiontoth(_many detailsinvolvedi_ithedataprocessingaregratefullyacknowledged. Most ofthisstudy,from theinitiapllanofresearchthroughtheinte_retationofthedataand thepreparationofthereporth,asbeen discussedin detailwith our friendsand associateWs.e particularlywish toacknowledgeour gratitudteothelateDr.W. T. Demp_terforhisdetailedex- planationofthetechniqueasnd procedureshe used in hisearliestr udyof a similanrature.Our associateCsaptainWillian_Bennettand ProfessorLloydL. Laubach each assistedduringthedata collection a specimen,and we aregratefolfortheirsupport. ProfessorEdmund Churchill,ProfessoLloydr L. Laubach,Mr. K. W. Kennedy,Dr. K. H. E. I<xoemerM,r. P.V. Kulwickl,and Dr. M. J.Warricktookthetimeand troubleto listen,to read, and tocomment as thisanalysiwsas beingmade and insodoingconstantlyimprovedthefinalre- portwith their constructive criticism. Mrs. Joan Rohinette's careful editing and arranging of the final manuscript is gratefully acknowledged. This report has been reviewed end is approved by: C. H. KRATOCHVIL, Colonel, USAF, MC Commander Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory tii - i 00000001-TSB07 Table of Cntents Pa_e Historical Background: Methodology and Results of Previous Investigators .................................. 1 Methods and Techniques ....................................................................................................................... 18 Summary Statistics and Predictive Equations .......................................................................................36 Summary and Conclusions ..........................................................................................................................59 Apper_ilx Page A. Outline of Procedures and Data Form ....................................................................................... 62 B, Mid-volume of Segments as an Approximation of a Segment's Center of Mass ....................... 68 C. Standing and Supine Anthropometry and Postmortem Changes in Body Size ....................... 70 D. Descriptions of Anthropometrie Dimensions ......................................................................... 76 E. Statistical Techniques .......................................................................................................... 81 F. Correlation Matrix of Segmental Variables ............................................................................... 83 C. Densities
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Towards Adaptive and Directable Control of Simulated Creatures Yeuhi Abe AKER
    --A Towards Adaptive and Directable Control of Simulated Creatures by Yeuhi Abe Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Computer Science and Engineering at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY February 2007 © Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2007. All rights reserved. Author ....... Departmet of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Febri- '. 2007 Certified by Jovan Popovid Associate Professor or Accepted by........... Arthur C.Smith Chairman, Department Committee on Graduate Students MASSACHUSETTS INSTInfrE OF TECHNOLOGY APR 3 0 2007 AKER LIBRARIES Towards Adaptive and Directable Control of Simulated Creatures by Yeuhi Abe Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science on February 2, 2007, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Computer Science and Engineering Abstract Interactive animation is used ubiquitously for entertainment and for the communi- cation of ideas. Active creatures, such as humans, robots, and animals, are often at the heart of such animation and are required to interact in compelling and lifelike ways with their virtual environment. Physical simulation handles such interaction correctly, with a principled approach that adapts easily to different circumstances, changing environments, and unexpected disturbances. However, developing robust control strategies that result in natural motion of active creatures within physical simulation has proved to be a difficult problem. To address this issue, a new and ver- satile algorithm for the low-level control of animated characters has been developed and tested. It simplifies the process of creating control strategies by automatically ac- counting for many parameters of the simulation, including the physical properties of the creature and the contact forces between the creature and the virtual environment.
    [Show full text]
  • 7.6 Moments and Center of Mass in This Section We Want to find a Point on Which a Thin Plate of Any Given Shape Balances Horizontally As in Figure 7.6.1
    Arkansas Tech University MATH 2924: Calculus II Dr. Marcel B. Finan 7.6 Moments and Center of Mass In this section we want to find a point on which a thin plate of any given shape balances horizontally as in Figure 7.6.1. Figure 7.6.1 The center of mass is the so-called \balancing point" of an object (or sys- tem.) For example, when two children are sitting on a seesaw, the point at which the seesaw balances, i.e. becomes horizontal is the center of mass of the seesaw. Discrete Point Masses: One Dimensional Case Consider again the example of two children of mass m1 and m2 sitting on each side of a seesaw. It can be shown experimentally that the center of mass is a point P on the seesaw such that m1d1 = m2d2 where d1 and d2 are the distances from m1 and m2 to P respectively. See Figure 7.6.2. In order to generalize this concept, we introduce an x−axis with points m1 and m2 located at points with coordinates x1 and x2 with x1 < x2: Figure 7.6.2 1 Since P is the balancing point, we must have m1(x − x1) = m2(x2 − x): Solving for x we find m x + m x x = 1 1 2 2 : m1 + m2 The product mixi is called the moment of mi about the origin. The above result can be extended to a system with many points as follows: The center of mass of a system of n point-masses m1; m2; ··· ; mn located at x1; x2; ··· ; xn along the x−axis is given by the formula n X mixi i=1 Mo x = n = X m mi i=1 n X where the sum Mo = mixi is called the moment of the system about i=1 Pn the origin and m = i=1 mn is the total mass.
    [Show full text]
  • Aerodynamic Development of a IUPUI Formula SAE Specification Car with Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) Analysis
    Aerodynamic development of a IUPUI Formula SAE specification car with Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) analysis Ponnappa Bheemaiah Meederira, Indiana- University Purdue- University. Indianapolis Aerodynamic development of a IUPUI Formula SAE specification car with Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) analysis A Directed Project Final Report Submitted to the Faculty Of Purdue School of Engineering and Technology Indianapolis By Ponnappa Bheemaiah Meederira, In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Technology Committee Member Approval Signature Date Peter Hylton, Chair Technology _______________________________________ ____________ Andrew Borme Technology _______________________________________ ____________ Ken Rennels Technology _______________________________________ ____________ Aerodynamic development of a IUPUI Formula SAE specification car with Computational 3 Fluid Dynamics(CFD) analysis Table of Contents 1. Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 4 2. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 5 3. Problem statement ..................................................................................................................... 7 4. Significance............................................................................................................................... 7 5. Literature review
    [Show full text]
  • Simplified Tools and Methods for Chassis and Vehicle Dynamics Development for FSAE Vehicles
    Simplified Tools and Methods for Chassis and Vehicle Dynamics Development for FSAE Vehicles A thesis submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the School of Dynamic Systems of the College of Engineering and Applied Science by Fredrick Jabs B.A. University of Cincinnati June 2006 Committee Chair: Randall Allemang, Ph.D. Abstract Chassis and vehicle dynamics development is a demanding discipline within the FSAE team structure. Many fundamental quantities that are key to the vehicle’s behavior are underdeveloped, undefined or not validated during the product lifecycle of the FSAE competition vehicle. Measurements and methods dealing with the yaw inertia, pitch inertia, roll inertia and tire forces of the vehicle were developed to more accurately quantify the vehicle parameter set. An air ride rotational platform was developed to quantify the yaw inertia of the vehicle. Due to the facilities available the air ride approach has advantages over the common trifilar pendulum method. The air ride necessitates the use of an elevated level table while the trifilar requires a large area and sufficient overhead structure to suspend the object. Although the air ride requires more rigorous computation to perform the second order polynomial fitment of the data, use of small angle approximation is avoided during the process. The rigid pendulum developed to measure both the pitch and roll inertia also satisfies the need to quantify the center of gravity location as part of the process. For the size of the objects being measured, cost and complexity were reduced by using wood for the platform, simple steel support structures and a knife edge pivot design.
    [Show full text]
  • Control System for Quarter Car Heavy Tracked Vehicle Active Electromagnetic Suspension
    Control System for Quarter Car Heavy Tracked Vehicle Active Electromagnetic Suspension By: D. A. Weeks J.H.Beno D. A. Bresie A. Guenin 1997 SAE International Congress and Exposition, Detroit, Ml, Feb 24-27, 1997. PR- 223 Center for Electromechanics The University of Texas at Austin PRC, Mail Code R7000 Austin, TX 78712 (512) 471-4496 January 2, 1997 Control System for Single Wheel Station Heavy Tracked Vehicle Active Electromagnetic Suspension D. A. Weeks, J. H. Beno, D. A. Bresie, and A. M. Guenin The Center for Electromechanics The University of Texas at Austin PRC, Mail Code R7000 Austin TX 78712 (512) 471-4496 ABSTRACT necessary control forces. The original paper described details concerning system modeling and new active suspension con­ Researchers at The University of Texas Center for trol approaches (briefly summarized in Addendum A for read­ Electromechanics recently completed design, fabrication, and er convenience). This paper focuses on hardware and software preliminary testing of an Electromagnetic Active Suspension implementation, especially electronics, sensors, and signal pro­ System (EMASS). The EMASS program was sponsored by cessing, and on experimental results for a single wheel station the United States Army Tank Automotive and Armaments test-rig. Briefly, the single wheel test-rig (fig. 1) simulated a Command Center (TACOM) and the Defense Advanced single Ml Main Battle Tank roadwheel station at full scale, Research Projects Agency (DARPA). A full scale, single wheel using a 4,500 kg (5 ton) block of concrete for the sprung mass mockup of an M1 tank suspension was chosen for evaluating and actual M1 roadwheels and roadarm for unsprung mass.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of Vehicle Dynamics Tools for Motorsports
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF Chris Patton for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Mechanical Engineering presented on February 7, 2013. Title: Development of Vehicle Dynamics Tools for Motorsports. Abstract approved: ______________________________________________________________________________ Robert K. Paasch In this dissertation, a group of vehicle dynamics simulation tools is developed with two primary goals: to accurately represent vehicle behavior and to provide insight that improves the understanding of vehicle performance. Three tools are developed that focus on tire modeling, vehicle modeling and lap time simulation. Tire modeling is based on Nondimensional Tire Theory, which is extended to provide a flexible model structure that allows arbitrary inputs to be included. For example, rim width is incorporated as a continuous variable in addition to vertical load, inclination angle and inflation pressure. Model order is determined statistically and only significant effects are included. The fitting process is shown to provide satisfactory fits while fit parameters clearly demonstrate characteristic behavior of the tire. To represent the behavior of a complete vehicle, a Nondimensional Tire Model is used, along with a three degree of freedom vehicle model, to create Milliken Moment Diagrams (MMD) at different speeds, longitudinal accelerations, and under various yaw rate conditions. In addition to the normal utility of MMDs for understanding vehicle performance, they are used to develop Limit Acceleration Surfaces that represent the longitudinal, lateral and yaw acceleration limits of the vehicle. Quasi-transient lap time simulation is developed that simulates the performance of a vehicle on a predetermined path based on the Limit Acceleration Surfaces described above. The method improves on the quasi-static simulation method by representing yaw dynamics and indicating the vehicle’s stability and controllability over the lap.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 9 – Center of Mass and Linear Momentum I
    Chapter 9 – Center of mass and linear momentum I. The center of mass - System of particles / - Solid body II. Newton’s Second law for a system of particles III. Linear Momentum - System of particles / - Conservation IV. Collision and impulse - Single collision / - Series of collisions V. Momentum and kinetic energy in collisions VI. Inelastic collisions in 1D -Completely inelastic collision/ Velocity of COM VII. Elastic collisions in 1D VIII. Collisions in 2D IX. Systems with varying mass X. External forces and internal energy changes I. Center of mass The center of mass of a body or a system of bodies is a point that moves as though all the mass were concentrated there and all external forces were applied there. - System of particles: General: m1x1 m2 x2 m1x1 m2 x2 xcom m1 m2 M M = total mass of the system - The center of mass lies somewhere between the two particles. - Choice of the reference origin is arbitrary Shift of the coordinate system but center of mass is still at the same relative distance from each particle. I. Center of mass - System of particles: m2 xcom d m1 m2 Origin of reference system coincides with m1 3D: 1 n 1 n 1 n xcom mi xi ycom mi yi zcom mi zi M i1 M i1 M i1 1 n rcom miri M i1 - Solid bodies: Continuous distribution of matter. Particles = dm (differential mass elements). 3D: 1 1 1 xcom x dm ycom y dm zcom z dm M M M M = mass of the object M Assumption: Uniform objects uniform density dm dV V 1 1 1 Volume density xcom x dV ycom y dV zcom z dV V V V Linear density: λ = M / L dm = λ dx Surface density: σ = M / A dm = σ dA The center of mass of an object with a point, line or plane of symmetry lies on that point, line or plane.
    [Show full text]
  • Aerodynamic Analysis of the Undertray of Formula 1
    Treball de Fi de Grau Grau en Enginyeria en Tecnologies Industrials Aerodynamic analysis of the undertray of Formula 1 MEMORY Autor: Alberto Gómez Blázquez Director: Enric Trillas Gay Convocatòria: Juny 2016 Escola Tècnica Superior d’Enginyeria Industrial de Barcelona Aerodynamic analysis of the undertray of Formula 1 INDEX SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................... 2 GLOSSARY .................................................................................................................................... 3 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 PROJECT ORIGIN ................................................................................................................................ 4 1.2 PROJECT OBJECTIVES .......................................................................................................................... 4 1.3 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT ....................................................................................................................... 5 2. PREVIOUS HISTORY .............................................................................................................. 6 2.1 SINGLE-SEATER COMPONENTS OF FORMULA 1 ........................................................................................ 6 2.1.1 Front wing [3] .......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Design of Three and Four Link Suspensions for Off Road Use Benjamin Davis Union College - Schenectady, NY
    Union College Union | Digital Works Honors Theses Student Work 6-2017 Design of Three and Four Link Suspensions for Off Road Use Benjamin Davis Union College - Schenectady, NY Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalworks.union.edu/theses Part of the Mechanical Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Davis, Benjamin, "Design of Three and Four Link Suspensions for Off Road Use" (2017). Honors Theses. 16. https://digitalworks.union.edu/theses/16 This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at Union | Digital Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of Union | Digital Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Design of Three and Four Link Suspensions for Off Road Use By Benjamin Davis * * * * * * * * * Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Honors in the Department of Mechanical Engineering UNION COLLEGE June, 2017 1 Abstract DAVIS, BENJAMIN Design of three and four link suspensions for off road motorsports. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Union College ADVISOR: David Hodgson This thesis outlines the process of designing a three link front, and four link rear suspension system. These systems are commonly found on vehicles used for the sport of rock crawling, or for recreational use on unmaintained roads. The paper will discuss chassis layout, and then lead into the specific process to be followed in order to establish optimal geometry for the unique functional requirements of the system. Once the geometry has been set up, the paper will discuss how to measure the performance, and adjust or fine tune the setup to optimize properties such as roll axis, antisquat, and rear steer.
    [Show full text]
  • ACTUATED CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE TRANSMISSION for SMALL VEHICLES a Thesis Presented to the Graduate Faculty of the University Of
    ACTUATED CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE TRANSMISSION FOR SMALL VEHICLES A Thesis Presented to The Graduate Faculty of The University of Akron In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science John H. Gibbs May, 2009 ACTUATED CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE TRANSMISSION FOR SMALL VEHICLES John H. Gibbs Thesis Approved: Accepted: _____________________________ _____________________________ Advisor Dean of the College Dr. Dane Quinn Dr. George K. Haritos _____________________________ _____________________________ Co-Advisor Dean of the Graduate School Dr. Jon S. Gerhardt Dr. George Newkome _____________________________ _____________________________ Co-Advisor Date Dr. Richard Gross _____________________________ Department Chair Dr. Celal Batur ii ABSTRACT This thesis is to research the possibility of improving the performance of continuously variable transmission (CVT) used in small vehicles (such as ATVs, snowmobiles, golf carts, and SAE Baja cars) via controlled actuation of the CVT. These small vehicles commonly use a purely mechanically controlled CVT that relies on weight springs and cams actuated based on the rotational speed on the unit. Although these mechanically actuated CVTs offer an advantage over manual transmissions in performance via automatic operation, they can’t reach the full potential of a CVT. A hydraulically actuated CVT can be precisely controlled in order to maximize the performance and fuel efficiency but a price has to be paid for the energy required to constantly operate the hydraulics. Unfortunately, for small vehicles the power required to run a hydraulically actuated CVT may outweigh the gain in CVT efficiency. The goal of this thesis is to show how an electromechanically actuated CVT can maximize the efficiency of a CVT transmission without requiring too much power to operate.
    [Show full text]
  • Study on Electronic Stability Program Control Strategy Based on the Fuzzy Logical and Genetic Optimization Method
    Special Issue Article Advances in Mechanical Engineering 2017, Vol. 9(5) 1–13 Ó The Author(s) 2017 Study on electronic stability program DOI: 10.1177/1687814017699351 control strategy based on the fuzzy logical journals.sagepub.com/home/ade and genetic optimization method Lisheng Jin1,2, Xianyi Xie2, Chuanliang Shen1, Fangrong Wang3, Faji Wang2, Shengyuan Ji2, Xin Guan2 and Jun Xu2 Abstract This article introduces the b phase plane method to determine the stability state of the vehicle and then proposes the electronic stability program fuzzy controller to improve the stability of vehicle driving on a low adhesion surface at high speed. According to fuzzy logic rules, errors between the actual and ideal values of the yaw rate and sideslip angle can help one achieve a desired yaw moment and rear wheel steer angle. Using genetic algorithm, optimize the fuzzy control- ler parameters of the membership function, scale factor, and quantization factor. The simulation results demonstrate that not only the response fluctuation range of the yaw rate and sideslip angle, but also the time taken to reach steady state are smaller than before, while reducing the vehicle oversteer trend and more closer to neutral steering. The optimized fuzzy controller performance has been improved. Keywords Sideslip angle, yaw rate, b phase plane method, fuzzy, electronic stability program, genetic algorithm Date received: 21 August 2016; accepted: 21 February 2017 Academic Editor: Xiaobei Jiang Introduction The tire friction circle principle demonstrates that the lateral force margin is less than the margin of the The main reason for traffic accidents is that the vehicle wheel longitudinal force and lateral force, and there- loses stability when driving at high speed.
    [Show full text]
  • Design & Developement of an Aerodynamic Package for A
    DESIGN & DEVELOPEMENT OF AN AERODYNAMIC PACKAGE FOR A FSAE RACE CAR Diploma Thesis by Ioannis Oxyzoglou Supervisor: Nikolaos Pelekasis Laboratory of Fluid Mechanics & Turbomachinery Volos, Greece - May 2017 Approved by the tree-Member Committee of Inquiry: 1st Examiner: Dr. Pelekasis Nikolaos Professor, Computational Fluid Dynamics [email protected] 2nd Examiner: Dr. Stamatelos Anastasios Professor, Internal Combustion Engines [email protected] 3rd Examiner: Dr. Charalampous Georgios Assistant Professor, Thermofluid Processes with Energy Applications [email protected] © Copyright by Ioannis Oxyzoglou Volos, Greece - May 2017 All Rights Reserved 2 ABSTRACT This Thesis describes the process of designing and developing the aerodynamic package of the 2016 Formula Student race car (Thireus 277) of Centaurus Racing Team with the use of CAD Tools and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). It further investigates the effects of aerodynamics on the vehicle's behavior and performance with regard to the Formula Student competition regulations. The methods used during the development are evaluated and put into context by investigating the correlation between the CFD results of the car model and the lap-time simulated counterpart. The aerodynamic package consists of a nosecone, two sidepods, an undertray, a front and a rear wing. The Thesis details all the stages involved in designing and optimizing these components to achieve the desired results and maximize the amount of performance enhancing aerodynamic downforce generated by the aerodynamic package, while maintaining drag force at low levels. 3 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 7 2. AERODYNAMICS OF A FSAE RACE CAR .......................................................... 8 2.1. Introduction to Race Car Aerodynamics ........................................................ 8 2.1.1. Downforce .................................................................................................. 8 2.1.2.
    [Show full text]