STATE OF FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES Randolph Hodges, Executive Director

BUREAU OF GEOLOGY C. W. Hendry, Jr., Chief

DIVISION OF INTERIOR RESOURCES Robert 0. Vernon, Director

BULLETIN NO. 56

NEW AND UTILE-KNOWN CORALS FROM THE TAMPA FORMATION OF FLORIDA

By Norman E. Weisbord

Published by the FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES DIVISION OF INTERIOR RESOURCES BUREAU OF GEOLOGY in cooperation with the DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY

Tallahassee, Florida 1973 Completed manuscript received March, 1973 Printed for the Department of Natural Resources Division of Interior Resources Bureau of Geology by Ambrose the Printer Jacksonville, Florida

Tallahassee 1973 COPYRIGHT NOTICE

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Contact the F1orida Geological Survey (http://www.dep.state.fl.us/geol) for additional information and pennissions. STATE OF FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES Randolph Hodges, Executive Director

BUREAU OF GEOLOGY C. W. Hendry, Jr., Chief

DIVISION OF INTERIOR RESOURCES Robert 0. Vernon, Director

BULLETIN NO. 56

NEW AND LITTLE-KNOWN CORALS FROM THE TAMPA FORMATION OF FLORIDA

By Norman E . Weisbo rd

Published by the FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES DIVISION OF INTERIOR RESOURCES BUREAU OF GEOLOGY in cooperation with the DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY FLORIDA STATE UN IVERSITY

Tallahassee, F lorida 1973 - j

DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES

REUBIN O'D. ASKEW Governor

RICHARD (DICK) STONE ROBERT L. SHEVIN Secretary of State Attorney General

THOMAS D. O'MALLEY FRED 0. DICKINSON , JR . Treasurer Comptroller

FLOYD T. CHRISTIAN DOYLE CONNER Commissioner of Edu cation Commissioner of Agriculture

W. RANDOLPH HODGES Ex ecutive Director

ii LEITER OF TRANSMITTAL

Bureau of Geology Tallahassee March, 1973

ionorable Reubin O'D. Askew, Chairman )epartment of Natural Resources fallahassee , Florida 32304

Dear Governor Askew:

The Bureau of Geology of the Division of Interior Resources is printing as its Geological Bulletin No. 56 a report prepared by Professor Norman E. Weisbord of Florida State University on "New and Little-Known Corals from the Tampa Formation of Florida".

We are indeed pleased and privileged to have participated in this study with the Department of Geology of Florida State University through Professor Weisbord.

The collection on which the study is based are housed in the Geological Department of Florida State University, the Florida Bureau of Geology, and in the U. S. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D. C. Professor Weisbord has combined these collections in this study and has developed a very comprehensive knowledge of these animals which make up so much of the matrix of the Tampa Formation.

The determinations of these species, together with the itemization of the localities from which the remains of the animals come, will be extremely helpful to scientists visiting Florida and also to University students.

Respectfully yours,

C. W. Hendry, Jr., Chief Bureau of Geology

iii CONTENTS

Page Introduction ...... 1 Acknowledgments ...... 2 Systematics of the Tampa Corals- An Historical Resume ...... 3 Coral Localities ...... 4 Stratigraphic Notes ...... 5 Ballast Point ...... 5 Sixmile Creek ...... 7 Sixmile Creek Sections ...... 9 Well Data ...... 14 Silicification of the Ballast Point Fossils ...... 11 Age of the Tampa Formation ...... 12 List of Corals ...... 15 Species of Corals fro m the Tampa Formation ...... 16 Distribution of Tampa Corals, Their Geologic Range, and Nearest Related Species ...... 17 Descriptions of Species ...... 18 Plates ...... 63 References Cited ...... 135 Index ...... 145

Dedicated to THOMAS WAYLAND VAUGHAN September 20, 1870 - January 16 , 1952

iv NEW AND LIITLE-KNOWN CORALS FROM THE TAMPA FORMATION OF FLORJDA By Norman E. Weisbord

INTRODUCTION

The objective of this paper is to describe , illustrate, and compare the corals of the Tampa Formation (Lower Miocene) from three localities south and east of the city of Tampa: Ballast Point, Davis Islands, and Sixmile Creek, Hillsborough County, Florida. The collections on which the study is based are housed in the Geological Department of Florida State University, in the Florida Bu reau of Geology, and in the U.S . National Mu seum (National Mu eum of Natural History) of Washington, D. C. Included in the paper is the de cription of a new species of cora l- Goniopora aucillana - from the Suwan ­ nee Limestone (Upper Oligocene), found near Cabbage Grove, Taylor County, Florida. The re pository of the types and figured specimens is the U.S . ational Museum or Florida State University as indicated in the text. In the pursuance of this endeavor I have been most fortunate in having had at my disposal a number of Tampa corals named and labeled by the late Thomas Wayland Vaughan, in his own handwriting. Many of these names refer to types in a manuscript written by Vaughan to update his 1900 monograph on ' The Eocene and Oligocene Corals of the United States" and his 19 19 work on " Fossil Corals from Central America, Cuba, and Porto Ri co." The manuscript referred to was never published, although some of Vaughan's Tampa types were listed on page 18 of Bulletin 90 of the U.S. National Mu eum, 1915, in Dall 's " Monograph of the Molluscan Fauna of the Orthaulax Pugnax Zone of the Oligocene of Tampa Florida. " I have examined the 17 species listed by Vaughan in that work, and II of them fall in the category of nomen nudum. However, the very fa ct that they were given names by Vaughan , was a great help to me in my own taxonomic determination ~, and although I have not seen the Vaughan manuscript, many of Vaughan 's nomina nuda have been retained and the taxa described by me in the present paper. Twenty-eight species of Tampa corals are dealt with herein. ine of them have been previously described, thirteen are new, five are inde terminate, and one remains a nomen nudum. Every single specimen I have worked with has been secondarily altered. A few of them from Ball ast Point or Davis Islands are true siliceous pseudomorphs on which the details of the original aragonite keleton are faithfully preserved. On most of them, however, there is a chalcedonic replacement that has obliterated the structure or has been deposited between and over the septa and costae. On the other hand, virtually . al l of the Six mile Creek corals coll ected by Joseph E. Banks are completely calcareous, with the calcium carbonate apparently having been secon daril y 2 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY deposited or finely recrystallized. Several of the same species occur both in the siliceous facies at Ballast Point and in the calcareous facies at Sixmile Creek. For the reasons given above, taxonomic analysis has been singularly frustrating, and no one appreciates the difficulties of diagnosis encountered by Dr. Vaughan more than I.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I wish to express my thanks to Dr. David L. Pawson and to Dr. Maureen E. Downey of the U.S. National Museum for placing the collections in the Museum completely at my disposal , and for providing me with the literature I needed during my stay there in 1970. During !972, Dr. Downey sought out in the Museum , and sent to me here in Tallahassee, the Tampa corals listed by Vaughan in Dall's 1915 monograph, thereby enabling me to complete my comparative studies. I am likewise grateful to the staff of the British Museum (Natural History) who, through the courtesy of R. F . Wise of the Palaeon­ tology Department, sent me photographs of the type of Porites floridaeprima from Ballast Point, described by Bernard in 1906. I thank Charles W. Hendry, Jr. and Steve R. Windham of the Florida Bureau of Geology for their interest in my work on the Tampa corals, for their encouragement while the manuscript on them was being written, and, upon its completion, for its publication by the Bureau. Dr. Harbans S. Puri, also with the Bureau of Geology, has contributed significantly to this work by having measured, described, and synthesized into descriptive sections the Tampa strata revealed in excavations of the Sixmile Creek area. The sections appearing in this paper are presented with Puri's permission in the same format as he submitted them to me. Most of the corals from Sixmile Creek in the Florida State University collection were collected and donated by Joseph E. Banks of the Coastal Petroleum Company. We wish to express our appreciation to him not only for the corals and for fossils collected in other regions of Florida, but also for the considerable amount of original stratigraphic data he has relayed on to us. The photographs which accompany this report were taken and processed by Gerrit Mulders of Tallahassee. Many of the Tampa corals available to me are in a wretched state of preservation, but Mulders has done well with them. BULLETIN NO. 56 3

SYSTEMATICS OF THE TAMPA CORALS-AN HISTORICAL RESUME

Although the presence of chalcedonized corals in the Tampa area was well known because of their beauty and curio value in the early part of the 19th century, it was not until 1895 and 1900 that the first species from the Tampa Formation at Ballast Point- Desmophyllum willcoxi- was officially designated by H. S. Gane. The second species to be identified was Porites jloridaeprima Bernard, also from Ballast Point, in 1906. In 1915, Vaughan provisionally named 17 species of corals in the Orthaulax pugnax zone of the Tampa Formation, concerning which Dall (1915 , p. 18) wrote as follows : " Dr. T. Wayland Vaughan has kindly consented to give the following brief list of the corals of the Orthaulax zone, identified by him, the report on which is now awaiting publication. List of species Corals from the 'silex bed' of the Tampa formation By Dr. T. Wayland Vaughan Antillia ? willcoxi (Dana). Stylophora silicensis Vaughan.* Galaxea excelsa Vaughan. Orbicella cellulosa (Duncan).* cavernosa var. tampaensis Vaughan .* cavernosa var. silicensis Vaughan.* Cyphastrea tampae Vaughan . Maeandra tampaensis Vaughan. Syzygophyllia ? tampae Vaughan Siderastrea silicensis Vaughan * (at Tampa brickyard). Endopachys tampae Vaughan. Acropora tampaensis Vaughan. Goniopora tampaensis Vaughan. ballistensis Vaughan. matsoni Vaughan. Porites willcoxi Vaughan. Alveopora tampae Vaughan. The species marked * are widely distributed in the Chattahoo­ chee formation of southern Georgia and northern Florida." The intended report by Vaughan on the species listed above was never published, and most of them therefore must be classified as nomina nuda. Fortunately, however, the " type " specimens, identified and labeled by Vaughan in his own handwriting, are preserved in the U.S. National Museum, and have been studied by this writer in order to validate certain of the species erected by Vaughan . The last work done on the taxonomy of Tampa corals was over a half century ago in 1919, and this too was by Vaughan, in Bulletin 103 of the 4 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

U.S. National Museum. In that publication the following corals from the Tampa Formation were described and illustrated: Orbicella tampaensis Vaughan, p. 390 Orbicella tampaensis var. silecensis Vaughan , pp. 390,391 Antiguastrea cellulosa (Duncan), pp. 402-408 Antiguastrea cellulosa var. silicensis Vaughan , pp. 408,409 Siderastrea silecensis Vaughan , pp. 447-450 Three of the above-listed taxa- Orbicella tampaensis, Orbicella tampaensis var. silecensis, and Siderastrea silecensis - were validations of Vaughan's own nomina nuda and typonyms erected in 19 15 . So far as I am aware, little or nothing has been written on the systematics of Tampa Formation corals since 1919, although a number of Tampa species have been reported from Oligocene to Holocene epochs elsewhere in the Americas. It is hoped the present contribution will bridge the gap of more than half a century.

CORAL LOCALITIES

The corals from the Tampa Formation were collected in three areas south and east of the city of Tampa, Hillsborough County, Florida, with the reference point being the mouth of the Hillsborough River. These areas are the following: 1. Ball as t Point (TB). Sec. 11 , T30S, R18E, Tampa Quadrangle. Elevations 5 feet or less. Western shore of Hillsborough Bay, 4 miles southwest of the mouth of the Hillsborough River. The Ballast Point corals in our collection are all silicified, and the Ballast Point deposit is the silex bed of authors. 2. Davis Islands (TD). Sec. 25 and 26, T29S, R18 and 19E, Tampa Quadrangle. Elevations 5 feet or less. This is a triangular island oriented north and south, some 2 miles in length , with its apex just south of the mouth of the Hillsborough River. The fossils from Davis Islands were donated to Florida State University by a Mr. Pennington, but neither the precise localities nor stratigraphic information are available. All of the fossils, like those from Ballast Point are completely silicified. 3. Sixmile Creek (TSM) . SE% Sec. 14, T29S, RJ9E, Brandon Quadrangle. Maximum elevation 25 feet. In and near Sixmile Creek, between ·the Seaboard Coastline RR at Florida state road 60 and the U.S. Corps of Engineers dam south of Orient Park. This locality is about 5 miles east-northeast of the mouth of the Hillsborough River. The corals were collected by Joseph E. Banks and donated to Florida State University January I 0, 1972. These corals are completely calcareous in contrast to the ones at Ballast Point, although a number of the same species occur at both places. BULLETIN NO. 56 5

In excavations adjacent to, and forming continuations of those at Banks' locality above, corals collected by H.S. Puri of the Florida Bureau of Geology , vary from completely calcareous to completely siliceous, with some specimens composed of both lithologies. 4. Honeymoon Island (TH), Pinellas County, Florida. Sections 15 , 16, 17, 8 , and 7, T28S, RISE, Dunedin Quadrangle. Honeymoon Island is connected by way of the two-mile Dunedin Causeway to the west coast of Florida near Dunedin Beach . Honeymoon Island and the Causeway are built up in part by rock dredged 20 feet or so below the sea floor in this area. Recently, silicified corals have been obtained from the dredged material by Forrest D. Cring of Florida State University , two species of which have been identified as Stylophora cf. S. minutissima Vaughan and Montastrea tampaensis silecensis (Vaughan). Both species occur in the Tampa Formation at Ballast Point or Sixmile Creek, and verify the presence of the equivalent St. Marks Formation in the shallow subsurface beneath the Honeymoon Island-Dunedin Beach area. The single coral (AU- I a) from the Suwannee Limestone, Goniopora aucillana, n. sp., also described in this paper, was collected by Joseph E. Banks at the locality given below. 5. From road metal pit about 3 miles west of Cabbage Grove, Taylor County, in the vicinity of the Aucilla River where it flows underground. W 1h Sec. 22, T3S, R4E, Nutall Rise Quadrangle. Maximum elevation 20 feet. The specimen is calcareous.

STRATIGRAPHIC NOTES

BALLAST POINT

The type locality of the Tampa Formation has not yet been officially designated. One of the well-known sites in which a limestone within the Tampa Formation has been observed is Ballast Point, although the sequence of strata here can no longer be seen because of dredging, excavation, removal of rock, and construction. However, in 1915, according to Cooke and Mossom (1929, p. 83) "several feet of light gray to white compact limestone containing casts of fossils could be seen along the water front. On weathering the limestone breaks down into greenish clay and the fossils become silicified. This is the famous 'silex' bed, but the silicification seems to be merely a superficial phenomenon that is not confined to any particular stratigraphic level." Concerning this deposit, Dall ( 1915, p. 1) wrote the following. "In the vicinity of Tampa Bay, Florida, and especially on the northwestern shores of the bay, near Ballast Point, are found certain limestones more or less mingled with layers of clay, marl, and chert, with residual sands and so-called 'fuller's earth'. A particular stratum which crops out near high-water mark at Ballast 6 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Point is extremely fossiliferous. In the cherty portions the calcareous matter of the fossils has disappeared through solution, and they are represented chiefly by molds, from which casts may be made ... In the marly or clayey parts of this deposit the fossils have also largely disappeared, but natural casts in pure silex have replaced them." Silicification of the originally aragonitic corals and other calciferous shells has produced chalcedonic replacements of great beauty, and even prior to the description of them by John H. Allen in 1846, these fossils were well known in mineralogic cabinets as "chalcedony from Tampa Bay." Allen (1846, p. 40) did not specifically mention the deposit at Ballast Point but did describe a similar one 2 miles north of Ballast Point as fo ll ows: "One of the most ancient and interesting of these deposits can be seen about two miles west of Fort Brooke where a section a few hundred feet in length has been exposed by the washings of the waters of the bay . Immediately back from the shore it is covered by three or four feet of loam and sand. This bed consists of blue marly clay, interlaminated with seams of carbonate of lime, which probably resulted from the decomposition of shells ; that which renders this deposit unusually interesting is the remarkably beautiful petrifactions that it contains, and that surpass anything of the kind I ever saw. Interspersed throughout the marl are masses of silex presenting a great variety of shapes and colors; some have a rough and jagged surface and wine yellow color, some are hollow cyclindrical tubes of different colors, straight or bent, from one to six inches in length and from one fourth of an inch to one inch in diameter, with a fine drusy interior; others are beautifully agatized, having that moss-like appearance that agates sometimes possess; these silicious concre­ tions are both opaque and translucent, and are probably of organic origin. There are also found in this bed round cylindrical stems, fluted and gradually tapering to a point with a slight curve, they are from three to four inches in length ; likewise a species of large radiated coral, shaped like the segment of a sphere, petrified with wine colored silex, and having a mammilary interior of carnelian and chalcedony. The most beautiful petrifactions of this deposite [sic] are various species of shells that are so perfectly petrified with clear wine colored silex, that all their most minute and delicate markings are preserved; so great is their translucency, one can nearly read through them. They appear to have petrified before having suffered the least from attrition or decomposition; the spiral univalves taper to a transparent needle-like point." Unfortunately most of the corals from Ballast Point proper in our collection are by no means so perfectly preserved as the shells mentioned by BULLETIN NO. 56 7

Allen; in fact the silicification of many of the corals has obscured the original fine details, having been deposited between the septa and over the costae forming casts and molds instead of true pseudomorphs. By and large, therefore, the silicification obscures their true character and renders them difficult to identify. Heilprin (1887, p. 1 0) noted that a yell ow limestone formed the basal outcrop at Ballast Point and that it contained the foraminifer which Conrad (1846, p. 399) described as Nummulites floridanus, and which indicated to him an Eocene age. Heilprin himself identified the genus as Orbitolites and suggested it represented a late Oligocene age equivalent to the Aquitanian Stage of Italy and France. Today the taxon is known as A rchaias floridanus (Conrad) (see Puri and Vernon, 1964, p. 118) and is a guide fossil of the Tampa Formation of early Miocene age. Heilprin also wrote that numerous angular boulders of a tough siliceo-calcareous blue rock, also charged with fossils, rested on the yellow li mestone, but the relative sequence of the two formations could not be determined. "Several of the fossil species occurring in this rock appeared also to be contained in the limestone, but the former was distinguished from the latter by the total absence of the foraminifer Orbitolites and by the vast numbers of casts and impressions of a species of Cerithium. " Summarizing from the above, it would seem that the surface strata at Ballast Point consisted of several feet of horizontally disposed, light gray to white or yellow limestone, admixed with marl , a little sand, and much green clay. The limestones were highly fossiliferous , and associated with the Ballast Point strata were numerous chalcedonized mollusks and corals. The mollusks were studied by Dall (1890-1903 and 1915) and were thought by him and by Heilprin (1887) to be late Oligocene in age ; the concensus today is that they are early Miocene. Inasmuch as many of the mollusks and some of the corals have been identified at both localities, it is inferred that the surface beds at Ballast Point are equivalent to the lower beds excavated at Sixmile Creek.

SlXMILE CREEK

Sixmile Creek is about 10 miles northeast of Ballast Point. In discussin g the Tampa Limestone or Obitolite Bed of the Ballast Point-Sixmile Creek region , Dall (1903, p. 1570) wrote as follows: "This stratum is superimposed upon the silex beds of Ballast Point, Tampa [Hillsborough] Bay, where it may be eighteen inches thick, and extends inland and northeastward. It underlies the city of Tampa, where wells were dug through it, reaching water at a depth of ten feet or thereabouts, the cherty stratum of the silex beds probably serving as a water-table below. The same rock occurs seven miles northeast of Tampa in wells and also on land (S.E. Y

railway. Its upper surface is about fourteen feet above the water of Six-Mile Run (or Creek) near by, and about twenty-five feet above the mean level of the sea at Tampa, at the railway wharf, according to late surveys. Its thickness varies more or less in different places, and its greatest thickness I was unable to determine, but suspect it does not exceed twenty feet." Cooke and Mossom (1929, pp. 83,84) stated that "A sandy facies of the Tampa Limestone rises 5 or 6 feet above water level in Sixmile Creek at Orient, where it is overlain by a shell marl of Pleistocene age. The rock contains a few fossil shells, among which is Pecten crocus Cooke, a species that was described from the island of Anguilla and that occurs with other Anguilla species in the Tampa limestone at Falling Water, Washington County." The foregoing statements by Dall , and by Cooke and Mossom , summarize the stratigraphy of the Sixmile Creek region as known until recent years when construction was begun of a bypass for the Hillsborough River. The bypass is designed to divert the present course of the Hillsborough River to join the Palm River after crossing Sixmile Creek. Excavations in Sixmile Creek by the U.S. Corps of Engineers, for a damsite and lock, have revealed several important secions which have been studied by H.S. Puri of the Florida Bureau of Geology and by J .E. Banks of the Coastal Petroleum Company . One section (A) was measured at the lock near Sixmile Creek, and a second (B) east of the lock; the third section (C) is a composite of A and B with some additions, revisions, or omissions due to differences in elevations and unconformities. We are indebted to Dr. Puri for these sections, which are presented below, as they contribute significantly to our knowledge of the Tampa Formation. In Puri's tentative correlation, Bed 1 of section A is equivalent to Bed 4 of Section C; Beds 2, 3, and 4 of Section A are equivalent to Beds 5 and 6 of Section C; Beds 1 and 2 of section B are in the Tampa Formation and probably lie between Beds 6 and 7 of Section C; and Beds 3, 2, and I of Section C lie below Bed 1 of Section A. The partly silicified coral - Siderastrea silecensis Vaughan (TSM-13a)- collected by Puri from talus, is thought by Puri to have come from the upper part of the Tampa Formation in Section A. The corals collected by Banks in the Sixmile Creek area are all completely calcareous and occur in white limestone or chalk. This lithology is reminiscent of the " white compact limestone containing casts of fossils" and the associated siliceous mollusks and corals observed by Cooke and Mossom ( 1929, p. 83) along the waterfront at Ballast Point. In conversation with Banks I learned that the white limestone and chalk in Sixmile Creek is immediately overlain by a highly fossiliferous layer of silicified mollusks and that the unit may underlie the lowest bed of Puri's "C" section. The physical similarity of the limestones and the occurrence of many of the same species of silicified mollusks and some of the same species of corals- the latter BULLETIN NO. 56 9 siliceous at Ballast Point, but calcareous at Sixmile Creek- tend to support the view that the Ballast Point and Sixmile Creek white limestone members are more or less equivalent.

Sixmile Creek Sections "A" Section exposed in the Channel excavated at the Lock near Sixmile Creek, just north of Florida 60, Tampa, F lorida (Section measured by H. S. Puri, Bureau of Geology, May 11 , 1971) Hillsborough County

Thickness Bed Description (Feet) HOLOCENE SERIES: 8 Dark gray sand and soil zone. 4 PLEISTOCENE SERIES: 7 Light orange-yellow, medium- to coarse-grained sand. 4 6 Shell hash in a sandy matrix with Caloosahatchee- type shells. Ostrea virginica. 3 Unconformity MIOCENE SE RIES: Hawthorn Formation 5 Clay, greenish gray, blocky 2-3 Uncomformity Tampa Formation 4 Light orangy yellow, fossiliferous limestone, sandy, with Tampa type molluscs 8 3 Tan to light brown silty limestone, occasionally moldy porosity 3 2 Greenish, gray, silty limestone fossiliferous, with specks of phosphorite 2 Light tan, brecciated limestone and very sa ndy clay, exposed to water. (Elevation +3.5 feet) 4 Total Thickness 30 to 31 Feet

" B'' Section at Sixmile Creek, east of the Lock, Tampa, F lorida (Section measured by H. S. Puri, Bureau of Geology, May 11 , 1971) TI1ickness Bed Description (Feet) PLE ISTOCENE AND HOLOCENE 3 Dark gray sand and soil zone +3 Unconformity 10 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

MIOCENE SERIES: Tampa Formation 2 Tan to brown, argillaceous sand with silicified oyster reef (Ostrea norma/is Dall) 2 Calcarenite, light yellow-orange, fossiliferous, hard, molluscan shell bed with Tampa type corals and molluscs +5 Total Thickness +I 0

''C'' (Composite Section measured o n April 6, 1972 by Dr. I-1. S. Puri and Alexandra Wright) Thickness Bed Description (Feet) PLEISTOCENE SERIES: (Coffee Mill Hammock) 7 Tan to brown qtz. sand, medium- to fine-grained Pleistocene shells, weathered in places 6-7

UnconformH~ MIOCENE SERIES: Tampa Formation 6 Pale yellow-orange limestone, soft and friable, Potamides bed, sandy, occasionally silicified, lenticular 5'3" 5 Light pale orange to light gray, calcirudite (shell hash), sandy, very macrofossiliferous (marine fossils) 3'6" 4 Light gray limestone, brecciated, hard, some marine fossils, laminated toward the top 3 3 Light gray limestone, weathered, soft and fri­ able, clayey, sa ndy 5'3" 2 Pale yellow orange limestone, soft, with Pota· mides and other marine shells scattered through, (up to 2' thick, sandy, compact variable) Light gray limestone, up to I " in diam. casts of gray green sandy clay contains land snails, exposed to water level. (Elevation +13 feet) 7'6" To tal Thickness 32'6" to 33'6" BULLETIN NO. 56 II

SILICIFICA HON OF THE BALLAST POINT FOSSILS

Many of the mollusks, corals, and other taxa in the Tampa Formation with calcium carbonate shells or skeletons have been subjected to complete or partial silicification. This replacement has produced artifacts of considerable beauty, and sometimes of faithfully reproduced pseudomorphs. More often , however, the original calcareous structure has been partially or wholly dissolved and the replacing siliceous deposit is so obscurative as to render identification of the taxon difficult or impossible. The process of dissolution of the calcium carbonate and the pari passu (?) precipitation of cryptocrystalline quartz (chalcedony) in Ballast Point corals is explained by Lund ( 1960) of the University of Oregon in his paper on "Chalcedony and quartz crystals in silicified corals." Lund first described the corals as follows: "The silicified coral masses from Ballast Point are of varying sizes and shapes. Some are globose and range up to a foot or more in diameter, some are tubular, and others are irregular in shape. Many of the masses are hollow, and the preserved 'shell' is commonly only 2 or 3 em thick or less. The 'shell' is characteristi­ cally comprised of two distinct layers. The outer layer. consists of replaced coral in which the features are preserved in remarkable detail, and the inner part consists of either banded chalcedony or banded chalcedony over which quartz crystals have grown. Most of the hollow forms are lined with colloform chalcedony, a few are lined with small quartz crystals, and less commonly specimens are partitioned and lined with both kinds of material , each in a separate chamber." Lund's basic premise in solving the problem of the silicification of the Ballast Point fossils is that silica is transported in true molecular or ionic solution, and he cites Alexander, Heston, and Iler as indicating that silica in low concentrations is in true solution. "They found the solubility of an10rphous silica to be between 120 and 140 p.p.m . at 25 degrees C. and in the pH range between 5 and 8. Later observations by Krauskopf (1956) and White, Brannoch, and Murata ( 1956) are in accordance with those of Alexander and co-workers". Krauskopf (1956) stated that in natural waters silica may be in either colloidal or in true solutions; however, the colloidal particles are unstable and will disappear in a few days or weeks provided that total silica is less than about 100 p.p.m. Hence the great majority of natural waters should have silica in true solution only. Most ground waters are low in dissolved sil ica and Lund suggests that the subsurface water at Ballast Point is probably no exception. It was formerly believed that silica in natural waters was transported as a coll oid and that chalcedony was formed first as a gel from the colloidal silica and was later

/ 12 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY reconstituted into crystalline chalcedony. "This ongm for chalcedony is plausible in certain cases, as with the waters of hot springs in which the amount of dissolved silica is unusually high, but it seems not to be applicable to a situation in which ordinary groundwater is the solvent. I therefore believe that both the quartz crystals and the banded chalcedony in the coral specimens were deposited as quartz from true solutions. The specimens indicate that chalcedony and quartz crystals can form under similar conditions of temperature, pressure, and concentration of silica in solution." The origin of the dissolved silica is from plants and animals such as diatoms, radiolarians, and silica-secreting sponges, as well as other siliceous matter contained in the deposit. For an early and.excellent treatise on the process of siliceous transposition, the reader is referred to the work of Duncan (1864, pp. 358-374). Duncan's study pertained to siliceous Tertiary corals of Antigua, but his observations apply to corals of all ages and of diverse regions.

AGE OF THE TAMPA FORMATION IN THE TAMPA AREA

The age of the Tampa Formation in and around the city of Tampa- at Ballast Point, Davis Islands, and Sixmile Creek (or the old Orient RR station on the present Seaboard Coastline Railroad)- is today considered to be early Miocene. Important contributions relating to the paleontology and stratigraphy of the Tampa Formation in the Tampa environs are to be found in the works of Allen (1846), Conrad (1846), Heilprin (1887), Johnson (1888), Dall (1890-1903 and 1915), Matson and Clapp (1909), Vaughan (1900, 1915, and 1919), Mossom (1925), Cooke and Mossom (1929), Mansfield (1937), and Puri and Vernon (1964). Recent data have been provided by Puri and Banks (1972) in personal communications appearing in the present report. An excellent historical review and analysis of the Ballast Point and Sixmile Creek fossils was given by Mansfield in 1937, pages 8-22. The first fossils to be identified from Ballast Point were by Conrad in 1846, who described and illustrated 8 species of invertebrates; one of these he identified as Nummulites jloridanus, and as Nummulites was then a guide fossil for the Eocene, Conrad referred the fauna to the upper Eocene. In 1887, Heilprin described and figured 47 species of mollusks from Ballast Point and assigned a lower Miocene or upper Oligocene position to the deposit. Heilprin also discovered that Conrad's "Nummulites" jlorid.anus was not a Nummulites and re-named the foraminifer Orbitolites jlorid.anus (Conrad). The latter has since been changed to Archaias jloridanus (Conrad), and is still a guide fossil of the Tampa Formation. Between 1890 and 1903, and again in 1915, W. H. Dall described from Ballast Point and Sixmile Creek a totar of 312 species of mollusks, 27 of them BULLETIN NO . 56 13 land or freshwater, 285 marine. Among the marine species, 25, or 8 per cent, survive in the Recent fauna , and on this basis Dall placed the Ballast Point fauna in the transition ground between the Miocene and the Oligocene. Maury (1902) considered the Tampa Formation of west Florida and the Chipola Formation of north Florida to be coeval, and corr~lated them with the Aquitanian Stage of Germany, Belgium, and France ; she regarded the Aquitanian as late Oligocene in age , relying principally on the Mollusca and their position in type sections of those countries. In their paper which deals with the molluscan fauna of Mayer's Aquitanian stratotype section in southwest France, Eames and Clark (I 967) list 397 species, of which, according to a letter written to me by Eames, 27 to 31 , or 7 to 8 per cent are found in the Recent fauna. This ratio is the same as that determined by Dall for the Tampa Formation : it means that 92 per cent of the mollusks of the Aquitanian Stage of Europe and the Tampa Formation of Florida are extinct, and on this criterion might well be considered Oligocene in age. Although Maury suggested that the Chipola Formation of north Florida was more or less equivalent to the Tampa Formation at Ballast Point, the present concensus is that the Chipola was deposited a little later than the Tampa, one of the reasons being that at the type locality of the Chipola in the Chipola River, the base of that formation lies disconfcirmably on a dolomitic limestone mapped as "Tampa." Again , however, we run into contradictions, for of the 477 species of mollusks de scribed by Gardner (1 926-1950) from the Chipola Formation, only 26 or 5 per cent, are living today. If one subscribes to Lyell's extinction theory for subclivicling the Tertiary, the Chipola as well as the underlying Tampa should be Oligocene. Nevertheless, recent studies by E. H. Vokes (1965), Bender (1971), and Weisbord (1971) suggest that the Chipola is early middle Miocene or late early Miocene in age , and is equivalent to the Helvetian Stage of Europe. In his analysis of the Ballast Point mollusks, Mansfield ( 1937, pp. 8-20) concluded that the Tampa Formation is about the same age as the Anguilla Formation of Anguilla, which is early Miocene. The corals of the Tampa Formation seem to me to point to a lower Miocene or upper Oligocene position. Of the 28 corals listed on page 24, only one, Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Solander), occurs in the Recent fauna , that, however, ranging from Oligocene to Recent. Two other species resemble , but are probably distinct from Montastrea annularis. Another- Siderastrea banksi, n. sp.- is of the same general appearance as Siderastrea siderea (Ellis and Solander) but that too ranges from lower Miocene to Recent. Two species resemble middle to upper Miocene ones, whereas seven are rather close to species ranging from middle Oligocene to lower Miocene. Fifteen of the Ballast Point- Sixmile Creek corals may be endemic. On the whole , the closest resemblance is in the upper Oligocene- Lower Miocene bracket and, like the mollusks, suggest an "Aquitanian" age. 14 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

The latest comprehensive report on the geology of Florida was by Puri and Vernon (J 964) in Special Publication No. 5 of the Florida Geological Survey . In that publication the Tampa Formation or Stage includes all sediments lying above the Suwannee Limestone and below the Chipola Formation of the Alum Bluff Group. The term Tampa Formation in this sense was revived by Vernon ( 1942), and comprises, or is equivalent to, the St. Marks and Chattahoochee formations of north Florida and south Georgia . As shown on page 24, several species of corals occurring at Ballast Point and Sixmile Creek , have been identified in the St. Marks and Chattahoochee formations, and is further evidence in support of their general equivalence. However, few , if any of the corals of the Tampa Formation occur in the Chipola (see Weisbord , 1971), and this, plus the rather marked difference in molluscan assemblages , suggest a faunal break of some magnitude between those two formations.

WELL DATA

Three important core holes have been drilled recently in the Greater Tampa area. The cores from these holes have been studied by Alexandra P. Wright of the Bureau of Geology , and on the basis of their lithologies Wright has tentatively determined that the thickness of the Tampa Formation is about 109 feet at Ballast Point, 85 feet at Sixmile Creek some 2.5 miles northeast of the old Orient RR station, and 63 feet in the Eureka Springs well in the diffused headwater region of Sixmile Creek at Harney Flats. Other data , kindly provided by Wright , appear in the tabulation below. Elevations and depths are in feet.

WeU & No. Elev. Locality and Quadrangle Formation Depth Thickn ess Ballast Point 5 Ballast Point Park (NW V. Surface to top Tampa 6.5 6.5 (I) Sec. II , T 30 S, R 18 E), Tampa to top Suwannee 116 109 Tampa Suwannee to top Crystal River 342 226 Crystal River to final depth 400 58 Sixmile Creek 29.1 At Sixmi1e Creek (SE V. Surface to top Tampa 16.5 16.5 (W11337) NW V. SW V. Sec. 6, Tampa to top Suwannee 101.6 85 T 29 S, R 20 E), Brandon Suwannee to top Crystal River 257 155 Crystal River to final depth 307 50 Eureka Springs 19.6 Harney Flats (SE V. NE V. Surface to top Tampa 31 31 (W11338) Sec. 30, T 28 S, R 20 E), Tampa to top Suwannee 94.2 63 Thonotosassa Suwannee to top Crystal River 301 207 Crystal River to final depth 332 31

The Tampa Formation is lower Miocene in age, the Suwannee Limestone upper Oligocene, and the Crystal River Formation upper Eocene. BULLETIN NO. 56 15

LIST OF CORALS

The species of corals treated in this paper are listed below. All of them are from the Tampa Formation save Goniopora aucillana, n. sp. which is from the Suwannee Limestone of late Oligocene age. Stylophora minutissima Vaughan Stylophora silicensis Weisbord, n. sp. Acropora tampaensis Weisbord, n. sp. Siderastrea banksi Weisbord, n. sp. Siderastrea silecensis Vaughan Porites jloridaeprima Bernard Goniopora aucillana Weisbord, np. Goniopora ballistensis Weisbord, n. sp . Goniopora decaturensis Vaughan Goniopora matsoni Weisbord, n. sp. Goniopora tampaensis Weisbord, n. sp. Alveopora tampae Weisbord, n. sp. Favites yborensis Weisbord, n. sp. Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Solander) Montastrea davisina Weisbord, n. sp. Montastrea peninsularis Weisbord, n. sp. Montastrea tampaensis (Vaughan) Montastrea tampaensis silecensis (Vaughan) Incertae sedis "b" Antiguastrea cellulosa (Duncan) Cyphastrea tampae Weisbord, n. sp . Galaxea excelsa Weisbord, n. sp. Antillia willcoxi (Dana),Vaughan, nomen dubium Desmophyllum willcoxi Gane Incertae sedis "a" Flabellum, sp. indet. Endopachys tampae Vaughan, nomen nudum Syzygophyllia tampae Weisbord, n. sp. Anthemiphyllia, ? sp. indet. Antillocyathus, ? sp. indet. 16 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

SPECIES OF CORALS FROM THE TAMPA FORMATION PRESENT NAMES FORMER NAMES Stylophora minutissima Vaughan Stylophora minutissima Vaughan Stylophora silicensis Weisbord, n. sp . Stylophora silicensis Vaughan, nomen nudum Acropora tampaensis Weisbord, n. sp. Acropora tampaensis Vaughan, nomen nudum Siderastrea banksi Weisbord, n. sp. Siderastrea silecensis Vaughan Siderastrea silecensis Vaughan Porites floridaeprima Bernard Porites willcoxi Vaughan, nomen nudum Goniopora ballistensis Weisbord, n. sp. Goniopora ballistensis Vaughan, nomen nudum Goniopora decaturensis Vaughan Goniopora decaturensis Vaughan Goniopora matsoni Weisbord, n. sp. Goniopora matsoni Vaughan, nomen nudum Goniopora tampaensis Weisbord, n. sp. Goniopora tampaensis Vaughan, nomen nudum Alveopora tampae Weisbord, n. sp. Alveopora tampae Vaughan , nomen nudum Favites y borensis Weisbord, n. sp. Maeandra tampaensis Vaughan, nomen nudum Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Solander) See synonymy Montastrea davisina Weisbord, n. sp. Montastrea peninsularis Weisbord, n. sp. Montastrea tampaensis (Vaughan) Orbicella tampaensis Vaughan Montastrea tampaensis silecensis (Vaughan) Orbicella tampaensis var. silecensis Vaughan Incertae sed is "b" ? Antiguastrea cellulosa (Duncan) See synonymy Cyphastrea tampae Weisbord, n. sp. Cyphastrea tampae Vaughan, nomen nudum Galaxea excelsa Weisbord, n. sp. Galaxea excelsa Vaughan, nomen nudum Desmophy llum willcoxi Cane Desmophyllum willcoxi Cane Incertae sed is "a" ? Desmophyllum willcoxi Cane Flabellum, sp. indet. Endopachys tampae Vaughan, nomen nudum Endopachys tampae Vaughan , nomen nudum Syzygophy llia tampae Weisbord, n. sp. Syzygophillia ? tampae Vaughan nomen nudum Anthemiphyllia ?, sp. indet. ? Antillocyathus ?, sp. indet. ? DISTRIBUT ION OF TAMPA CORALS, TH EIR GEOLOG IC RA GE , AND NEAREST RELATED SPEC IES Localities Spccics Ballast Davis Six mile St. Mark s Chatlahoo- Hawthorn Range and distribution Nea rest re lated spcc1c ' Point ls!ands Creek Form. chee F orm. Form. Srylophora minurissimo Vaughan X X X Lo wer Mi ocene Stylophora affinis Duncan . M U Mull't.' nt• Srylophora silicensis Wci sbord, n. sp. X Lo wer Miocene Stylophora imperatoris Vaughan. l - Miul'ene Acropora ram paensis Wcisbord. n. sp. X Lower Miocene Acropora panonH'nsis Vaughan . O li g. . l Miocene Sidcrastrea banksi Weisbord , n. sp. X Lower Mi ocene Siderastrea sidereo (E & SL Mi o - Rcn:nl Siderasrrea silecensis Vaughan X X X X X X Lo wer-Middle Miocene Siderastrea conferta (Du ncan) Oilg: . l MiP l·cnc Pori res floridaeprimo Bernard X Lower Miocene Goniopora boffistensis Wcisbord, n. sp. X Lower Miocene Porites anguillensis Vaughan . L MIOL" t.' nt.' Goniopora cf. G. decawrensis Vaughan X X Olig.- Lower Miocene Goniopma marsoni Weisbord. n. sp. X X Lower Mi ocene Porites tou/ai Vaughan . Ohg: . - L Mto ct.• nc Goniopora tampaensis Weisbord. n. sp. X Lo wer Mi ocene Alveopora rampae Weisbord . n. sp. X X Lower Mi ocene fOvites yborensis Weisbord, n. sp. X Lo wer Mi ocene Favires mexicana Vaugha n . Oligoccnt.• Montastrea annularis (Ellis and So lan der) X X X U Oligocene - Reccn 1 Momastrea da11isina Weisbord. n. sp. X Lo wer Mi ocene Monrastrea annuforis (E & S) Oltg.- Rc l·cnt Montastrea peninsularis Wcisbord , n. sp. X Lower Mi ocene Montastrea annufaris (E & S) . Ollg. - Re1.:e nt Monrastrea rampaensis (Vaughan) X X O lig.- Lo wer Mi ocene Monra streo cosrara (Dunca n) . 0\ig.- L Miocene Monrastrl!a cf. M.ltampaensis silecensis (Vaughan) X X X Lo wer Mi ocene lncc rtae sedis "b" X Lo wer Mi ocene Anriguastrea cellulosa (Duncan) X X M Oligocene - Pliocene? Cy phasrrea tampoe Wcisbord, n. sp. X Lo wer Miocene Galaxea excelsa Wcisbord, n. sp. X Lower Mi ocene Desmophyllum willcoxi Gane X Lower Miocene lnce rtae scdis "a" X Lower Miocene F/ohellum, sp. indet X Lower Miocene Endopachys tampae Vaughan, nomen nudum X Lower Miocene Syzygophyllia rampoe Weisbord, n. sp. X Lo wer Miocene Syzygophyllia gregorii {Vaughan). M - U Miocene Anthemiphyllia '? , sp. indct . X Lower Miocene Amillocy01hus ?. sp. indct. X Lower Miocene P/ococyarhus nwoensis Vaughan . L. Mt ot.·c nc 18 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES Order SCLERACTINIA Bourne, 1900 Stylophora cf. S. minutissima Vaughan Pl. 1, figs. 1-5; pl. 4, fig . 1 1900. Stylophora minutissima Vaughan, U.S. Geol. Sur., Mon. 39, p. 131,pl.l3, figs.l3-15 . 1915. Not Stylophora silicensis Vaughan , nomen nudum, in Dall , U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 90, p. 18. 1919. Stylophora minutissima Vaughan, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 103, No . 9,pp. 205,206, 334. 1925. Stylophora minutissima Vaughan, Felix, Fossilium Catalogus 1: Animalia, pars 28, p. 234. Vaughan's original description was as follows : "In the United States National Museum are several small branches of this species, weathered out of a cherty limestone. The best-preserved and the most easily studied branch measured 15 .5 mm. in length and 2.5 mm. in diameter. The cross section of the branch is circular. The calices are shallow, and are arranged in regular ascending spirals. Their distance apart is about 1 mm. They are elliptical in shape, the greater diameter 0. 7 mm., the smaller 0.5 mm. The margins not at all prominent, only a slight bulging upward of the surface in the calicular region. The coenenchymal surface has suffered corrosion, but certainly is granulate, and may have in places possessed some longitudinal striations. Six stout septa reach the columella; no indications of a second cycle. The six septa in places seem so thickened that they almost close the lower part of the calicular cavity. Four pits, each between a pair of septa in the segment of the cal ice toward the distal end of the branch; two on each side of a vertical plane through the longer axis of the calice are deeper than the two pits at the other end of the calice (cf Pl. XIII, fig. 14). The columella is stout. It was not possible to determine whether or not dissepiments exist. Locality.- Russell Springs, Flint River, Georgia. Geologic horizon. - Vicksburgian stage, Ocala Group. Type.- United States National Museum. This species has an extremely close resemblance to Stylophora affinis Duncan, from the Nivaje shale of San Domingo. The resemblance is especially close to the var. minor. The points of difference are: The calices of St. affinis are circular, while in St. minutissima they are elliptical; between the corallites of St. affinis there is on the coenenchyma a distinct raised ridge, while no such ridge exists in St. minutissima." Shortly after the publication of Monograph 39 there appeared in Science an article by Vaughan (1900) revising the stratigraphy of the Flint River region in BULLETIN NO. 56 19 the vicinity of Russel Springs, Georgia. In this revision the strata containing Stylophora minutissima and associated corals were placed in the Chattahoochee Formation of early Miocene age rather than in the Vicksburgian Stage of Oligocene age. Later, Vaughan (1915, p. 18) observed that a number of coral species within the Chattahoochee Formation also occurred in the Tampa Limestone of west Florida, and thus confirmed the correration that is generally accepted today. The following description of what I believe is referable to Stylophora minutissima Vaughan is based on five of the better preserved specimens, TB- 2a to TB - 2e. The coralla are branching, the branches long, slender, solid within, and subcircular in cross section. The corallites on the durface, where visible at all, are polygonal in outline (pentagonal, hexagonal, and diamond-shaped) and are defined by a slightly raised ridgelet composed of pointed granulations similar to the slightly larger ones covering the whole of the coenosteum. Mature calices are nearly circular to oval in outline, 1.1 mm to 1.4 mm in diameter, and are arranged more or less parallel with, or ascending in a slightly oblique spiral around, the long axis of the branch. The margins of the calices are normally raised perceptibly above the surface, are well rounded, and are strongly costate, the low, narrowish costae 20 to 24 in number. The calices are invariably separated, the separation varying from as little as 0.6 mm to as much as 2.0 mm, but averaging about 1.3 mm in a single column, the columns themselves 1.3 mm to 2.5 mm apart. The depth of the calice to the columella is about 0.4 mm to 0.5 mm, and the wall is vertical. There are 6 stout primary septa fused to the columella and 6 barely perceptible secondary septa projecting slightly from the wall. Normally there is a roundish excavation between each of the primary septa, but due to silicification so!Tle of these are usually plugged. The character of the septa is also obscured by secondary silicification, and in one calice of specimen TB- 2a , the primary and secondary septa are coarsely granular and subspinose on the margins and faces. A noteworthy character, seen especially well on one of the more weathered cor all a (TB- 2c), is the alignment of opposing primary septa to form a distinct directive lamina, the direction coinciding with the long axis of the branch. The center of the directive lamina is the columella. The columella usually appears as a fused center. However, in the same calice of specimen TB- 2a in which the structure of the septa is revealed, there arises from the center of the base a single spiny style, the pointed tip of which is well below the level of the calicular margin. Measurements.- Specimen TB- 2a : length of corallum 28 mm, diameter 6.5 mm. Specimen TB-2b: length of corallum 41 mm, diameters of main branch 7 mm x 5 mm. Specimen TB- 2c: corallum length 29 mm, average diameter 6 mm. Specimen TB- 2d: corallum length 42.5 mm, maximum spread of divaricating branches 32.5 mm, maximum diameter of main stem 8.5 mm. Specimen TB- 2e : corallum length 25.5 mm, diameter 6 mm. 20 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Localities.-Ballast Point; Sixmile Creek. The Ballast Point specimens are completely silicified whereas the Sixmile Creek specimens (TSM-3) are from a chalk bed and are completely calcareous. Two specimens of Stylophora cf. minutissima (TBD- 1), which are also siliceous, have been collected by Forrest D. Cring of Florida State University. These were dredged from the St. Marks Formation at Dunedin Beach (Honeymoon Island), Pinellas County, Florida. The type locality of S. minutissima Vaughan is near Russell Spring(s) in the Flint River, a short distance upstream from Bainbridge, Decatur County, Georgia. Comparisons.- ln the original description of the type of S. minutissima, which is a poorly preserved fragment, Vaughan could not detect the raised ridge of granulations between the corallites on the surface of the corallum. This ridge is only apparent on well preserved examples, and I have no doubt it is present normally on S. minutissima at the type locality. The Florida State University specimens from Ballast Point, described above as Stylophora minutissima Vaughan, are exactly the same as those labeled Stylophora siliciensis Vaughan in the U.S. National Museum from locality 2115 , which is also Ballast Point. Stylophora silicensis was Vaughan's manuscript name, and as that was unpublished, the taxon is a nomen nudum. In this work, Vaughan's name of Stylophora silicensis is retained by describing and illustrating it as a new species (see pages 29-31 and plate 2, figs. 1-4), for it seems to me, after comparing poor specimens of Vaughan's S. silicensis from the Chattahoo­ chee Formation of Georgia with good specimens of what appear to be identical with S. minutissima Vaughan from the Tampa Formation of Florida, that the two species are distinct. In volume 12 of Science for 1900, page 874, Vaughan listed probably 3 species of Stylophora from the Chattahoochee Formation of the Flint River in the Tertiary coral reef, near Bainbridge, Georgia.

Stylophora silicensis, new species Pl. 2, figs. 1-4 1915. Stylophora silicensis Vaughan, nomen nudum, in Dall, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 90, p. 18. The following description is based on several badly worn specimens in the U.S. National Museum numbered 3381 (U.S. Geol. Survey), and labeled, in Vaughan's own handwriting, "Stylophora silicensis Vaughan? Type. Flint River, Decatur Co." (Georgia). The corals are siliceous and are imbedded in a brownish yellow fossiliferous sandstone which was originally calcareous but is now wholly siliceous. On the label the word "Type" has been crossed out, and the question mark seemingly inserted after the label was first written by Vaughan. I suspect, but do not know, that the emendation was also made by Vaughan. The coralla of the 3381 lot are branched, the branches divaricating into a single pair or sprouting in short pairs from the parent stem. The cross section of the subsidiary branches is oval to subcircular, that of the stock from which they arise oval or elliptical and flattish on the sides. BULLETIN NO. 56 21

The calices are circular in outline and are disposed more or less irregularly or regularly in transverse rows. Most of the calices are separated, equidistantly in some places, unequally in others. Elsewhere the calices are touching in short series. Where the separation is equidistant, the distance apart is 0.4 mm. The calicular margins are normally a little elevated and thickened to form a rounded lip or colline around the cup. The margin is costulate, the number of costae counted about 20. From colline to colline the diameter of individual calices is 1.0 mm to 1.4 mm. The coenosteuin between the calices is finely granulate. Although such cannot be seen due to corrosion, it is probable that the outline of the corallites on the surface of the corallum is polygonal, and that the boundary between adjacent corallites is marked, as in other species of Stylophora, by a narrow papillate ridgelet. There are three cycles of septa, the third cycle not quite complete where observed. The 6 primary septa are by far the most pronounced and unite in the center of the calice to form a styliform columella. The secondary and tertiary septa are rudimentary and project slightly from the wall. The primary septa are normally laminar, whole, and not exsert, but nearly everywhere they are abnormally thickened by secondary silicification. The margin of the primary septa is gently concave upward and is apparently dentate or spiculate. The faces of the primary septa bear small pointed granulations or spines. All of the septa thicken at the margin and form subequal nodulations or costulations of which there is one for each septum. In a number of calices a prominent directive lamina comprising part of the primary cycle is present and intercepts the columella. The columella is styliform; the tip is generally below the level of the surface and is often blunted. Measurements.- Type (U.S.G.S. 3381 "a"): corallum length 30.5 mm , maximum spread of branches 16.5 mm, diameters of main stem 10 mm x 8 mm. Paratype (U.S.G.S. 3381 "b"): corallum length 32.5 mm, maximum spread of branches 22 mm, diameter of main stem I 0 mm. Para type (U.S.G.S. 3381 "C"): corallum length 28.5 mm, maximum width 16.5 mm. Locality.- Russell Spring, in Flint River near Bainbridge, Decatur County, Georgia. Chattahoochee Formation. Comparisons.- So far as the two can be compared, Stylophora silicensis resembles Stylophora affinis Duncan (1846, p. 436, pl. 16, fig . 14) from the Nivaje Shale (Upper Mi ocene) of the Dominican Republic ; it differs from the Dominican species, in having a colline-like calicular margin instead of a sharp, ringlike one. Two species of Stylophora were recorded by Vaughan from the Chatta­ hoochee Formation at Russell Spring in the Flint River of Georgia, namely Stylophora minutissima ( 1900, p. 131 , pl. 13 , figs . 13-15) and Stylophora silicensis (1915, p. 18). S. silicensis was also reported by Vaughan (1915, p. 18) to occur in the Tampa Formation of Florida at Ballast Point. Differentiation of the two species lies in the form of the corallum and the disposition of the calices : S. minutissima has slender branches more or less circular in cross section , 22 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

and oval to subcircular claices which are invariably separated and arranged parallel with the long axis of the branch in regular ascending sprials. The calices of S. silicensis, however, are circular and either irregularly disposed where separated or touching each other where serially disposed. The specimens of Stylophora in the Florida State University collection from Ballast Point and Six mile Creek are all referable to S. minutissima Vaughan. It should be mentioned here that there are also many points of similarity between Stylophora silicensis n. sp. and Stylophora imperatoris Vaughan (1919, p. 334, pl. 74, figs. 1-5) from the lower Miocene of the Panama Canal Zone, Anguilla, Trinidad, and the Chipola Formation of Florida (Weisbord, 1971 , pp. 15-17, pl. 2, figs. 5-7 ; pl. 3, figs. 1-5). Unfortunately, available specimens of S. silicensis are too poorly preserved for definitive determination, but should the two species eventually prove to be identical, S. imperatoris will have priority.

Acropora tampaensis, new species Pl . 3, figs. 1-3 ; pl. 4 , fig. 2 1915. Acropora tampaensis Vaughan , nomen nudum, in Dall, U.S. Nat. Mus.,Bull.90,p. 18. The original calcareous skeleton of this species has been replaced entirely by chalcedony or "silex" resulting in the obliteration of much of the original structure. However, it is known that the corallum is composed of branches, some of the later or younger ones bifurcating; younger branches are roundish in cross section whereas the stem below the bifurcation are compressed elliptical and flattish on the sides. Due to breakage, replacement , or poor preservation , the character of the axial corallites cannot be discerned save for the presence of sturdy synapticulae connecting the septa. Most, if not all of the diverging corallites, however, are protuberant, projecting upward and outward, the highest one (on specimen TB- lla) extending about a millimeter or so above the level of the coenosteum. The calices vary considerably in size and are swollen or thickened around the margin , the swelling averaging 0.25 mm across. The smallest calices are subcircular in outline, the largest ones oval, the maximum diameters of all calices ranging from 0.8 mm to 2.8 mm. The calices are both scattered and aligned in some fashion , the latter disposed subregularly along the long axis of the branch or in a slight spiral with it, or in some places athwart the branch. Generally the calices are separated from one another but the calicular margins of some are united in a short series. So far as can be determined there are two well developed cycles of septa and, to judge from the numerous costae on one of the larger corallites, there must be septa of the third cycle which cannot be seen, for on corals generally there are the same number of costae as there are septa, although the former are not necessarily the same in size or prominence as the latter. The primary septa of this species are a little larger than the secondaries and both are serrate along the margin and subspinose or granulated on the sides. The directive lamina is by far BULLETIN NO . 56 23 the most pronounced of all the septa, the upper directive more prominent than the lower. This lamina effectively divides the calice rendering it dimidiate. Well within the calice, strong synapticulae connecting the sides of the septa are see n. Where they can be observed the costae are thick, subequal, moderately elevated, and apparently granulose; on the largest corallite there are about 24 costae but generally there are fewer than that on individuals of average size. The coenosteum is "porous", and depending on the 'vagaries of the replacement process appears granulate or reticulate or costulate. Measurements.- Paratype (TB- lla): branch length 44 mm, di ameter at larger end 10 mm, diameter at smaller end 8.5 mm. Para type (TB- 1 I b): branch length 35 mm, diameter at large r end 10 mm, diameter at smaller end 8 mm. Specimen TB- 11c: stem length 46 mm, diameters 17 mm x 12.5 mm. Locality.- Ballast Point, west side of Hillsborough Bay , Hillsborough County, Florida. Comparisons.- This species is not unlike Acropora panamensis Vaughan (1919, p. 480, pl. 141, figs. 1, I a, 1 b, 2) from the Emperador Limestone (lower Miocene) of the Panama Canal Zone and from the Ponce Formation, Lares Limestone, and San Sebastian Shale (Oligocene to lower Miocene) of Puerto Rico, according to Coryell and Ohlsen (1925, p. 220, pl. 40, fig. 2). One major distinction between the two species is that the calices of Acropora tampaensis are dimidiate whereas in A. panamemsis "no nariform or dimidiate apertures were o bserved." Compared with Acropora saludensis Vaughan (1 9 19, pp. 480, 481 , pl. 141 , figs. 3, 3a, 4, 4a), also from the Emperador Limestone of the Panama Canal Zone and from the Oligocene Antigua Formation of Antigua, A. tampaensis has three cycles of septa whereas A. saludensis is desc ribed as having two. Also the coenosteum of A. saludensis is denser than that of A. tampaensis. Remarks.- The type specimen originally named but not described officiall y by Vaughan is labeled " USNM 4999 Tampa" and is illustrated on plate 3, figures 1, 2 of this report. Its measurements are the following: corallum (including main stem) length 80 mm, width across crotch 36 mm ; diameters of main stem (slightly flattened) at middle 15 mm x 14 mm. The precise locality in the Tampa area is not known but is presumed to be Ballast Point. Coral lites TB- 11 a and TB- 11 b (see above) although smaller than USNM 4999 are nearly as well preserved and are considered paratypes.

Siderastrea banksi, new species Pl. 4 , fig. 3 ; pl. 5, figs , I , 2 The five specimens are embedded in a whitish chalk. The coralla are small to medium in size, massive and cerioid, with a globular to domal head and a smaller base ; one of them is plumply fig-shaped. All of the specimens are highly calcareous and show evidence of secondary calcification but no silicification whatsoever. The calices are variously polygonal, tightly appressed, and shallow, although the summit areas of abutting calices are raised into low collines which are 24 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY slightly depressed or flattened where the wall passes through. The wall separating the calices is very thin, about 0.15 mm or less. In the type (TSM- 2a) the calices vary in diameter from 4.3 mm x 3.0 mm, with 44 septa, to 6.4 mm x 5.5 mm, with 48 septa. In the para type (TSM- 2b) the range is 4.4 mm x 4.1 mm, with 40 septa, to 6.1 mm x 5.5 mm, with 54 septa . The septa occur in four nearly complete to complete cycles. with a few quinaries in the largest calices. On the head of the corallum the septa of adjacent calices abut at the wall where they may alternate or be confluent with each other. On the sides of the head and toward the base, however, the septa are all fluidly confluent, overrunning the walls of the calices beneath the stream and becoming in effect septo-costae. This oddity is seen on all five of the specimens in our collection and is the principal character on which the new species is erected. The septa are platy or laminar and wedge-shaped, being thickest at the wall and thinning toward the columella. The septa of the first two cycles are subequal and extend to the columella. Third cycle septa are only slightly smaller than the principals and join second cycle septa just before the columella, whereas the quaternaries fuse to the included tertiaries one-third to one-half the distance from the wall to the center of the cal ice ; fifth cycle septa, which are the smallest, fuse to the included quaternary ones. The margins of the septa are dentate and slope gently and rather uniformly to the calicular center. The dentations, of which there are 9 or so on a septum 2.1 mm in length, are blunt at and near the calicular margin but become more acute and transversely compressed toward the columella. The faces of the septa are granulose and the larger ones also perforate. There are about 5 endotheca in one millimeter of length on the septo-costae. The columella is small and vaguely papillary ; in places it is calcified into a slightly raised boss. Measurements.- Type (TSM- 2a): heigh t of corallum 25 mm.; length of head 33.5 mm, width 31.5 mm. Paratype (TSM- 2b): height of corallum 16 mm. ; length of head 18.5 mm, width 16.5 mm. Paratype (TSM - 2c): height of corallum 11.6 mm, base 8.5 mm x 7 mm. ; length of head 14 mm, width 16.5 mm. Locality.- Sixmile Creek south of Orient Park, Hillsborough County, Florida. According to Banks the corals came from the lower part of the Tampa Formation excavated at this locality, but probably from the upper beds of the Tampa, taking into account the total thickness of the Formation. Remarks.- This species displays many of the characters of the Siderastrea siderea complex. However, it differs in two respects: first, the mature calices are much larger than those of S. siderea and other species, varying in size fr om one-fifth to one-third the maximum diameter of the corallum ; second is the presence of the stream of confluent septo-costae on the upper sides of the corallum of S. banksi, a character not revealed on other species of the genus. BULLETIN NO. 56 25

Siderastrea banksi, n. sp . is named for geologist Joseph E. Banks who has collected and donated to Florida State University many fossil invertebrates and provided valuable and often new stratigraphic information concerning them.

Siderastrea silecensis Vaughan Pl. 6, figs. 1-3 ; pl. 7, figs. 1-3 1915. Siderastrea silicensis Vaughan, nomen nudum, in Dall, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 90, p. 18. 1919. Siderastrea silecensis Vaughan, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull ., vol. 103 , No .9, pp. 205,210,211 , 219,232,437, 438, 447-450, 451 , 453, 517, pl.116,figs.1,1a, 2,3;pl.117,figs.1,1a, 1b;pl.l18, figs. 1, Ia. 1925. Siderastraea silecensis Vaughan, Felix, Fossilium Catalogus 1: Anamalia, pars 28, p. 133. 1927. Siderastraea silecensis Vaughan, Felix, Fossilium Catalogus I: Anamalia, pars 35, p. 373. Vaughan's original description of this species (1919, pp. 447, 448, pl. 116, figs. 1, 1a), from Wakulla, Florida, was the following : "Corallum massive , with domed upper surface. Greater diameter of specimen 170 mm. ; lesser diameter 140 mm.; thickness originally more than 85 mm. Calices polygonal, separating wall usually slightly raised. The peripheral part of the septal margins is flattened, producing between adjacent calicular fossae a flat area which ranges from 0.5 to 1.5 mm. in width. Diameter of an adult calice , measured between thecal summits, 5 mm.; some oblong calices as much as 7 mm. long and 5 mm. wide. Depth of calices, 1.5 mm. Septa, number in a calice 5 mm. in diameter, 50- i.e. , 4 complete cycles and 2 quinaries; in a calice 6 mm. long and 4.5 mm. wide , the number is 48, precisely 4 cycles. The usual number of septa is 4 complete cycles, with a few quinaries in large calices. Around the calicul ar margins the septa are subequal in size, the outer ends of the quaternaries being only slightly smaller than those of the members of the lower cycles. The interseptal spaces average slightly wider than the thickness of the septa. Within the calices the primaries and secondaries are only faintly larger than the tertiaries. There is the usual septal fusion of the tertiaries to the secondaries and quater­ naries to tertiaries, but the tertiaries may almost or actually reach the columella area while the quaternaries extend more than half way from the wall to the columella. The upper flattened part of the septal margins is beaded ; within a distance of 1 mm., 5 rounded dentations were counted; between the place where the septa drop downward in the calicular fossa and the columella the number of dentations on the long septa is between 8 26 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

and 10 ; the total number on the large septa is, therefore, between 13 and 15. Synapticulae well developed, rather coarse, as would be expected from the relatively coarse septal trabeculae. Columella weakly developed; upper surface papillary, but in many instances crossed by directive septa which meet in the corallite axis. Locality and occurrence of type specimen.-Station 3694, pine woods, Waukulla, Florida. T. W. Vaughan collector; Chattahoochee Formation. Type.- No. 325187, U.S.N.M." The corallum of S. silecensis assumes differing forms and sizes. One of the forms in the collection of the Florida Bureau of Geology (TB- 12a), which Dr. Robert 0. Vernon recalls as having been collected in the Tampa area, is large, massive, and subconical, with a convex upper surface, tapering sides, and a base which is smaller than the head. The maximum diameter of this corallum is 230 mm on top. 190 mm at the base, and 210 mm in height. A better and more complete specimen is on display outside the main extrance of the Bureau's Herman Gunter Building in Tallahassee: this coral measures 585 mm x 43 5 mm above , 315 mm x 191 mm at the base, and is 545 mm in height. Both specimens have been completely silicified. Two specimens from Davis Islands (TD- 2a, 2b) have also been replaced by siliceous material. The corallum of TD-2a is hemispherical above and truncated at the base. The corallum of TD- 2b is domal above, with a flattened summit and an acutely tapering base. A number of large fragments (SM - 13) collected in Sixmile Creek by Dr. Harbans S. Puri are also identified as Siderastrea silecensis Vaughan. These particular corals are massive, light gray in color, with a moderately convex upper surface and gently tapering sides to form what must have been a large conical coral. The upper surface is siliceous whereas the interior is partly siliceous and partly calcareous. The calices of TB- 12a were normally moderately deep but appear shallow because of corrosion. They are closely appressed, polygonal in outline (most of them hexagonal or pentagonal, but an occasional one tetragonal or heptagonal), variable in shape and size, and separated by a thin but prominent wall. Where well preserved, the summits of contiguous calices are rounded and a little elevated, and the top of the wall hidden from view. Average diameters of the calices from summit to summit vary from 3.5 mm x 4 mm, with 44 septa, to 5 mm x 7 mm, with 68 septa. Generally there are four cycles of septa and, depending on the size of the calices, a number of them in the fifth. The primary and secondary septa are subequal and only slightly larger than the tertiaries. The quaternary and quinary septa are small and extend only part way to the columella. There is the usual septal fusion of tertiaries to secondaries and quaternaries to tertiaries, the latter occurring half way between the wall and the columella, the former occurring just before the columella area. The free margin BULLETIN NO . 56 27 of the septa is dentate, the dentations numbering about 10 in 3 mm of length. The sides of the septa are coarsely granulated. The synapticulae are well developed. The surface of the columella is papillary. Although the coralla of specimens TD- 2a and TD- 2b from Davis Isl ands are considerably smaller than that of TB- 12a, the calices are somewhat large r, varying from 4 mm x 4 mm, with 44 septa to 10 mm x 6 .5 mm , with 88 se pta. The smaller septa join the next larger at a very acute angle as in Siderastrea conferta (Duncan). On the margin of a primary setpum 4 mm in length on specimen TD- 2a there are some 12 dentations, the dentations relatively large at the wall, progressively smaller toward the columella. The granules on the faces of the septa are distinct and aligned in close radial columns. On specimens TSM- 13a and TSM- 13b from Sixmile Creek, the calices are variously polygonal , ranging from 5 mm to 8.5 mm in long diameter. A typical cal ice of specimen TSM- 3b is 7.6 mm in long diameter and has 64 septa in five cycles ; the largest septum in this calice is 3.4 mm in length, bearing about 12 dentations on the margin and 4 or 5 synapticulae in one millimeter of length on the face. Where mineralized material has been deposited in the mesentarial spaces between the septa, the interseptal casts thus produced may be perforated. These perforations are the result of contact with synapticulae and granulations on the sides of the septa. According to Puri the TSM - 13 specimens were found loose b.ut probably came from beds 4 to 6 in composite section "C". Measurements.- Specimen TD- 2a: length of corallum 74 mm, width 67 mm, height 52 mm. Specimen TD-2b : length of corallum 81 mm, width 73 mm, height 51 mm. Specimen TSM- 13a: height 143 mm, length 130 mm, width 103 mm. Localities.- The localities in the Tampa area in which Siderastrea silecensis Vaughan has been found are Ballast Point on the west shore of Hillsbo rough Bay, Davis Islands at the north end of Hillsborough Bay , and Six mile Creek east of Hillsborough Bay. Range and distribution.- Siderastrea silecensis Vaughan occurs in the Chatta­ hoochee Formation of south Georgia and north Florida, and in the Tampa and Hawthorn Formations of west Florida. The following localities were listed by Vaughan :

I. Wakulla, Wakulla County, Florida, in pine woods, station 3694. Type locality. Type specimen No. 325187, U.S. National Museum. Chatta­ hoochee Formation. 2. Plant City, Hillsborough County, Flo rida. Coronet phosphate mine , station 6043. Alum Bluff Formation [=Hawthorn Formation] 3. Withlacoochee River, 3 miles below Valdosta, Lowndes County, Georgia, station 6084. Chattahoochee Formation. 4 . Flint River at Little Horse Shoe Bend, 4 miles below Bainbridge, Decatur County, Georgia. Chattahoochee Formation. 28 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

5. Ballast Point, Hillsborough County, Florida, station 7754. Tampa Lime­ stone. The Tampa Limestone and the Chattahoochee Formation are thought to be early Miocene in age , the Hawthorn early to middle Miocene. Comparisons.- Among the several variants mentioned by Vaughan , our TD- 2 specimens from Davis Islands and TSM-13 specimens from Sixmile Creek are closest to the Siderastrea silecensis Vaughan from the Coronet phosphate mine, locality No . 2, above, and to Siderastrea conferta (Duncan) (1863 , p. 422, pl. 14 , fig . 2) from the Oligocene and Miocene of Antigua, Anguilla, the Panama Canal Zone, and Puerto Rico. The main difference between S. silecensis and S. conferta is that the denticles on the margins of the septa are more numerous per unit of length on S. conferta.

Porites fl.oridaeprim.a Bernard PI. 8, figs. 1-3 ; pl. 9, figs. 1-4 ; pl. 10, figs. 1-3 1906. Porites Floridae prima Bernard, Catalogue of the Madreporarian Corals in the British Museum (Natural History), vol. 6, II: The genusPorites, pt. 2, pp. 18, 71, 126, 136, 142, pl. 12, fig. 2. 1915. Porites willcoxi Vaughan, nomen nudum, in Dall, U.S. Nat. Mus. , Bull. 90, p. 18. 1919. Porites willcoxi Vaughan, nomen nudum, U.S. Nat. Mus. , Bull. 103, No.9, p. 211. 1925. Porites Floridae prima Bernard, Felix, Fossilium Catalogus 1: Anamalia, pars 28, p. 273. I am indebted to the British Museum (Natural History) and to R. F. Wise of its Palaeontology Department for providing me with recent photographs of the type of this species. Bernard's original description of it was the following: " 56. Porites Florida 1. (P. Floridae prima.) (PI. XII. fig. 2.) [Tampa Bay, Ballast Point (Miocene); British Museum] Description.- The corallum rose on a stem about 2 em. thick, and early divided into an irregular whorl of 3 or more branchlets, the individuals of which bend up immediately into a close cluster, and become new stems. They vary greatly in thickness, from 2 em. to 1 em. These again, when they have room, divide into fresh whorls, branchlets from neighbouring whorls fusing together. Where there is no room for development, branchlets may be early aborted, and persist only as slight excrescences, or as mammilate processes. The edges of the living layer, which was at least 9 em. deep, tended to creep down over the dying basal stems. The calicles were distinctly depressed, and about 1.25 to 1.5 mm. in diameter. The walls appear to have consisted almost entirely of smooth, wavy flakes , not very porous, nor very much incised laterally, the septa starting as very fine thin points standing out rather sharply and suddenly from the edges of the flake, with only slight incurving between them. These sharp, thin septa seem seldom to have been free, but curved round irregularly to join the wavy flakes BULLETIN NO. 56 29 which rose in the calicle as the columellar tangle. The symmetry seems to have been entirely confined to the rings of rounded interseptal loculi. In the section, very thin, but fairly regular trabeculae can be seen, but the thin, wavy, lamellate, horizontal layers are very marked. This specimen is a silicified Miocene fossil which presents morphological features of very great interest. The details are difficult to obtain, but what can be made of its growth-form shows traces of an irregular whorl formation already noted, as perhaps consisting of three prongs, e.g. P. Belize I, p. 67. Here they may be due to the terminal swellings, dividing not into 2, but into 3, 4, or 5 prongs, which then bend up into the vertical, perhaps fusing with those of neighboring whorls. This is again one of the few branching Porites at present known with the horizontal elements of the skeleton so markedly lamellate, that it shows in the structure of the calicles at the surface ( cf. P. West Indies X. 17, and Pl. V. fig. 5). I assume that the surface exposed was the original true surface ; it certainly looks like it, inasmuch as each calicle still shows as a depression. It would certainly be of interest to search among the living Porites in the neighbourhood of Tampa to find if this remarkable form has any survivors. Such characters as these would be easy to recognize. Geol. Dept. R. 2343."

Measurements.-As near a·s can be determined from the photographs of the holotype (R.2343) the corallum is 120 mm in height and 75 mm in maximum width. The number of septa is I 0 to 15 , for a median of 12, as counted on plate 9, figures 3 and 4. Type locality.- Ballast Point, west side of Hillsborough Bay , Hillsborough County, Florida. Type specimen.-British Museum (Natural History). Geol. Dept. R. 2343 . Remarks.-A number of coral specimens (TB- 6a, TB- IOa , lOb) in the Florida State University collection from Ballast Point as well as two specimens with the unpublished manuscript name of "Porites willcoxi Vaughan, 3286, Tampa" in the U.S. National Museum should all be referred to Porites jloridaeprima Bernard. My description of Porites jloridaeprima Bernard, based on an examination of the coralla enumerated above and comparison with the excellent photographs furnished me by the British Museum (Natural History), is as follows : All of the coralla from Ballast Point are siliceous and branching. Of the two specimens labeled Porites willcoxi Vaughan, the smaller is swollen at the crotch and the branches broken away ; the larger specimen is a subcylindrical compressed trunk or stock which is prolonged into two united parallel branches. The latter corallum closely resembles Bernard's illustration of Porites jloridaeprima on his plate 12, figure 2. Other specimens in the Florida State University collection are represented by broken branches of various design , among them TB- 1Ob which is club-shaped. 30 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

The calices of specimens 3286 are small ( 1.3 mm to 2.0 mm in long diameter), polygonal in outline (hexagonal, pentagonal, subquadrilateral, or diamond-shaped), and generally arranged in gently arcuate or curved rows with, in one row for example, 10 tightly joined calices in 13 mm of length. Normally the calices are deep with a large circular central cavity and vertical sides. The calices on a worn down surface, however, are very shallow and resemble rosettes by virtue of the petal-shaped spaces between the septa. The summit areas or calicular margins of the fully developed calices are thick, costulate, and coarsely perforate. There are two complete or nearly complete cycles of septa, with one to four minor septa in the third cycle. Except for the small intercalaries, the septa are prominent, subequal and ragged, the margins serrate or denticulate but also with disconnected spiny process or tubules projecting into the calicular cavity. In places the septa unite into pairs or triads, and there is normally one paliform nodulation on the margin of each primary septum just before the columella. The faces of the septa are narrow and are connected by sturdy synapticulae which when broken appear as tubules or elongated granulations. Perforations are present between the septa, these continuing to the base of the calice where they form the conspicuous rosette mentioned above. The columella is very small, sunken, and also perforate; however, the columella is often recrystallized into a small plug with a minute tubercle on it. A thin, inconspicuous, directive lamina with small dentations on the margin is present in a number of calices. The lamina may pass through the center of the columellar area or a little to the side of it. In cross section the corallum branch is typically poritid with five or six cells in one millimeter of length and four or five rods in one millimeter of width. Measurements.- Paratypes (U.S. National Museum specimens numbered 3286, Porites willcoxi Vaughan): larger corallum height 60 mm, width at base 32 mm , thickness at middle 2 1 mm. Smaller corallum height 35 mm , maximum width 36.5 mm, maximum thickness 22 mm. Specimen TB- 6a: corallum (bifurcate branch) height 27 mm, maximum width 18 mm, diameters of main branch II mm x 9. 5 mm. Specimen TB- IOa: corallum (compressed branch) height 18 mm , width, 14.5 mm, thickness 9.5 mm. Specimen TB- lOb : corallum (club-shaped) height 18 mm, diameters at larger end 10 mm x 7.5 mm, diameters at smaller end 6.5 mm x 6.0 mm. Observations.- The distinguishing characters of Porites fl.oridaeprima Ber­ nard are the growth form of the corallum, the orientation of many of the calices in a connected series of rows, and the small size of the calices compared with other species.

Goniopora aucillana, new species Pl. 33, fig. I ; pl. 34, fig. I , pl. 35 , fig . I The corallum is massive , columniform, composed of convex plates built on, BULLETIN NO. 56 31 and draped over one another in a subhorizontal position of growth; the upper plate of specimen AU- I a here described is thicker in the middle (about 30 mm) than on the sides and is flattish to slightly undulated on top. The calices are variously polygonal in outline and moderately shallow, their margins subnodulous and united to each other. The diameters range from 3.1 mm to 3.4 mm and depths from about 1.0 mm to 1.3 mm·. The wall between the calices is rarely visible but where revealed it is laminar, about 0.15 mm in thickness, and sparsely and finely spinose. Generally there is no well-defined boundary to the calices, the area or colline between them consisting of a layer of synapticulae on either side of the hidden wall. This imparts a perforate appearance to the collines. Depending somewhat on the size of the calice, the number of septa varies from 14 to 24, the full normal complement being 24 in three cycles. The septa are well developed, subequal in size, and wedge-shaped, that is, wider near the wall where the denticulations are more luxuriant, and tapering therefrom toward the columella. The normal arrangement, apparent but rarely , is six primary septa extending to the axis, with a trident between each of them, the tridents consisting of a secondary septum joined on either side by a tertiary septum. The margins of the septa are strongly dentate, with about five frondose denticles on the longer septa. The denticles become smaller inward, and the last one at the columella resembles a pointed palus. The sides of the septa are perforated and granulated, the granulations robust. The columella is small and hardly distinguishable as such. Where the columellar area is calcified, it is papillate, the papillae small. The directive plane is rarely seen but is present. Synapticulae are numerous, fine, and regular, about six of them in a millimeter of length. Measurements.-Corallum height 70 mm, maximum diameter of head 65 mm, diameter at base 45 mm. Locality.- The single specimen AU - la was collected in March 1971 by Joseph E. Banks in a road metal pit west of Cabbage Grove, Taylor County, in the vicinity of the Aucilla River (where it runs underground). Formation and Age.- Suwannee Limestone. Upper Oligocene. Remarks.- Of the 13 species of Goniopora described by Duncan (1863), Vaughan (1919), and Coryell and Ohlsen (1920) from southeastern United States and the circum-Caribbean region, the new species most closely resembles Goniopora decaturensis Vaughan (1919, pp. 490, 491, pl. 143, figs. 1, Ia) from the base of the Chattahoochee Formation in the Flint River , Georgia, and Goniopora imperatoris Vaughan (1919, pp. 493 , 494, pl. 142, figs. 3, 3a) from the Emperador Limestone of the Panama Canal Zone. So far as can be determined from the literature G. decaturensis differs from G. aucillana, n . sp. in having a well developed columella tangle. On G. imperatoris the columella tangle is also large and well developed, forming "a flattish bottom to the calices, width about one-half the calicular diameter"; the columella of G. aucillana, however, is very small. 32 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Goniopora decaturensis Vaughan occurs in the lower Miocene of Georgia and Cuba and in the San Sebastian Formation (Oligocene) and Ponce Limestone (upper Oligocene-lower Miocene) of Puerto Rico. Goniopora imperatoris Vaughan occurs in the basal Miocene of the Panama Canal Zone, in the lower Miocene of Anguilla, and in the San Sebastian Formation and Ponce Limestone of Puerto Rico.

Goniopora ballistensis, new species Pl. 10, figs. 4, S;pl. 11, figs . 1-3; pl. 12, figs . 1, 2 1915. Goniopora ballistensis Vaughan, nomen nudum, in Dall , U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 90, p. 18. This species is described below from a very poorly preserved specimen in the U.S. National Museum labeled "Goniopora ballistensis Vaughan, 3286, Tampa" and from TB- 7a and TB-7b in the Florida State University collection from Ballast Point; the latter represent the same species as that named by Vaughan in his unpublished manuscript but show the septal details better than the USNM example above. The chalcedonized corallum of TB- 7a consists of a large, broken, partially hollow trunk which bifurcates into two branches, these separated from the trunk by a plate-like growth upon them. The calices are shallow and obtusely polygonal in outline, most of them 2.0 mm in greater diameter but an occasional one a little smaller or a little larger, the largest 2.3 mm. The calicular margins are closely united, the mural summits perforate and markedly costate. The septa are thick, ragged , and subequal, the number 14 to 18, the median 15. They are united in doublets and triplets before reaching the columella, or occur as singlets which reach the columella. The margins and sides of the septa are strongly granulose, and there is a palar ring around the columella consisting of five or six papillate pali, or one at the end of each primary septum. The synapticulae are well developed and there are three rings of them in the wall. The columella is very small, often fused, with a more or less central tubercle projecting from it; normally the columella is trabecular. The directive plane is not clearly displayed although in a few calices there is a suggestion of its presence. In cross section the branches are pori tid in character, with about five cells per millimeter of length and with about seven rods in one millimeter of width. Measurements.- Type specimen (TB- 7a): broken corallum heigl1t 65 mm, width 59 mm, breadth (reonstructed) about 46 mm ; diameters of trunk (reconstructed) 42 mm x 31 mm; branches 24 mm x 20 mm and 21 mm x 21 mm. Cotype (USNM 3286): the corallum is built up of plates compressed into a tapering trunk 48.5 mm wide and 25 mm thick below, about 26 mm in diameter in the branch-like attenuation above ; the height is 106 mm. Paratype (TB- 7b): BULLETIN NO. 56 33

the corallum is a large, oval, and hollow trunk 63 mm high, 51 mm wide and 45 mm thick; it is built up of thin plates. Locality .- Ballast Point, west side of Hillsborough Bay, Hillsborough County, Florida. Formation and Age. - Tampa Limestone (lower Miocene). Comparison.-The form of the corallum and the calices of Goniopora ballistensis are similar to Porites angu.illensis Vaughan (1919, pp. 504, 505 , pl. 149, figs . 1, la, lb) from the lower Miocene of Anguilla and the Panama Canal Zone. The principal difference seems to be in the number of septa, the normal being 12 in P. angu.illensis, 15 in G. ballistensis.

Goniopora cf. G. decaturensis Vaughan Pl. 13, figs. 1-3 1919. Goniopora decaturensis Vaughan, U.S. Nat. Mus. , Bull. 103, No . 9,pp. 205,234,235,346,490, 491, 522,pl. 143, figs . 1, la. 1925. Goniopora decaturensis Vaughan, Felix, Fossilium Catalogus I: Animalia, pars 28, pp . 276, 277. 1929. Goniopora decaturensis Vaughan, Coryell and Ohlsen, New York Acad. Sci., Scientific Survey of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, vol. 3, pt. 3, pp. 169, 172, 223, pl. 40, fig. 7 The corallum is a gently convex silicified plate 2.5 mm to 6.5 mm thick, welded to a chalcedonized base 4 mm to 6 mm in thickness. The lateral expansion far exceeds the thickness, measuring 45 mm by 34 mm. The specimen here described (TB- 8a) represents part of the upper layer of a large and tall corallum built up of successive plates from which TB- 8a was broken off along a natural growth plane and later replaced by chalcedony. The upper surface has scarcely any relief due to the shallowness of the calices. The calices are obtusely polygonal in outline and superficial , varying from 2.0 mm to 3.0 mm in greater diameter, wHh a median of 2.4 mm. Where it can be observed, the wall is sturdy and laminar, with a thickness of about 0.1 mm, but in most instances a well defined boundary between the calices cannot be discerned. The mural summits are preforate, and this combined with the reticulate nature of the peripheral rows of synapticulae impart a cellular appearance to the surface of the corallum. The septa vary in number from 18 to 26, the median 22. There is not much difference in the size of the septa although there is in length, with the tertiaries the shortest. In arrangement the six primary septa extend to the columella, with a triplet group of secondary and two tertiaries between a pair of primaries. In some calices a directive lamina running straight through the axis seems to be present, but preservation is too imperfect to reveal the details. The margins of the septa are denticulate, with about six dentations on the longer ones. The faces of the septa are granulose, the granulations large and coarse, and pointed to tubular. The longitudinal section along the edge of the corallum plate is poritid in nature, and there are four cells in one millimeter of length and one millimeter of width. 34 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

The columella is a lax tangle formed from the inner ends of the septa. In a few calices the columella seems to be partially surrounded by a palar ring, and in yet another calice there is a small tubercle in the center of the columellar tangle. The axial area of a number of calices is fused. Measurements.- Specimen TB- 8a: corallum head length 43 mm, width 37 mm, thickness 2.5 mm to 6.5 mm. Locality and age. - Ballast Point, west side of Hillsborough Bay, Hillsborough County, Florida. Tampa Formation (lower Miocene). Remarks.- The Tampa specimen described above seems so close to Goniopora decaturensis Vaughan from the Flint River, Georgia that it is referred to that species. However, neither the type of G. decaturensis nor the specimen TB- 8a is well enough preserved to be certain of the identity. Range and distribution.- The type of Goniopora decaturensis (No. 325031 U.S . National Museum) was collected by Vaugl1an at Blue Springs, 4 miles below Bainbridge, Flint River, Decatur County, Georgia, in the base of the Chatta­ hoochee Formation. The species has also been found on Mogote Peak at Guantanamo, Cuba, and in the San Sebastian Shale (Oligocene) and Ponce Formation (upper Oligocene-lower Mi ocene) of Puerto Rico .

Goniopora matsoni, new species Pl. 12, figs . 3-6; pl. 14, figs. 1-3 1915. Gonipora matsoni Vaughan, nomen nudum, in Dall , U.S . Nat. Mus. , Bull. 90, p. 18. The following description is based on two specimens in the U.S. National Museum labeled "Goniopora matsoni Vaughan, Tampa No. 6546" in Vaughan 's handwriting, and on specimens in the Florida State University collection from Ballast Point and Sixmile Creek, Hillsborough County, Florida. All of the coralla are broken bifurcating branches completely replaced by cryptocrystalline quartz or chalcedony. The type is the smaller of the two specimens numbered 6546 U.S. National Museum and is a robust stem , hollow within, and subelliptical in cross section. The cotype, TB- 5a, is part of a mach larger branching corallum, subcircular in cross section but filled within and revealing the cellular structure of the corallum. Although the calices appear to be subcircular on weathered surfaces, they are normally polygonal , the long diameters varying from 1.9 mm to 2.8 mm for a median of 2.6 mm. In outline the calices are hexagonal, pentagonal, and occasionally quadrilateral, and tend to occur in longitudinal, somewhat curving series ; one such series on specimen TB- 5a is 25 mm in length and consists of 9 calices in continuum. The calices are shallow and there are low rounded collines of a porose reticulum about one millimeter in width between adjacent margins ; where uncorroded, the calicular margins are seen to be nodulous or costulated, the costules corresponding to the outer ends of the septa. There are 12 coarse septa of nearly equal size in two complete cycles with 2 or 3 rudimentary ones joining their respective principals close to the margin BULLETIN NO. 56 35 of the calice. The septa are strongly denticulate on the margin , the denticles frondose, spinulose, laminar, or paliform. There are usually four such denticles from the wall to the columella, the innermost of which may be higher than the others and form a ring of pali around the columella; three to six of these pali at the termini of the primary septa have been counted. On specimen TB- Sa there seems to be a directive plane represented by an elongated septum running through the columella to which may be attached a columellar tubercle. The sides of the septa bear a few large pointed granulations representing detached synapticulae. Large perforations are everywhere- around calcinal centers of the wall, on the collines, on the faces of the septa, and within the columella. The columella is very small, sunken, and lax, and in the middle of it there may be a palus-like tubercle. In cross section the corallum exhibits the typical cellular structure of the poritids, with about five cells in one millimeter of length. Measurements.- Type (6546 "a" USNM): corallum (branch) length 31 mm, maximum diameter 26 mm, diameter at middle of branch 15 mm. Paratype (6546 "b" USNM): corallum (divaricating branches) height 45 mm, maximum width 38 mm, diameters of trunk 26 mm x 20 mm, diameters of larger branch 19 mm x 16.5 mm. Specimen TSM - 12a: corallum fragment (branching), height 39.5 mm, maximum width 30 mm, diameters of branch 12.5 mm x 10 mm. Cotype (TB- Sa): branch height 32.5 mm, diameters at ends 14 mm x 13 mm and 15 mm x 13 mm. Localities.- According to Vaughan ( 1915) this species was collected in the "silex bed" of the Tampa region. The name "silex bed" was formerly applied to the deposit at Ballast Point on the west side of Hillsborough Bay, and that is the location of TB- Sa. Two poorly preserved specimens (TSM- 12a and 12b) from Sixmile Creek east of Hillsborough Bay are also referred to Goniopora matsoni, n. sp. Comparisons.-It is difficult to determine whether Goniopora matsoni, n. sp . should be referred to Goniopora or Porites; I am calling the taxon Goniopora because Vaughan did, and Vaughan in turn was influenced by Bernard who believed that poritids with even a few short tertiary septa should be named Goniopora, relegating the genus Porites to poritids with two cycles of septa only. Goniopora matsoni is similar to two species also named by Vaughan : Goniopora clevei Vaughan (1919, pp. 496, 497, pl. 145, figs . 1-6a) and Porites toulai Vaughan (1919, pp. 501, 502, pl. 150, figs. 1-4). Goniopora clevei occurs in the Antigua Formation (Oligocene) of Antigua, the Emperador Limestone (basal Miocene) of the Panama Canal Zone, and the Anguilla Formation (lower Miocene) of Anguilla. The difference between G. clevei and G. matsoni is that the former has a much larger columellar tangle. Porites toulai occurs in the Emperador Limestone of the Panama Canal Zone, the Lares Limestone and San Sebastian Formation (Oligocene) of Puerto Rico, 36 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY and the Ponce Limestone (upper Oligocene-lower Miocene) also in Puerto Rico. P. toulai bears a few minor tertiary septa like G. matsoni but seems to lack the low collines between adjacent calices such as are present on G. matsoni. Should the two species eventually prove to be identical, P. toulai has priority.

Goniopora tampaensis, new species Pl. 15, figs. I , 2 1915. Goniopora tampaensis Vaughan, nomen nudum, in Dall , U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 90, p. 18. The following description is based on Vaughan's unpublished manuscript type No . 2084 from Ballast Point, Hillsborough County, Florida. The specimen is siliceous and the surface drusy so that details are obscured. The corallum is hemispherical, the upper surface a little convex and undulated, the sides inflated, the base concave and concentrically ringed with lamelliform plates. The calices are shallow, variously polygonal (pentagonal, hexagonal, and rudely tetragonal), and tightly appressed to each other. The calicular margins are nodulous or costulate, rendered so by the thickening there of the septa and their short conterminous costae. There is no reticulum between the calices. The number of septa varies from 22 to 32 in three generally complete cycles, with a few in the fourth cycle. The septa of the first three cycles are prominent and nearly equal, the primaries the larger, the secondaries and tertiaries diminishing slightly in size according to the order of their insertion. The margins of the septa are rather coarsely denticulate, with seven or eight denticles in the longest septum measuring 1.4 mm. Most of the denticles save the innermost are subspinose or elongated athwart the margin imparting an erose effect to it. On the principal septa, or those of the first two cycles reaching the columella, there are one or two large papilliform pali just before the columella. The faces of the septa are narrow and bear a few small granulations. A directive lamina is present in some of the calices but their arrangement cannot be made out. The columella is very small and seemingly papillate. Measurements.-Type (2084 U.S. National Museum): corallum length 44 mm, width 32 mm, height 24 mm. The long diameters of the calices vary from 1.8 to 4.6 mm, the average about 4 mm. Locality .-Ballast Point, west side of Hillsborough Bay, Hillsborough County, Florida. Remarks.- Goniopora tampaensis n. sp. is characterized by its compara­ tively numerous septa, small papillate columella, absence of reticulum, and the occurrence of large pali at the inner ends of the principal septa. BULLETIN NO . 56 37

Alveopora tampae, new species Pl. 6, figs . 4-6 ; pl. 7, figs. 4,5 1915. Alveopora tampae Vaughan, nomen nudum, in Dall , U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 90, p. 18. The "type" of Vaughan's manuscript- named Alveopora tampae has not been seen by me , but I rather suspect that the specimen in the U.S. National Museum labeled "Alveopora, U.S. Geol. Survey , Oligocene , No . 2115 , Hillsboro Bay, Florida, Burns" represents the same species. The description of Specimen No. 2115 which is silicified , poorly preserved, and attached to the base of a solitary coral, is as follows. The corallum is small, massive and cerioid, with an oval swollen head which is flattish on top, and with gently tapering sides. The calices are relatively small , deep, and variously polygonal (although generally hexagonal) in outline, and united at the calicular margins. The long diameter of the average calice is 1.85 mm. The calicular margins are nodulous at the intercepts of the septa and conterminous costae. The coenosteum is thick and perforated and there are perforations on the summits of calices and in the walls. Where the costae are visible they are thick and nearly equal in size. There are three cycles of septa, the third cycle incomplete. The principal septa are coarse, the minor ones less so, and consist of interrupted columns of projections, spines, and tubules. In come calices a strong directive trabecula crossing the columellar area is present. A specimen in the Florida State University collection from Sixmile Creek east of Hillsborough Bay is also referred to Alveopora tampae. The Sixmile Creek corallum (TSM- 11a) is calcareous and shaped like an irregular mushroom, with a flattish undulatory surface and a thick stubby subcylindri­ cal stalk. The columella, not visible on U.S.G.S. specimen 2115 , appears to be formed on TSM- 11a by the union of the inner ends of the principal septa. Measurements.- Type (U.S.G.S. 211 5): corallum height approximately 19 mm, diameters of head 20 mm x 14 mm; the long diameters of the calices vary from 1.2 mm to 2.1 mm. Paratype (TSM- 11a): corallum height 24.5 mm, length and width of upper surface 28 mm x 25 mm, maximum diameter of "stalk" 20 mm ; the long diameter of the mature calice varies from 2.4 mm to 2.8 mm. Localities.-The type (U.S.G .S. 211 S) is from Hillsborough Bay and was collected by Frank Burns. As the specimen is siliceous it is inferred that it was collected from the "Tampa silex" deposit at Ballast Point on the west side of Hillsborough Bay. The paratype (TSM- 11a) was collected by Joseph E. Banks in Six mile Creek east of Hillsborough Bay. Observations.-lt may be noted on the illustrations of U.S.G.S. 2115 that a portion of it is veneered by what seems to be a wrinkled eiptheca. In actuality this veneer coats both the solitary coral attached to the underside of Alveopora tampae and the base of A. tampae itself, having encroached thereon during the concurrent growth of both species. A similar thick concentrically 38 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY lineated coating is present on the columnar base of TSM- 11a, but on this specimen the epitheca, if indeed it is a true epitheca, is developed on the paratype itself.

Favites yborensis, new species Pl. 16, figs. 1-3 1915. Maeandra tampaensis Vaughan, nomen nudum, in Dall, U.S. Nat. Mus ., Bull. 90, p. 18. The following description is based on a single corallum in the U.S. National Museum labeled "Maeandra tampaensis Vaughan, 4999" from the silex bed of the Tampa Formation. The corallum has been replaced completely by siliceous material and many details of structure have been obliterated or altered. The corallum is massive , subconical, and cerioid, with a gently convex upper surface and tapering sides. The tightly appressed corallites are of small diameter, narrowly columnar in length, polygonal in cross section, ahd convergent toward the base. The calices are variously polyonal (hexagonal to angularly subelliptical), and range in size from about 3.5 mm to 6.5 mm in long diameter. Although on normal, uncorroded examples they may be deeper, the calices of the designated type are shallow. the calicular margins are slightly elevated, rather acute, and somewhat nodulous, the nodulations produced by the thickening of the septa at the margin. A fe w calices have two or three centers, suggesting reproduction by marginal fission. The number of septa varies from 18 in a calice 3.5 mm in long diameter to 34-36 in a calice 7.5 mm in length, the latter enclosing three centers. In most calices the principal septa are secondarily thickened throughout by the siliceous precipitate but normally they are thin and subequal, the secondaries only slightly smaller than the primaries. In one of the larger calices, the tertiary septa are seen joining the secondaries near the calicular margin, and the secondaries uniting with the primaries farther within. Only the largest septa reach the columella. Well within the corallum there are pairs of very thin parallel lamellae running lengthwise between some of the principal septa, and it is these septa that appear in cross section as threads in the filled in interseptal spaces. The major septa are a little exsert, lobulate above , very narrow toward the center. The margins are coarely beaded on the lobulate area, lacerate to acutely toothed below. In some calices there appear to be a few nodular pali around the columellar area but this is not clear. The faces of the septa are finely granulated, the granulations or trabeculae aligned in closely spaced columns. There is one costa for each septum, the costae coarse , strongly granulated, and nearly equal in size. The columella is very small and seems to consist of a twist or tangle of the inner ends of the primary septa. Where the center of the columella is recrystallized into a smooth plug, there may be a minute tubercle or two on it. An occasional calice is traversed by a directive lamina, the upper margin of which is finely toothed. The endotheca is well developed and widely spaced, with two elongated cells in one millimeter of length. BULLETIN NO. 56 39

Measurements.- Specimen 4999, U.S. National Musuem (type): corallum length 68 mm, width 41 mm, height 44 mm. Formation and locality.- Tampa silex bed at Ballast Point, west side of Hillsborough Bay, Hillsborough County, Florida. Comparison.- The type specimen closely resembles the illustration of Favites mexicana Vaughan (1919, pp. 414, 415, pl. 103, figs . 2, 2a) from the Oligocene San Rafael Formation of Mexico. Other than the fact that Vaughan who knew both species considered them distinct, F. mexicana Vaughan may perhaps be distinguished from F. yborensis n. sp . by its larger columella and more numerous septa in calices of comparable size.

Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Solander) P1.17,figs.1-3; pl.18, figs.1 -3; pl. 19, figs . I , 2 1766. Madrepora acropora Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, ed. 12, p. 1276. [Fide Vaughan, 1901, p. 22.] 1786. Madrepora annularis Ellis and So lander, The Natural History of . . . Zoophytes, p. 169, pl. 53 , figs . 1, 2. 1786. Madrepora faveolata Elli s and So lander, The Natural History of .. . Zoophytes, p. 166, pl. 53 , figs . 5, 6. [Fide Vaughan , 1919, p. 364.] 1791. Madrepora acropora Gmelin, Systema Naturae, ed . 13 , pt. 6 , p. 3767. 1791. Madrepora faveolata Gmelin , Systema Naturae, ed. 13 , p. 3769. 1797. Madrepora acropora Linnaeus, Esper, Fortzetzungen Pflanzen­ thiere, vol. I, p. 21, pl. 38. 1816. Astrea annularis (Ellis and Solander), Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert., vol. 2, p. 259. 1821. Astrea annularis (Ellis and Solander), Lamouroux, Exposition Methodique des ... Polypiers, p. 58, pl. 53 , figs . I , 2. 182I . Astrea faveolata (Ellis and Solander), Lamouroux , Exposition Methodique des . . . Polypiers, p. 58, pl. 53 , figs. 5, 6. 1824. Astrea annularis (Ellis and Solander), Lamouroux, En cyclopedie Methodique, vol. 2, p. 13I. 1827. Astrea annularis (Ellis and Solander), Bory de St. Vincent, in Bruguiere, Encyclopedie Methodique, pt. 2, pl. 486, figs . I, 2. 1830. Astrea annularis (Ellis and Solander), Blainville , Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles, vol. 60, p. 324. 1834. Explanaria annularis (Ellis and Solander), Ehrenberg, K. Akad . Wiss. Berlin, Phys. Abhandl. 1832, p. 308. 1834. Astrea annularis (Ellis and Solander), Blainville , Manuel d'Actin­ ologie ou de Zoophytologie, p. 368. 1836. Astrea annularis (Ellis and Solander), Lamarck, Hist. Nat. Anim. sans Vert., ed. 2, vol. 2, p. 405. 40 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

1846. Astrea (Orbicella) annularis (Ellis and Solander), Dana, U.S . Exploring Exped. 1832-1842, vol. 7, Zoophytes, p. 214, pl. 10, fig. 6. 1848. Astrea annularis (Ellis and Solander ), Schomburgk, History of Barbados, p. 562. 1850. Astrea annularis (Ellis and Solander), Edwards and Haime, Ann . Sci. Nat. Paris, ser. 3, Zoologie, vol. 12, p. 104. 1857. Heliastraea annularis (Ellis and Solander), Edwards and Haime, Histoire Na turelle des Coralliaires ou Polypes propremen t di ts , vol. 2, p. 473 ; Heliastraea acropora (Linnaeus), Edwards and Haime , p. 477. 1861. Heliastrea annularis (Ellis and So lander), Heliastrea acropora (Lamarck), and Heliastrea Lamarckii Edwards and Haime , Duch­ assaing and Michelotti, R. Accad. Sci. Torino, Mem., ser. 2, vol. 19 , p. 352. 1863. Phyllocoenia sculpta Edwards and Haime, Duncan, Geol. Soc. London, Quart. Jour., vol. 19, pp. 432, 433. [Fide Vaughan, 1901 ' p. 23 .] 1863. Cyphastraea costata (partim) Duncan, Geol. Soc. London, Quart. Jour., vol. 19, pp. 443, 444. [Fide Vaughan, }901 , p. 23.] 1863. Astraea barbadensis Duncan, Geol. Soc. London, Quart. Jour., vol. 19 , pp. 421 , 444, pl. 15 , figs . 6a, 6b. [Fide Vaughan, 1901, p. 23.] 1864. Orbicella annularis Dana, Verrill, Mus. Comp. Zoo!., Bull., vol. 1, No.3, p. 48 . 1866. Orbicella annularis (Ellis and Solander), Verrill, Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. , Proc. , vol. 10, p. 323. 1866. Heliastraea annularis (Ellis and So lander), Duchassaing and Michelotti, R. Accad. Sci. Torino, Mem ., ser. 2, vol. 23 , p. 179; Heliastraea lamarckii Edwards and Haime, p. 179; Heliastraea acropora (Linnaeus), p. 179 ; Heliastraea barbadensis (Duncan), and Cyphastraea costata Duncan, p. 180. 1867. Heliastraea barbadensis (Duncan), Geol. Soc. London, Quart. Jour. , vol. 24 (1968), p. 23; Heliastraea altissima Duncan and Cyphastraea costata Duncan, p. 24;Plesiastraea ramea Duncan, p. 25. 1870. Heliastraea lamarcki Edwards and Haime , Heliastraea annularis (Ellis and Solander), Heliastraea acropora (Linnaeus), Heliastraea barbadensis (Duncan), Cyphastraea costata Duncan, and Plesi­ astraea ramea Duncan, Duchassaing, Revue des Zoophytes et des Spongiaires des Antilles, p. 30. 1871. Orbicella annularis Dana, Pourtalt~s, Mus. Comp. Zool., Mem., vol. 2, No.4, p. 77. BULLETIN NO . 56 41

1877. Orbicella annularis (Ellis and Solander), Arango y Molina , R. Acad. Cienc. Medicas , Fisicas y Nat. Habana , An ., vol. 14 , p. 278 . 1877. Orbicella (Heliastraea) annularis (Ellis and Solander), Lindstrom, K. Svenska Vetensk.- Akad., Hand!. , vol. 14, No.6, p. 23. 1880. Orbicella annularis Dana , Pourtales, Mus. Comp. Zoo!. , Mem ., vol. 7, No . l , pl.4, figs.l-10. 1888. Heliastraea annularis (Ellis and Solander), Ortmann , Zoo!. Jahrb., Syst., vol. 3, p. 174. 1890. Orbicella annularis (Ellis and Solander), Heilprin , Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, Proc., vol. 42, pp. 303, 305. 1890. Heliastraea annularis (Ellis and Solander), Ortmann, Zeitschr. f. Wiss. Zoo!. Leipzig, vol. 50, pt. 2, p. 307. 1890. Orbicella annularis (Ellis and So lander), A. Agassiz, Mus. Comp. Zoo!. , Bull ., vol. 20, No.2, p. 61 , pis. 1, 2. 1895 . Orbicella acropora (Linnaeus), Gregory , Geol. Soc. London, Quart. Jour. , vol. 51 , p. 272; Cyphastraea costata Duncan , p. 274; Echinopora franksi Gregory, pp. 274, 275 , pl. 11 , figs . 2a, b, c, 3. [Fide Vaughan, 1901 , p. 24.] 1898. Orbicella acropora (Linnaeus), Vaughan , Mus. Comp. Zoo!. , Bull ., vol. 28, No.5, p. 275. 1899. Orbicella acropora (Linnaeus), Vaughan, Mus . Comp. Zoo!. , Bull ., vol. 34, pp. 153 , 155, 156. 1899. Heliastraea annularis (Ellis and Solander), Duerden , In st. of Jamaica, Jour. , vol. 2, No . 6, p. 621. 1900. Orbicella annularis Dana, Verrill , Connecticut Acad. Arts and Sci. , Trans., vol. 10, art. XIV, pp. 552, 553. 1901. Orbicella acropora (Linnaeus), Vaughan , Rijksmus. Geol. Min . Leiden , Samrnl. , ser. 2, vol. 2, No . 1, pp. 8, 9, 11 , 12, 22-27 . 1901. Orbicella annularis (Ellis and Solander) Dana, Verrill , Connecticut Acad . Arts and Sci., Trans., vol. 11 , Pt. 1, art. 3, pp . 94-96 , pl. 15 , fig . 1. 1901. Orbicella annularis var. stellulata Dana, Verrill, Connecticut Acad. Arts and Sci., Trans. , vol. 11 , Pt. 1, art. 3, pp. 96, 97, pl. 15 , fig . 2. [Fide Vaughan , 1919, p. 365.] 1902. Orbicella acropora (Linnaeus) var. Vaughan, U.S . Fish Comm., Bull., vol. 20 for 1900, pt. 2, pp. 301,302, pis. 6, 7. 1902. Orbicella annularis (Ellis and So lander), Vaughan, Bioi. Soc. Washington , Proc., vol. 15 , p. 56 . 1902. Orbicella annularis (Ellis and Solander), Duerden, Nat. Acad. Sci ., Mem ., vol. 8, pp. 564-566, pis. 8-10 (figs. 64-73). 1904. Heliastraea (Orbicella) acropora (Linnaeus), Greeley [in] Bran­ ner, Mus. Comp. Zoo!., Bull ., vol. 44, p. 266. 1906. Orbicella annularis Dana, Verrill, Connecticut Acad. Arts and Sci. , Trans., vol. 12, p. 233, fig. 86. 42 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

1910. Orbicella annularis (Ellis and Solander), Vaughan, Carnegie lnst. Washington, Pub!. No. 133 , Papers Tortugas Lab., vol. 4, p. 109. 1913. Orbicella annularis (Ellis and Solander), Mayer, Carnegie Inst. Washington, Yearbook No. 11 , p. 126. 1914. Orbicella annularis (Ellis and Solander), Mayer, Carnegie Inst. Washington, Pub!. No. 183, Papers Tortugas Lab. , vol. 6, No . I. p. 19. 1915. Orbicella annularis (Ellis and Solander), Vaughan , Washington Acad. Sci. , Jour., vol. 5, No . 17, p. 596. 1915. Orbicella annularis (Ellis and Solander), Vaughan , Carnegie Inst. Washington, Yearbook for 1914, No. 13, pp. 224,225. 1916. Orbicella annularis (Ellis and So lander), Vaughan , Carnegie In st. Washington , Yearbook for 1915, No . 14, p. 227. 1918. Orbicella annularis (Ellis and So lander), Mayer, Carnegie In st. Washington, Pub!. No . 252, Papers Tortugas Lab. , vol. 12, No . 7, p. 175 . 1919. Orbicella annularis (Ellis and Solander), Vaughan , U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 103, No. 9, pp. 214, 215, 223, 228, 253, 254, 255, 256, 362, 363, 364-375, 376, 380, 396, 398, 400, 420, 510, pl. 80, figs. 7-7b; pl. 81 , figs . 1-2 ; pl. 82, figs. , 1-2 ; pl. 83 , figs. 1-3a; pl. 84, figs. I-3a. 1920. Orbicella annularis (Ellis and Solander), Coryell and Ohlsen , New York Acad. Sci., Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, vol. 3, pt. 1, pp. 194, 195, pl. 28, fig . 2. 1921. Orbicella annularis (Ellis and Solander) Vaughan , Geol. Sur. Dominican Rep., Mem. , vol. I , p. 167. 1927. Orbicella annularis (Ellis and Solander), van der Horst, Bijdr. Dierk. Amsterdam, No. 25 , p. 160. 1930. Orbicella annularis (Ellis and Solander), Yonge , Great Barrier Reef Exped. 1928-29, Sci. Rept. , vol. 1, No.2, p. 25. 1932. Orbicella annularis (Ellis and So lander), Wells, Carnegie In st. Washington , Yearbook No. 31 , p. 291. 1937. Orbicella annularis (Ellis and Solander), Yonge, Carnegie In st. Washington , Pub!. No . 475 , Papers Tortugas Lab., vol. 31 , No . 9, p. 207. 1939. Orbicella annularis (Ellis and Solander), Butsch, Barbados Mus. and Nat. Hist. Soc., Jour., vol. 6, No.3, pp. 136, 137, pl. I, fig. 6. 1943. Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Solander), Vaughan and Wells, Geol. Soc. Amer. , Spec. Papers, No . 44, p. 321, pl. 29, fig. 5. 1948. Montastrea annularis (Ellis and So lander), Smith , Atlantic Reef Corals, pp. 61 , 72, 89, 90, pis . 25 , 26. 1954. Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Solander), Fontaine, Inst. of Jamaica, Ann. Rept. 1953-1954, p. 25 . BULLETIN NO . 56 43

1954. Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Solander), Smith, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Serv., Fish. Bull. , vol. 55 , No. 89, p. 293. 1958. Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Solander), Bonet, Asoc. Mexicana Geol. Petrol., Bol. , vol. 10, Nos. 9, 10, pp. 565, 567, 568, 569, 570. 1958. Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Solander), Zans, Geonotes, vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 23, 24. 1958. Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Solander), Squires, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 115, art. 4, pp. 227, 228, 229, 232, 237, 238,256, pl. 40, fig. 3; pl. 41 , figs . 1, 2. 1958. Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Solander), Moore, Inst. Marine Sci. Univ. Texas, Bull., vol. 5, p. 154. 1958. Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Solander), Zans, Geol. Sur. Dept. Jamaica, W. 1. , Bull., No. 3, p. 32. 1959. Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Solander), Zans, Geonotes, vol. 2, No. 1, pp . 29, 32. 1959. Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Solander), Newell , Imbrie , Purdy , and Thurber, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. , Bull ., vol. 11 7, art. 4, pp. 2 11,213,215 . 1960. Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Solander), Lewis, Canadian Jour. Zool. , vol. 38, No . 6, pp. 1134,1137, 1138, 11 39, 1140, 1142, 1144. 1960. Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Solander ), Lewis, Barbados Mu s. and Nat. Hist. Soc. , Jour., vol. 28, No. 1, p. 11. 1961. Montastrea annularis (Ellis and So lander), Duarte Bello, Acuario Nac. Marianao [Cuba] , ser. Educacional No. 2, pp . 9, 54 , 55, figs. 43 , 44. 1961. Montastrea annularis (Ellis and So lander), Westermann and Kiel, Natuurwetensch. Studiekring Suriname en de Nederlandse Antil­ len , No. 24, pp. 131 , 136. 1962. Montastrea annularis (Ellis an d Solander), Stoddart, Atoll Re s. Bull., No. 87, pp. 14, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23,24 25, 26, 27, 28, fi gs. ll , 12. 1963. Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Solander ), Almy and Carrion­ Tones, Caribbean Jour. Sci., vol. 3, Nos. 2-3, pp. 136, 138, 141 , 142, 154, 155, 162, pl. 14a. 1963. Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Solander), Jone s, Bull . Marine Sci. Gulf and Caribbean , vol. 13 , No. 2, p. 282. 1964. Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Solander), Roos, Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, vol. 20, No . 81 , pp . 11 , 23 , 24, 25 , 26, 27, 28, 32, 35, 37' 38, 40, 41 , pl. 4, fig. 1; pl. 11 a, b. 1964. Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Solander ), Storr, Geol. Soc. Amer. , Special Papers, No. 79, pp. 18 , 19 , 23, 45 , 46 , 59 , 72, 80. 44 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

1966. Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Solander), Goreau and Hartman, Science, vol. 151, No. 3708, p. 343, fig. 1. 1966. Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Solander), Stanley, Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. , Bull. , vol. 50, No .9, pp . 1929, 1931 , 1937, 1938, 1940, 1946, pl. 1, fig . 1, text figs . 2, 3. 1967. Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Solander), Goreau and Wells , Bull . Marine Sci., vol. 17, No.2, p. 448. 1967. Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Solander), Macintyre, Canadian Jour. Earth Sci. , vol. 4, No.3, p. 467. 1968. Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Solander), Hoffmeister and Multer, Geol. Soc. Amer., Bull. , vol. 70, No. 11 , pp. 1487, 1490, 1491 , 1494, 1495, 1496, 1500. 1969. Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Solander), Logan , Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Ge ol. , Mem . 11 , pp. 146, 149, pl. 10, fig. 2. 1969. Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Solander) Stoddart, Bioi. Rev., vol. 44, No . 4, pp. 451 , 458, 463, 465, 471 , 473. 1970. Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Solander), Mesolella, Sealy, and Matthews, Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Ge ol. , Bull ., vol. 54, No . I 0, pp . 1904, 1906, 1907, 1909. 1970. Montastrea annularis (Ellis and So1ander), Klose , in letter to Robert 0 . Vernon , 30 April1970, pp. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. 1971 . Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Solander), Roos, Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, vol. 37, No. 130, pp. 18, 19, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 65-66, 94, 97, 101 , figs . 4, 7, 8, 11 , 26, pis. 24b, 25b. 1972. Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Solander), Liebe, Hattin , and Dodd, Ge ol. Soc. Amer. , Abstr. Southeastern Sect. 2 1st Meeting, p. 87. 1972. Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Solander), Campos Villarroel , Soc. Venezolana Cienc. Nat., Bol. , vol. 29, pp. 548, 555 , 570, pl. 7. 1972. Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Solander), Macintyre, Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Beol., Bull ., vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 730, 731, figs. 6a, 7.

The locality of specimens FLX-8a and FLX-8b is not known , but they look so much like Pleistoce ne specimens No . 7394 in the U.S. National Museum, from Key Vaca and Knight Key in Monroe County, that they may well have been collected in the very same area. The interior of these particular coralla is so well revealed that they are illustrated herein and described below. The locality of specimen TSM - 4a, from the Tampa Formation is Sixmile Creek in Hillsborough County, Florida. The specimen is so recrystalized (by calcium carbonate) that its identity as Montastrea annularis is in doubt. The corallum is large , massive , and tall , with a flattish to slightly convex upper surface . The corallites are long, slender, and cylindrical , tapered at the base , in places vermicular in appearance, the walls moderately thick. The calices BULLETIN NO. 56 45 are small (3 mm to 4 mm in diameter), moderately raised above the common coenosteum, subcircular to suboval in outline, close to one another yet always separated, the separation 1 mm to 4 mm. There are 28 to 34 septa in four cycles, the fourth cycle always incomplete. The primary septa are so much more developed than the others that they impart a starry aspect to the calice. The secondary septa are only a little larger than the tertiary, and those of the fourth cycle the thinnest and most rudimentary of all , hardly projecting from the wall. The larger septa are somewhat exsert, denticulate along the free margin , and sparsely and unequally granulated on the sides, the sides also perforated here and there. Because of imperfect preservation, the true configuration of the entire septum cannot be ascertained, though the primary ones at least, are moderately broad above and bear a paliform tooth below at the columella; often a tertiary septum is inclined toward and joins a secondary septum just before the latter unites with the columella. The columella is lax , spongy, and well developed, produced from the inner ends of the larger septa. For each se ptum there is a costa, the costae subequal and far more prominent than the septa except the primary ones. The costae are strongly beaded and extend down the calice to join the costae or granules of the neighboring corallite. The coenosteum at the boundary between adjoining calices is thick and is often strewn with large papillate granules some of which are perforate at the tip . These intercorallite granules, as shown by their orderly alignment, represent the ones on the crest of costae which have been isolated through corrosion of the costal matrix. The endothecal dissepiments are delicate and about 0.5 mm apart. The exotheca is well developed, the dissepiments lamellar and partitioning the intercostal spaces into squarish or rectangular cells of which there are 6 or so in a vertical distance of 10 mm. Measurements.- Specimen FLX- 8a : corallum length 78 mm, width 63 mm, height 79 mm; average calice diameter 3.1 mm, height 1.4 mm, number of septa 34. Specimen FLX-8b: corallum length 84 mm, width 32 mm, height 115 mm .; average calice diameter 3.8 mm, height 2.1 mm, number of septa 30. Specimen TSM - 5a : corallum height 52 mm, length 60 mm, maximum width 60 mm. Range and distribution.- The range of Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Solander) and of the species synonymized with it is Oligo-Miocene to Re ce nt. The upper Oligocene-lower Miocene and Miocene forms of Montastrea annularis are found in the Ponce and Quebradillas Limestones of Puerto Rico. Poorly preserved specimens of what appear to be M. annularis occur in the lower Miocene Tampa Formation at Sixmile Creek and Davis Islands, Hills­ borough County, Florida. A silicified specimen (TLL- la), collected by Robert Maxwell from the St. Marks Formation on a bluff above Lake Lafayette (dried), Lafayette Plantation, 4.5 miles east of Tallahassee , Leon County, is also referred to this species. The corallum of TLL- la is 70 mm long and 45 mm high, and most of it has been broken away. 46 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Forms occurring in the Pliocene and Pleistocene of Quintana Roo, Mexico have been reported by Bonet (1958). Pleistocene localities are the following: Bahamas; Florida (Key Largo Limestone and Miami Oolite at Dry Tortugas, Key West, Stock Island, Key Vaca , Big Pine Key, Upper Matecumbe Key, Key Largo, and Port Everglades); St. Eustatius; St. Kitts; Montserrat; Dominican Republic (along south coast); Barbuda (as Cyphastrea costata Duncan) ; and in the Barbados at the following elevations: 1043 ft. Hare Hill, St. Joseph Parish; 845ft. Parris Hill, St. Joseph Parish ; 74 7 ft. Market Hill , St. George Parish ; 720 ft. Russia Gully, St. Thomas Parish; 707ft. Haynesfield, St. John Parish ; 480ft. Locust Hill , St. George ; 360 ft. Small Ridge , Christchurch; 300 ft. Skeens Hill , Christchurch and Codrington Quarry, St. Michael ; 80ft. Prospect, St. James ; 70ft. Grazettes, St. Michael ; 40 ft. Sandy Lane , St. James. The living or Recent Montastrea annularis has been reported from Bermuda to Brazil : Bermuda; Bahamas (Great Bahama Bank; Abaco Island ; off Coconut Point; east end of Hogg Island); Florida (Tortugas; Key West , Big Pine and Newfound Harbor Keys, Ft. Taylor, Loggerhead Key; Hawk Channel ; Margot Fish Shoal ; Tavernier; Virginia Key ; Biscayne Bay); Cuba ; Mexico (Blanquilla Reef; Alacran Reef; Vera Cruz ; Yucatan Shelf; off Progreso in about 20 ft. of water) ; British Honduras (Rendezvous Cay ; Turneffe; Lighthouse Reef; Glover's Reef) ; Panama; Pedro Bank; Puerto Rico (La Parguera ; Guanica ; Ensenada ; Mayaguez) ; St. Lucia ; St. Thomas; Guadeloupe ; Dominican Republic ; Barbados (west coast) ; Curacao (Playa Kalki , 1.5-10 meters ; Westpunt Baai , along shore ; Playa Abau, shore to 8 meters ; Playa Chikitu, in shallow water with sandy bottom ; Sta. Martha Baai , 15-45 meters; Portomaribaai, shore to 8 meters; Vaarsen Baai , shore to 8 meters; St. Michiels Baai, shore to 15 meters ; Kaap Malmeeuw, 20 meters; Piscadera Baai, 3 to 35 meters; Spaansche Water, shore to 30 meters; Klein Curacao, 4-6 meters; Caracas Baai); Bonaire (Boca Bartol , Plaja Frans, Goto, Jan Doran, Barcadera, Lont, Hato, Klein Bonaire, Plaja Sarna, Baca, Punt Vierkant, Blauwe Pan , Witte Pan , Oranje Pan, Lac) ; St. Martin (Mullet Pond Bay , Simson Bay , Cay Bay, Little Bay, Great Bay, Point Blanche Bay , Gibbs Bay , Babit Pond); Saba (Ladder Bay , Fort Bay, Cove Bay) ; St. Eustatius (Cocoluch Bay , Jenkins Bay, Tumbledown Dick Bay, Compagnie Bay); Aruba (Boca Arashi, Boca Catalina, Malmok, Eagle Beach, Palm Beach , Barcadera, Mangel Altu , St. Nicolasbaai, Klein Lagoen, north of Pitch Field); Venezuela (Puerto La Cruz; Bahia de Mochima) ; Brazil (Bahia de Camamu').

Montastrea ? davisina, new species Pl. 20 , figs . 1-3 The type (TD- 3a) is the middle section of an originally tall subcerioid corallum which has been completely silicified and considerably modified. The corallum is blue-black and dull tan in color and consists of slender tubular corallites, most of them erect and parallel with each other, but a few of them BULLETIN NO . 56 47 vermicular. The corallites are slightly larger in diameter at the calices than elsewhere so that along their length they are alternately a little swollen and compressed. At fairly close but irregular intervals there is produced around the contact of succeeding calices a wavy subtabular exothecal plate, these plates often uniting with adjacent corallites. The average diameter of individual corallites is 2.9 mm. The costae, due to secondary mineralization, are unusually prominent and nearly equal in size, their average width about 0.35 mm. The costae, or rather their external casts are coarsely granulose or nodular, but here and there are seen small pointed granulations along the crest, suggesting that such was the original character. In some places where the costae are not completely veneered by the siliceous replacement they are relatively thin and subequal. Nowhere on the corallum are the calices sufficiently well preserved to determine their true character, although it can be stated they are rounded­ polygonal in outline. The long diameter of the calices ranges from 2.7 mm to 3.8 mm for a median of 3.1 mm. Their height is also variable, and is estimated at 2 mm to 5 mm. The summits of the calices are distinctly nodulous, the nodulations conterminous with the costae which extend down the full length of the corallites; for each costa there is one septum irrespective of the size of the septum. The true nature of the septa also cannot be made out due to the chalcedonic overlay. The septa seem to be arranged hexamerally and occur in three cycles, with possibly a few in the fourth. The septa of the first two cycles are coarse and subequal, dentate along the free margin, and granulated on their faces. Minor septa are thickened at the calicular margin but seem to wedge out and join a principal septum a short distance in from the wall. The columella is not visible. Measurements.- Type specimen (TD- 3a): corallum height 51.5 mm, length 37.5 mm, width 30 mm. Type locality.- Davis Islands, north end of Hillsborough Bay , Hillsborough County, Florida. Comparisons.- This species is much like the Oligo-Miocene to Recent Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Solander) but the alteration of the Davis Island form has been so considerable I am not sure it is the same. Superficially M. davisina n. sp. seems to differ in having more prominent exotheca and corallites of smaller diameter than does the Recent M. annularis.

Montastrea peninsularis, new species Pl. 20, figs . 4 , 5 The siliceous corallum is a ceriod plate, undulatory on the surface, with a 4 mm layer of chalcedony underneath. This fragment represents a thin surficial slice of the original corallum which is inferred to have been relatively tall, subconical, and massive . The calices f the type (TB- 9a) are barely above the common surface and are obtusely rounded-polygonal in plan view, the polygons mostly pentagonal, 48 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY but some hexagonal, and a few subquadrilateral. The calicular margins are tightly united by solid consolidated walls .03 to .06 mm in thickness, upon the summits of which the septo-costal ends are strongly developed. The long diameter of the adult calices ranges from 3.1 mm to 4.4 mm, and the average depth to the columella is about 3 mm. All of the septa are normally thin and laminar, and there are 22 to 26 of them in three complete or nearly complete cycles, with a few inserted in the fourth cycle. Only the 12 principal septa reach the columella, and these seem to bear paliform tubercles around it. Deep within the calice the septa of the first two cycles converge and unite at the base of the columella. Third-cycle septa, although about the same in thickness as the others are shorter, and in many places are seen to unite with the principals about half way to the columella. The septa are not exsert but at the summit of the calices each septum is conterminous with a costa forming slightly elongated costulations of nearly equal thickness (0.2 mm). The true configuration of the septa cannot be made out although it can be seen they are serrate or denticulate along the margin and granulose on the sides . The costae or costulations on the calicular margins generally terminate at the wall , but in some instances the costulations of adjacent calices are confluent with each other. The coenosteum at the corners of the calices is dense, and under a magnification of 60X appears granular. The columella, formed from the innermost ends of the principal septa, is distinct and lax ; in deeper calices, however, it is raised into a substyliform twist. Measurements.- Holotype (TB- 9a): corallum length 73 mm, maximum width 53 mm, thickness, including chalcedonic underlay , 7 mm to 9 mm. Locality .- Ballast Point, west side of Hillsborough Bay, Hillsborough County, Florida. Comparison.- This species is reminiscent, so far as the surface is concerned, of Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Solander) which ranges from upper Oligocene to Recent. Among other differences, the calices of Montastrea peninsularis n. sp. are larger than they are on M annularis and rounded­ polygonal rather than subcircular.

Montastrea tampaensis (Vaughan) Pl. 20, fig. 6; pl. 21 , fig. 1 1915. Orbicella cavernosa var. tampaensis Vaughan, nomen nudum, in Dall, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull . 90, p. 18. 1919. Orbicella tampaensis Vaughan , U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 103, No.9, pp. 211, 230, 231, 362, 364, 390-392, 395, 513 , pl. 95 , figs. 1, 2, 2a, 3a. 1925. Orbicella tampaensis Vaughan, Felix, Fossilium Catalogus 1: Animalia, pars 28, p. 70. BULLETIN NO. 56 49

1929. Orbicel/a tampaensis Vaughan, Coryell and Ohlsen , New York Acad. Sci., Scientific SuiVey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, vol. 3, pt. 3, pp. 168, 197, 198, pl. 30, fig. 1. The types of this species, Nos. 324900 and 324901 from Ballast Point, have been examined in the U.S. National Museum. Our single corroded specimen, TD-1a, from Davis Islands in Hillsborough Bay about 2.5 miles northeast of Ballast Point, agrees with the types in all essential particulars. The corallum of TD- la is relatively small , head-shaped, and subplocoid, the corallites elevated in varying degree above the common surface . The calices are circular to suboval, 5.5 mm (with 25 septa) to 8 mm (with 42 septa) in diameter, and a height of 2 to 8 mm. A typical mature calice is 7 mm in diameter and 7 mm in height, with 42 septa in four cycles, and 21 nearly equal costae conterminous with the 21 principal septa of the first three cycles. The costae are high and triangular, with deep narrow interspaces, with prominent pointed granules along the crest, and with small papillae on the sides. There are half as many principal costae as there are principal septa, the former nearly all the same in size. A minor costa may be represented here and there by a faint intercalary between the major ones but generally they are represented by a faint nodulation at the calicular margin. The walls are stout and sturdy, with an average thickness of 0.4 mm. There are four cycles of septa, the fourth cycle not quite complete. The primary and secondary septa are nearly equal in size, decidedly exsert (as much as 0.6 to 0.7 mm above the calicular margin which is everywhere worn down), and extend to the columella. Third-cycle septa are slightly smaller than the secondaries, and in places a tertiary septum joins a secondary septum just before the columella. Fourth-cycle septa are small and thin and project in a short distance from the wall. All of the septa are wedge-shaped, that is thicker at the wall than within, serrate or denticulate along the free margins, and papillate on the sides, the papillae not crowded. On several primary septa where the trabeculae can be obseiVed they are thin but well developed, rather far apart, and faintly nodular along their course. Vaughan (1919, p. 390) stated that there are paliform teeth on the inner ends of the primary septa, but these cannot be seen clearly on specimen TD- 1a. The columella is a lax tangle formed from the inner ends of the principal septa. Measurements.- Specimen TD- 1a: corallum length 40 mm, width 33 mm, height 25 mm. Specimen T~M- la : corallum length 155 mm, width 116 mm, height 83 mm. Localities.- Davis Islands in Hillsborough Bay , Hillsborough County, Flori· da . Also Ballast Point and Sixmile Creek, and Puerto Rico . Formations and age.- The Ballast Point, Davis Islands, and Six mile Creek specimens of Montastrea tampaensis (Vaughan) are early Miocene in age. In Puerto Rico, the species occurs in the San Sebastian and Lare Formations (Oligocene) and the Ponce Formation of late Oligocene or early Miocene age. 50 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Comparison.- Montastrea tampaensis closely resembles Montastrea costata (Duncan) from the Oligocene and lower Miocene of the circum-caribbean area. In M. costata, however, the costae are highly developed and alternate in size except at the calicular margin, whereas the costae of M. tampaensis, which are aJso highly developed, are all nearly equaJ in size except for occasional minor interstitials.

Montastrea cf. M. tampaensis silecensis (Vaughan) Pl. 22, figs. 1, 2 ; pl. 23, fig. 1 1915. Orbicella cavernosa var. silecensis Vaughan , nomen nudum, in Dall, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 90, p. 18 . 1919. Orbicella tampaensis var. silecensis Vaughan , U.S. Nat. Mus., BuU. 103 , No.9, pp. 211 , 230,231 , 362, 364, 390, 391 , 513, pl. 96. 1925. Orbicella tampaensis var. silecensis Vaughan , Felix , Fossilium CataJogus 1: AnimaJia, pars 28, p. 70. The originaJ description by Vaughan in 1919 was the following: " Corallum oblong, irregularly convex above ; type about 16 em. long, 11 em. wide, and 9.5 em . high. Calices slightly elevated, the coraJlites somewhat swollen below the calicular edges. Diameter, 8.5 to 9.5 mm. Costae prominent; those corresponding to the primary and secondary septa subequal ; tertiaries subequal to those of the lower cycles or smaller; ·fourth cycle small but usually recognizable. Septa in four cycles, usually differentiated in size according to cycle ; primaries and secondaries and occasionaJly some tertiaries reach the columella. Margins of primaries, secondaries, and tertiaries exsert, up to as much as 1.5 mm., usually about 1 mm.; those of the quaternaries obvious but not prominent. Columella rather well developed. Locality and geologic occurrence.- The 'silex' bed of the Tampa formation, Tampa, Florida. Type.- Wagner Free Institute of Science, Philadelphia. Paratype.- No. 324896, U.S.N.M. This variety , which intergrades with the typical form of the species, is especially distinguished by its less prominent calices and the better developed last (quaternary) cycle of costae." The Florida State University specimen TB- 4a, here referred to Montastrea tampaensis silecensis (Vaughan), is aJso from the Tampa "silex bed" at Ballast Point, but due to silicification and corrosion is not so well preserved as Vaughan's paratype No. 324896 in the U.S. National Museum. The corallum of TB- 4a is massive , subcerioid, and more or less head shaped. The corallites are subcylindrical, expanding gradually in upward growth. The calices are uniformly slightly elevated above the common surface ; they are subcircular to oval in outline, and vary from 7 mm to 10 mm in diameter, with BULLETIN NO. 56 51

36 to perhaps 46 septa in four cycles. The average adult calice is 7 mm in diameter and bears about 40 septa. The arrangement of the septa and costae are as described by Vaughan. All of the septa seem to be denticulate along the margins, and the larger ones, at least, are papillate on the faces. Each septum is conterminous with a costa, and the costae generally correspond in size, with the larger ones granulose on the crest. The en do theca is laminar and sturdy, and there are about 6 dissepiments in a columnar length of 5 mm. The columella is fo rmed from the inner ends of the principal septa. Measurements.-Specimen TB- 4a : corallum length 90 mm , width 59 mm, height 47 mm. Specimen TD- Sa: corallum length 130 mm, width 71 mm, height 85 mm. Specimen TH- 2a: corallum fragment length 41 mm, width 26 mm, height 17 mm. ; calices 9 mm to 10 mm in greater diameter. Specimens TO- Sa and TH- 2a are not illustrated in this report. Localities.- Ballast Point, Davis Islands, and Honeymoon Island, Pinellas County. The last (TH-2a) is a completely silicified "chalk" collected from dredgings in the St. Marks Formation by Forrest D. Cring.

Incertae sedis "b" Pl. 24 , figs. 1-3 The single specimen (TSM- 1 Oa) is a whitish, completely calcareous corallite presumed to have been isolated from a hermatypic corallum which has not been identified. The corallite is short-cylindrical, subcircular or suboval in cross section, and is veneered here and there by a thin thecal covering on which the costae are very faintly reflected ; beneath the veneer, however, the prolongations of the septa, or the septa-costae, are strongly developed. The height of the corallite is 8.6 mm, the diameter at the base 7.2 mm x 6.2 mm, and the diameter of the calice 5.6 mm x 5.3 mm. The calice is subcircular and bears 68 septa in five cycles. The septa seem to have been a little exsert, are nearly equal in size, dentate on the margins, and granulate on the faces. The septa are prolonged down the side of the corallite into nearly equal septa-costae and these are also granulose on the crest. The endothecal dissepiments are small, partitioning the septa-costae into narrow rectangular ce ll s about .028 mm in length and .012 mm in width. The columella area has been dissolved away into a hole but there is some suggestion that the inner ends of the septa were papillate. Locality.- Lower part of the Tampa section excavated in Sixmile Creek, south of Orient Park, Hillsborough County, Florida. Remarks.- As in many of the Sixmile Creek corals collected by Jose ph E. Banks, specimen TSM - !Oa has been replaced, or has undergone reprecipitation by calcium carbonate, and is not a true pseudomorph.

Antiguastrea cellulosa (Duncan), s.l. Pl. 22, fig. 3 ; pl. 24, fig. 4 1863. Astraea cellulosa Duncan, Geol. Soc. London, Quart. Jour., vol. l 9,pp.417,418,pl.13,fig. l0. 52 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

1863 . lsastraea turbinata Duncan, Geol. Soc. London , Quart. Jour., vol. 19, p. 423, pl. 14, figs . !a-le. [Fide Vaughan , 1919, pp. 404, 406.] 1863 . lsastraea turbinata Duncan , Geol. Soc. London , Quart. Jour., vol. 20 (1864), p. 43. 1866. Heliastraea cellulosa (Duncan), Duchassaing and Michelotti, R. Accad. Sci. Torino, Mem., ser. 2, vol. 23, p. 180. 1866. lsastraea turbinata Duncan, Duchassaing and Michelotti, R. Accad. Sci. Torino, Mem ., ser. 2, vol. 23, p. 183. 1867. Heliastraea cellulosa (Duncan), Geol. Soc. London, Quart. Jour., vol. 24 ( 1868), p. 24. 1867. lsastraea turbinata Duncan, Geol. Soc. London, Quart. Jour., vol. 24 (I 868), p. 25. 1870. Heliastraea cellulosa (Duncan), Duchassaing, Revue des Zoo­ phytes et des Spongiaires des Antilles, p. 30. 1870. lsastraea turbinata Duncan , Duchassaing, Revue des Zoophytes et des Spongiaires des Antilles, p. 31. 1915. Orbicella cellulosa (Duncan), Vaughan, Carnegie Inst. Washing­ ton, Yearbook for 1914, No. 13, p. 360. 1915. Orbicella cellulosa (Duncan), Vaughan, in Dall , U.S . Nat. Mus., Bull. 90, p. 18. 1919. Antiguastrea cellulosa (Duncan), Vaughan, U.S . Nat. Mus., Bull ., vol. 103, No.9, pp. 199, 200, 204-207,210, 230, 402-408,409, 410, 415 , 419, 468, 513, 514, pl. 98, figs. 3-4a ; pl. 99 figs . 1-3a ; pl. 100, figs. 1-4a ; pl. 101 , figs . 2, 2a . 1921. Antiguastrea cellulosa (Duncan), Vaughan and Woodring, Geol. Sur. Dominican Republic, Mem ., vol.l , pp. 108 , 109. 1924. Antiguastrea cellulosa ? (Duncan), Woodring and Brown, Geol. Sur. Republic of Haiti, p. 150. 1925. Antiguastrea cellulosa (Duncan), Felix, Fossilium Catalogus I: Animalia, pars 28, pp . 73, 74. 1929. Antiguastrea cellulosa (Duncan), Coryell and Ohlsen, New York Acad . Sci., Scientific Survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands, vol. 3, pt. 3, pp. 167, 172, 192, 193, pl. 28, fig. 1. 1943 . Antiguastrea cellulosa (Duncan), Vaughan and Wells, Geol. Soc. Amer., Spec. Pap., No. 44, p. 173, pl. 29, fig. 8. 1949. Antiguastrea cellula sa (Duncan), Shimer and Shrock, Index Fossils of North America, p. 119, pl. 44, figs. 1, 2. 1956. Antiguastrea cellulosa (Duncan), Wells, Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Pt. (F), Coelenterata, p. F405, fig . 303, 3. 1962. Antiguastrea cellulosa (Duncan), Moore and Gordon, Bull . Marine Sci . Gulf and Caribbean, vol. 12, No. 1, p. 69. BULLETIN NO. 56 53

Following is the description of specimen 324941 in the U.S. National Museum labeled Antiguastrea cellulosa (Duncan), 4999, in Dr. Vaughan's handwriting. This specimen, collected at Ballast Point, is a poor one having been replaced by "silex" which has considerably altered the original calcareous skeleton. The subcerioid corallum is a large fragment from what seems to have been a more or less conical coral. The corallites are crowded but distinct, elongated, subcylindrical, and slender. The transverse section of the corallites is generally circular and at fairly close but irregular intervals they are girdled by exotheca, the exotheca thickened and highly developed. The endothecal dissepiments are also prominent. The calices are subcircular to subelliptical in outline, rather deep and funnel-shaped, and a little separated one from the other. Their greater diameter varies from 2 mm to 4 mm, and the depth is about 2 mm. The wall appears to be stout. There are four cycles of septa: the primary septa are the largest, the secondary nearly as large , the tertiary considerably smaller than the principals, and the quaternary ones the smallest and most rudimentary. The principal septa, at least, are dentate along the free margin and finely but sparsely granulose on the sides. The primary septa reach the columella; the secondary septa are joined by the tertiaries probably just before the columella, and the tertiaries themselves joined by the quaternaries a short distance in from the wall as in Antiguastrea cellulosa curvata (Duncan). The costae are conterminous with the septa and together produce a moderately costulate calicular margin. The costae, because of secondary mineralization, appear very thick, granulose , and su be qual , but in places it is seen that normally the costae are thin and subequal and bear small pointed granulations along the crest. The columella is a small wrinkled lamina. Measurements.- Specimen 324941 (4999) U.S. National Museum : height 86 mm , length 80.5 mm, maximum width 55 mm. Locality .- Ballast Point. Comparison.- As indicated by Vaughan (1919, pp. 402-408, pis. 98-10\), Antiguastrea cellulosa (Duncan) is such a variable species, that his specimen 324941 from the Tampa Formation of Florida seems to fit the diagnosis given for it. However, positive identification of the Ballast Point example is hindered by the modification suffered in the replacement of the original aragonite skeleton by silex. Range and distribution.- The geologic range given for Antiguastrea cellulosa (Duncan) is middle Oligocene to Pliocene. In the literature, middle Oligocene occurrences are cited for the Byram Marl of Mississippi , U.S.A., the San Rafael Formation of Mexico, the Juana Diaz Formation of Puerto Rico, the Arrondissement of Grand-Riviere in Haiti, and the Antigua Formation of Antigua. Upper Oligocene deposits in which Antiguastrea cellulosa has been reported are in Puerto Rico (Lares Formation and San Sebastian Shale) and in 54 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Aruba (Serro Colorado ?). Oligo- Miocene localities are in Puerto Rico in the Ponce Formation. Lower Miocene occurrences are reported in Georgia (Chatta­ hoochee Formation) and Florida (Tampa Formation), U.S.A., in Cuba, in Puerto Rico (Los Puertos Limestone), and in Anguilla (the Anguilla Formation). Upper Mi ocene localities are listed for the Dominican Republic in Rio Yaque del Norte. And, in the northwest corner of Broward County, Florida, the prese nce of Antiguastrea cellulosa was reported by Moore and Gunter ( 1962) in a spoil bank consisting of "Caloosahatchee" se diment dredged from a canal. The probable age of the Caloosahatchee was given as Pliocene.

Cyphastrea tampae, new species Pl. 25, figs . l -3 Cyphastrea tampae Vaughan, nomen nudum in Dall , U.S. Nat. Muse um, Bull. 90, p. 18 . The following description pertains to a specimen in the U.S. National Museum labeled "Cyphastrea tampae Vaughan, Ballast Point" in Vaughan's handwriting. There is no acquisition number on the specimen. Like many other fossils from Ball ast Point silicification has obliterated ce rtain details of the original skeleton and has altered others. The corallum is a fragment of an originally large conical and plocoid coral , and has a flattish undulatory surface. The corallites are slightly se parated, columnar, subcircul ar in cross section, and girdl ed by numerous thick, wavy, exothecal laminae of which there are 5 or so in 5 mm of length. These projecting exothecal fr inges are united to adjacent corallites. The costae on the walls of the corallites and the costul ations on the exotheca are prominent and nearly equal in size, with a width of about 0.3 mm. The costae are coarsely nodulous but 1 think that both the thickness and coarseness of the costae is due to secondary silicification and that normally the costae are relatively thin and finely dentate along the crest. The calices are slightly raised, shallow, subcircular to suboval in outline, and 3.1 to 3.3 mm in their greater diameter. The calicular margins may abut one another but are ge nerally a little se parated, and the coeonosteum between them is dense and sparsely ce llular. The summits of the calices are costulate by virtue of the thickening there of the septa, but the costae, if present at all on the calices of the corallum surface, do not descend down the sides on to the intercalicular coenosteum. Below the surface, however, there are costae on the corallites and costulations on the projecting exotheca. All of the se pta are thickened at the wall where they are a little exsert, and occur in three cycles. The se pta within are laminar, those of the fi rst cycle the largest, the secondaries nearly as large, and the tertiaries the smallest. The principal septa reach the columell a, with a secondary often uniting with a primary at the columella. The tertiary septa extend part way down the wall and project a little from it. So far as ca n be ascertained, the margins of the septa are denticulate and the faces granulose. On some septa the marginal dentations are BULLETIN NO. 56 55 larger near the columella and form pali around it. The columella itself is a small spongy tangle ; in some calices it intercepts a directive lamina. Measurements.- Unnumbered specimen USNM: corallum length 49.5 mm, width 28 mm, height 27 mm. Locality .- Ballast Point, west side of Hillsborough Bay , Hillsborough County, Florida. Remarks.- The referral of this taxon to Cyphastrea rather than to Montastrea is based on the absence of costae on the calices and on the coenosteum between them. Typically, the surface of the peritheca of Cyphastrea is spinose, but this is mostly covered on the USNM corallum.

Galaxea excelsa, new species Pl. 25, figs. 4-6 ; pl. 26, figs . 1-3 ; pl. 27, figs. 1-8 ; pl. 31 , fig. 1 1915. Galaxea excelsa Vaughan, nomen nudum, in Dall, U.S . Nat. Mus., Bull. 90, p. 18. Numerous chalcedonized specimens in the Florida State University collection from Ballast Point, Florida are identical with chalcedonized specimens labeled Galaxea excelsa Vaughan in the U.S. National Museum from locality 2115 which is also Ballast Point. Galaxea excelsa was the name given by Vaughan in his unpublished manuscript which I have not seen; to retain that na.me the following description based on examples in the FSU collection is given. The colony consists of an aggregate of sturdy columnar corallites growing upward. Individual corallites are long and cylindrical to cornute, oval in cross section, united basally by the coenosteum and laterally by the peritheca. A number of the mature corallites have a bud or two growing out of the sides of the parent, the buds angled upward, some of them narrowed at the base and forming the cornute adult. The walls are moderately stout and costate, the costae relatively thin and rather faintly spinose or granulose along the crest. The costae are subequal at the calicul ar margin but only those conterminous with the principal septa continue down the sides of the corallite toward the base ; costae conterminous with minor septa are restricted to the upper reaches of the corallite. Where preservation is intact as on the designated holotype TB- 3a there is a pronounced reticulate pattern on the outer surface of the corallite, the reticulation produced by sharp, projecting, undulatory laminae crossing the costae. On TB - 3a there are about four such exothecal dissepiments in two millimeters of length on a corallite 30 mm in length. The calices are ovate and moderately deep, varying from 1.5 mm to 14 mm in greater diameter. The number of septa depends generally on the size and maturity of the calice; there are 42 septa in a calice measuring 5.5 mm in long diameter, about 34 of them in another calice 8 mm in length , and about 70 of them in a calice whose long diameter is 14 mm ; however, in one calice of 13.5 mm some 86 septa in five cycles were counted. The larger septa are exsert rising a little above the calicular margin. The primary and secondary septa are well 56 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY developed and subequal, the former slightly the larger, both lamelliform and reaching the very small columellar area. Third-cycle septa are somewhat smaller than the secondaries and thereafter there is a successive diminution in size according to the order of insertion , the last or fifth-cycle septa being the most rudimentary. The principal septa are broad above, the margin excavated to form a lobe or two before the center of the calice. The margins of the septa are serrated into small, fine , and closely spaced dentations. The faces of the septa are comparatively smooth but are made up of simple, widely spaced trabeculae with fine granules along their course and slightly larger ones scattered between them. There is no columella as such but there is a wrinkling or bending of the ends of some of the primary septa in the center of the fossa. Measurements.- Designated holotype (TB- 3a): corallum (fragment) h ight 57 mm , width 22 mm, thickness 17 mm ; longest corallite 30 mm ; largest calice 5.5 mm x 4.0 mm ; number of se pta 42. Paratype (TB- 3b): corallite height 31.5 mm, breadth 14 mm, width 9 mm; maximum diameter of calice 13.5 mm, number of septa 86. Paratype (TB- 3c): cornute corallite, height 29 mm, breadth 14 mm, width 12 mm ; maximum diameter of calice 14 mm, number of septa 70. Paratype (TB- 3d): cornute corallite with buds, height 46.5 mm, breadth 12 mm, width 9 mm ; maximum diameter of calice 12 mm, number of septa 72; length of buds 5 mm and 7 mm, diameters of calices 3.5 mm and 3.0 mm , respectively. Paratype (TB- 3e): corallum (consisting of several fused and broken corallites not in normal growth position) height 69 mm, breadth 45 mm, width 20 mm; the longest corallite is 62 mm in height with diameters of 14 mm x 11 mm above and 12 mm x 10 mm below. Locality .- Ballast Point, west side of Hillsborough Bay, Hillsborough County, Florida. Formation and age.- Tampa. Lower Miocene . Remarks.-Galaxea ia an uncommon taxon, and so far as I am aware Galaxea excelsa is the only fossil species of the genus reported in North America. This multiseptate form is quite unlike any other I have seen. Geographically, the nearest occurrence of any other Galaxea is the Recent Galaxea ebumea Pourtales (1871 , p. 29, pl. 3, figs. 6, 7) from off Habana , Cuba. That, however, is smaller than G. excelsa, has only three cycles of septa, a dodecagonal calice , and no costae conterminous with the third-cycle septa.

Antillia ? willcoxi (Dana) ? 191 8. Antillia? willcoxi (Dana), Vaughan , in Dall , U.S. National Mus., Bull. 90, p. 18. Of the 17 species listed by Vaughan in the above citation , this is the only one I have been unable to track down. Might it not refer to Desmophyllum willcoxi Gane, of 1895 and 1900? BULLETIN NO. 56 57

Desmophyllum willcoxi Gane Pl. 29, fig. 3; pl. 30, figs. 1, 2; pl. 31, fig . 2 1895. Desmophyllum willcoxi Gane , Johns Hopkins Univ . Circ ., vol. 15 . No. 12 , p. 9. 1900. Desmophyllum willcoxi Gane , U.S. Nat. Mus. , Proc., vol. 22, No. 1193, p. 184, pl. 15, figs. 1-3. 1915. ? Antillia ? willcoxi (Dana), Vaughan , in Dall , U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 90, p. 18. 1925. Desmophyllum willcoxi Gane, Felix, Fossilium Catalogus I: Animalia, pars 28, p. 179. Gane 's 1900 description was as follows : "Corallum quite variable in shape, more or less compressed, conical, attached at base by a moderately long pedicle, which may be either broad or narrow. Surface of the wall and costal ridges smooth, at times showing the development of an epitheca. Costae well developed, corresponding to all septa, more prominent near the calicular margin, margins not acute, some granulations ove r the surface. The summits of the calice in the shorter diameter are higher than in the longer. The margin of the calice is irregularly dentate. The interior of the wall coarsely pitted here and there between the septa. There are six systems of septa with four well-developed cycles, and a fifth rudimentary. The septa are exsert, rather stout, thicker near the wall and in the vicinity of the base of the calicular fossa; they are generally straight but often curved, with granulated sides, and the surface often shows quite distinct striations. In well­ preserved specimens the fossa is deep and narrow, and the free margins of the septa at the base of the fossa often form by means of small rod-like projections a so rt of columella as in Flabellum. Such a pseudocolumella similar to that found in the present species is described by Mr. H. N. Mosely in his report on the 'Deep Sea Madreporaria' as occurring in the Desmophyllum ingens from the fjords of western Patagonia. This species is respectfully dedicated to Mr. Joseph Willcox, of Philadelphia. Dimensions.- The dimensions of the largest specimen are: Height 28 mm.; greatest length and least width of calice, respectively, 32 and 25 mm. The calices of the majority of the specimens are , however, more compressed than in this one. Geological horizon.- Upper Oligocene. Locality .- Ballast Point, Tampa Bay , Florida. Collections.- Wagner Free Institute of Science , an d in the private cabinet of Mr. Joseph Willcox, of Philadelphia." The single specimen in the Florida State University collection is an excellent pseudomorph from the type locality of Ballast Point on the west side of Hillsborough Bay. The sides of the corallum are compressed to form a 58 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY gentle figure eight, and one end is a little broader than the other. There are 64 septa in five cycles, the fifth cycle incomplete. The septa of the first four cycles are exsert, high, and large, their size decreasing slightly in the order of their insertion, with the primary ones the largest, the secondaries slightly smaller, and so on. The fifth-cycle septa are rudimentary and extend part way down the wall. The principal septa are lobate above, descend steeply to about two-thirds the distance to the columella where they form a lower lobe, the margin of which descends vertically to the columella. The margins of the principal septa are finely and closely denticulate, and the sides minutely granulate, the granulations aligned in radial rows. There is one well developed costa for each septum. The costae correspond­ ing with the septa of the first four cycles are elevated, nearly all of the same size, and extend down the sides of the corallum to the pedicel ; the e0stae corresponding to the fifth-cycle septa are also prominent but are confined to the margin of the calice. On our specimen TB- 1a the costae and interspaces are smooth on the upper half of the corallum but lower down the surface is coarsely granular; it is not known, however, whether the granulation is inherent or was produced by the film of matter adherent to that part of the surface. Nevertheless, even near the calicular margin, the crests of a few of the costae are faintly nodulous. The columella is small, oval and deep ; it is a loose tangle of a few vermiform rods produced from the inner ends of the longest septa. Measurements.- Specimen TB- 1a: Corallum length 31 mm, width at middle of sides 20 mm, width at larger end 22.5 mm, width at smaller end 18 mm, height 22 mm, depth of columella 16.5 mm. Locality .- Ballast Point, west side of Hillsborough Bay , Hillsborough County. Formation and Age.- Tampa Limestone. Lower Miocene. Remarks.- Seventeen species of corals were listed by Vaughan (in Dall , 1915, p. 18) from the "silex bed" of the Tampa Formation, and it is just possible that one of those- Antillia ? willcoxi (Dana)- is the same as the Desmophyllum willcoxi of Gane . However, as Vaughan did not describe Antillia ? willcoxi, it is in effect a nomen nudum, and was, in any event, named later (in 1915) than the Desmophyllum willcoxi of Gane (1895, 1900) with which our specimen is identical.

Incertae sedis "a" Pl. 31, fig. 3; pl. 32, fig. 1; pl. 35, fig. 2 The taxon is an internal cast of the calice of a solitary, broadly conical, and somewhat compressed coral in which the septa are represented by slits, and the mesentarial spaces between the septa by thin plates of calcium carbonate. There are five cycles of septa, the largest of which reach the columella. All of the septa are inferred to have been a l!ttle exsert and, to judge from the punctations on the interseptal fillings, Jo have been granulated . BULLETIN NO. 56 59 on their faces, with the granulations aligned in radial columns. The columella is a little elongated, narrowly elliptical, and spongy. Measurements.- Specimen TSM - 6a: corallum length (unreconstructed) 30 mm, height 16 mm. ; width of calice (estimated) 22 mm. Locality .- Sixmile Creek, east of Tampa at Orient, Hillsborough County, Florida. Remarks.- There is some possibility that this cast represents Desmophyllum willcoxi Gane which occurs in the Tampa Formation at Ballast Point , southwest of Tampa. The skeleton of D. willcoxi at Ballast Point is a completely silicified pseudomorph; the form from Sixmile Creek is completely calcareous.

Flabellum, sp. indet. Pl. 32, fig. 2 The taxon is an imprint or external cast, in a granular limestone, of a solitary, flabellate, and probably pedicellate corallum, the ends of which diverge at an angle of at least 120 degrees. The septa are laminar, some of them occurring as slits or very narrow fillings in the cast, the minor ones obscured. The costae (and septa) vary in size according to the order of insertion, but the primaries are by far the most prominent. The costae and the calcareous filling between the septa are coarse. From keel to keel there are five full cycles of septa and part of the sixth. The sides of the septa are granulate and the costae are tuberculate. The corallum is marked by fine impressed growth lines which cross the radii in perfect arcs. The epitheca was probably thin. Measurements.- TSM-8a: Corallum height (unreconstructed) 36 mm, width 35 mm. Only one specimen. Locality .- Sixmile Creek, Hillsborough County, Florida. Remarks.- The genus Flabellum, so well represented in the Paleogene of the Gulf Coast, is rare in the Miocene of eastern United States, and so far as I am aware is not living today in Western Atlantic or Gulf of Mexico waters. The only other early Miocene Flabellum I know of is Flabellum chipolanum Weisbord (1971 , pp. 3, 41 , 42, pl. 9, fig . 4-9) from the Chipola Formation of Florida, and the Sixmile Creek form is quite distinct from that.

Endopachys tampae [Vaughan] Endopachys tampae Vaughan , nomen nudum, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 90, p. 18. This species, which is yet to be officially recognized , is being studied by Dr. John W. Wells of Cornell University. Wells has written me that he has in his possession some of Vaughan's own notes on this new and curious species of Endopachys and that he has photographed the few extant specimens in the United States National Musuem. Locality.- Silex bed of the Tampa Formation, i.e. Ballast Point. 60 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Syzygophyllia tampae, new species Pl. 28, figs. 1-3; pl. 29, fig. I 1915. Syzygophyllia ? tampae Vaughan, nomen nudum, in Dall , U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 90, p. 18. The following description pertains to the unnumbered specimen labeled by Vaughan as "Type, U.S. Geol. Survey, Miocene, Tampa silex bed, Florida." The corallum is solitary, very low, subpatellate, with a basal angle of about 120 degrees. There is an expanded pedicel located off center and a large , shallow, subcircular calice whose margin is undulatory and not entirely in the same plane. The short underside of the calice is shallowly concave beneath the rim but bulges out at the pedicel which, judging from its flared out base, gives evidence of having been attached. On the type there are about 96 septa in five complete cycles. The septa of the first two cycles are the largest and are subequal; the septa of the third and fourth cycles are also nearly equal but a little smaller than the primaries and secondaries. The principal septa reach the columella but pairs of the fourth cycle join the single ones of the third cycle just before the columella. All of the septa are thin but the 48 septa of the fifth cycle are the thinnest and project least from the wall. the sides of the septa are spinulose and the margins are strongly serrate or denticulate. Because of breakage it is difficult to reconstruct the true configuration of the septa. However, it may be observed that the septa are a little higher and somewhat more even from the wall to about half the distance to the columella than they are nearer the columella where they are slightly lower but more deeply excavated. Overall the margins incline gradually to the columella at the edge of which they are nearly vertical, producing a deep, steep-sided fossa in which the columella is submerged. The septal margins at and near the wall are coarsely denticulate but then develop into lobes with rather even summits; farther in the margin is so strongly serrated as to form two sharp triangular teeth at the periphery of the fossa. Each septum is conterminous with a costa. Unlike the septa which vary in prominence according to the order of their insertion, the costae are mostly the same in size although here and there a larger one alternates with a smaller. The costae are coarsely spinulose near the calicular margin but become denticulate or tuberculate below. The columella is very small, deeply immersed, and more or less oval in outline. It is crinkled and spongy, and appears to be composed of the fused inner ends of the septa. Most of the underside of the corallum is evenly coated by epitheca which does not quite reach the calicular margin. Measurements.- Height of corallum I 5 mm; diameters of calice 24.5 mm x 22.5 mm ; diameters of pedicel at its base 7 mm x 6 mm. Locality .- Ballast Point. Comments.- This species is characterized by its very short corallum but large calice , by its small but deep fossa, and by the intricate serration of the BULLETIN NO . 56 61 septal margins. The calice of Syzygophyllia tampae somewhat resembles that of S. gregorii (Vaughan) (1901 , p. 6; 1932, pp. 507, 508) from the Bowden Marl of Jamaica, but among important differences in the corallum, the serrations of the septal margin within the calice are far more uniform than in S. tampae.

Anthemiphyllia ? , sp. indet. Pl. 29 , fig . 2 Only the exterior is visible and this indicates that the ahermatypic corallum is patellate and pedicellate, and that the calice is subcircular in outline. The pedio~ l is short, dense , subrectangular, and nearly centrally located on the base. There are about 56 costae, and presumably the same number of septa, in four complete cycles, with a few in the fifth. The costae are strong, nearly equal in size, the larger ones extending to the pedicel , most of the intercalated ones nearly as long but wedging out toward their basal termini. The costae are badly weathered but appear to have been sharply tuberculate, the tubercula­ tions formed perhaps by the close concentric growth lines which are seen here and there. The interior of the calice is completely filled with granular limestone so that neither the septa nor the columella are visible. The epitheca was probably rudimentary. Measurements.- Specimen TSM - 7a : height of corallum including pedicel 5 mm. ; maximum diameter of calice 11 .5 mm.; diameters of pedicel 2. 5 mmx 1. mm. Locality .- Sixmile Creek, Hillsborough County, Florida. Lower part of the Tampa section excavated in the Orient Park area. Remarks.- With the interior of the calice inaccessible, the generic deter­ mination of this taxon as Anthemiphyllia Pourtales (type Anthemiphyllia patera Pourtales 1878, p. 205, pl. 1, figs . 14, 15; Recent, off Havana, Cuba, 292 fathoms) is , of course, conjectural and is based solely on the saucer-shaped or patellate corallum and on the character of the costae.

Antillocyathus ? , sp. indet. Pl. 7, fig. 6 This solitary coral is described fro m a specimen in the U.S . National Museum labeled USGS 2 115, the base of which is attached to and confluent with the base of Alveopora tampae, n. sp. described on pages 37, 38 of this paper. The sides of the solitary coral are veneere d with a heavy epitheca and the calice completely filled with a siliceous granular sandstone so that even the generic determination is tentative. The corallum is turbinate-cuneiform , and the calice suboval , with one side slightly compresse d. The principal septa are thickened and subequal , and it is es timated that there are 28 of them in the calice which is 22 mm x 14 mm in diameter. The principal septa are dentate on the margin and granulose on the faces, and are much larger than the minor septa. 62 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Measurements.- Corallum height (unreconstructed) about 12 mm. ; greater diameter of calice 22 mm, lesser 14 mm. Locality.- The label on USGS 2 115 reads " Hillsbo ro Bay , Florida" and it is conjectured that this refers to Ballast Point. Remarks.- The determination of the taxon as Antillocyathus can only be resolved with better material , and is included in this work for the sake of describing all of the coral s from the Tampa Formation. Superficially , the specimen resembles Placocyathus maoensis Vaughan (in Vaughan and Hoff­ meister, 1925, pp. 3 17, 3 18, pl. 1, figs . 3-10) from the Cercado Formation (lower Miocene) of the Dominica n Republic. The ge nu s Antillocyathus was erected for this species by Wells in 1937 (pp. 245 , 246). PLATES 1 - 35 64 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Explanation of Plate 1 Figures Pages 1-5 Stylophora cf. S. minutissima Vaughan, Ballast Point . .... 18-20 1. Specimen TB- 2a, coral­ lum branch, X 3.4 2. Same, X 6.7 3. Specimen TB- 2b, coral­ lum branch, X 3.3 4. Specimen TB- 2c, coral­ lum branch, X 3.2 5. Specimen TB- 2e , coral­ lum branch, X 3.6 BULLETIN NO . 56 65 66 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Explanation of Plate 2 Figures Pages 1-4 Stylophora silicensis, new spe­ cies . Flint River, Decatur County, Georgia. Chattahoo- chee Formation ...... 20-22 1. Designated type (USGS- 3381 "a"), X 3.3. Com­ pare with Stylophora cf. S. minutissima Vaughan, specimen TB - 2d, plate 4, figure 1 2. Para type (USGS- 3381 "b"), X 3. View of face 3. Same, X 3. View of oppo­ site face 4. Para type (USGS- 3381 "c"), X 2.7. View show­ ing character of calice , right center BULLETIN NO. 56 67 68 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Explanation of Plate 3 Figures Pages 1-3 Acropora tampaensis, new species ...... 22, .23 1. Designated type (USNM- 4999), X 1.9. Locality presumed to be Ballast Point 2. Calices, X 4. Enlarged view of upper portion of figure 1 , above 3. Paratype (TB- llb), X 3.6 BULLETIN NO . 56 69 70 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Explanation of Plate 4 Figures Pages 1 Stylophora cf. S. minutissima Vaughan, Ballast Point ..... 18-20 Specimen TB- 2d, X 2.9. Compare with Stylophora silicensis, new species (USGS- 3381 "a"), plate 2, figure 1 2 Acropora tampaensis, new spe- cies , Ballast Point ...... 22, 23 Paratype (TB- 11a), X2.8 3 Siderastrea banksi, new spe- cies, Six mile Creek ...... 23, 24 Paratype (TSM - 2b), X 3. See plate 5, figure 2 for another view of same specimen BULLETIN NO . 56 71

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Explanation of Plate 5 Figures Pages 1 ,2 Siderastrea banksi, new spe- cies, Sixmile Creek ...... 23, 24 1. Type (TSM- 2a), X 3.8 2. Paratype (TSM- 2b), X 5. See plate 4, figure 3, for another view of same specimen BULLETIN NO. 56 73 74 BUR EAU OF GEOLOGY

Explanation of Plate 6 Figures Pages 1-3 Siderastrea silecensis Vaughan. Sixmile Creek ...... 25-28 I. Specime n TSM - 13a, X 0.38. Side view 2. Same, X 0.5. Upper sur­ face 3 . Upper right half of figure 2 enlarged, X 1.3 4-6 Alveopora tampae, new spe- cies. Six mile Creek ...... 37, 38 4 . P aratype (TSM- 11 a), X 1.6. View of upper sur­ face 5. Side view, X 1.7 6 . Side view of head, X 1.7. For views of type (USGS- 2 115) see plate 7, figures 4, 5 BULLETIN NO. 56 75 76 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Explanation of Plate 7 Figures Pages 1-3 Siderastrea silecensis Vaughan. Davis Islands ...... 25-28 1. Specimen TD- 2a, natural size. View of upper sur­ face 2. View of base, natural size 3. Calices, X 2 4,5 Alveopora tampae, new spe- cies. Hillsborough Bay ... .. 37, 38 4. Designated type (USGS- 2115), X 2. View of up­ per surface 5. View of side , X 2 6 Antillocyathus, sp. indet. Hills- borough Bay ...... 61 , 62 Designated type (USGS- 2115), X 2. View of calice. Antillocyathus, sp . indet. is attached to the base of Alveopora tampae, n. sp., figures 4 and 5, above BULLETIN NO. 56 77 78 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Explanation of Plate 8 Figures Pages 1-3 Porites .floridaeprima Bernard. Ballast Point ...... 28-30 1. Type (British Museum (Natural History), Geology Department R. 2343), X 0.75 . View of face 2. View of opposite face, X0.75 3. Enlarged view of surface of figure 1 showing calices, X 7. Figures 1-3 provided through the courtesy of the British Museum (Natu­ ral History) BULLETIN NO. 56 79

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Explanation of Plate 9 Figures Pages 1,2 Porites jloridaeprima Bernard (= Porites willcoxi Vaughan , nomen nudum] ...... 28-30 1. Paratype (USNM- 3286, smaller corallum), X 2. Ballast Point 2. Same specimen, showing calices on reverse side, X 2 3,4 Porites jloridaeprima Bernard, Ballast Point ...... 28-30 3. Specimen TB- lOa, X 3.3, compressed branch 4 . Specimen TB- lOb), X 3.4, club shaped form BULLETIN NO. 56 81 82 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Explanation of Plate I 0 Figures Pages I -3 Porites jloridaeprima Bern ard [= Porites willcoxi Vaughan, nomen nudum] , Ballas t Point . 28-30 I . Paratype (USNM - 3286, larger co rallum), X I .5 2. Same specimen showing calices, X 2.4 3. Specimen TB-6a, X 2.5, Ball ast Point 4,5 Goniopora ballistensis, new species. Ball as t Point ...... 32, 33 4 . Type (TB- 7a), natural size. General view 5. Enl arge d vi ew of cali ces, X 2 BULLETIN NO . 56 83

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Explanation of Plate 11 Figures Pages 1-3 Goniopora ballistensis, new species. Ballast Point ...... 32, 33 1. Cotype (USNM - 3286), X 0.9, broadside view 2. View of narrow side, X 0.9 3. End view, X 3 BULLETIN NO. 56 85

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Explanation of Plate 12 Figures Pages I ,2 Goniopora ballistensis, new species. Ballast Point ...... 32, 33 I. Para type (TB- 7b ), natural size. Side view 2. End view, X 1.2 3-6 Goniopora matsoni, new species ...... 34-36 3. Type (USNM - 6546 "a"), X 2, corallum branch . " Si­ lex" bed of Tampa region. 4. Paratype (USNM - 6546 " b"), X 1.8, divaricating branch. "Silex " bed of Tampa region 5. Same , end view , X 1.8 6. Specimen TSM - 12a, X 2. Sixmile Creek BULLETIN NO . 56 87 88 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Explanation of Plate 13 Figures Pages 1-3 Goniopora cf. G. decaturensis Vaughan. Ballast Point .. .. . 33, 34 I . Specimen TB- 8a , X 2.3, corallum head 2. Calices, X 5 3. Side view, X 2.6, showing deposit of chalcedony be­ low surface BULLETIN NO. 56 89 90 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Explanation of Plate 14 Figures Pages 1-3 Goniopora matsoni, new spe- cies. Ballast Point ...... 34-36 1. Cotype (TB- 5a), X 4, view of side 2. Calices of half of reverse side , X 4 3. End view, X 3 BULLETIN NO. 56 91 92 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Explanation of Plate 15 Figures Pages 1,2 Goniopora tampaensis, new species. Ballast Point ...... 36 1. Type (USNM-2084), X 2, top view of head 2. Side view of head, X 2.7 BULLETIN NO. 56 93 94 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Explanation of Plate 16 Figures Pages 1-3 Favites yborensis, new species [ = Maeandra tampaensis Vaughan , nomen nudum.] Type (USNM- 4999). Ballast Point ...... 38. 39 1. Top view, natural size 2. Side view, X 1.6 3. View of reverse side , X 1.5 BULLETIN NO. 56 95 96 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Explanation of Plate 17 Figures Pages 1-3 Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Solander) ...... 39-46 1. Specimen TSM - 4a, natu­ ral size. Sixmile Creek 2. Specimen FLX- 8a, X 1.4, partial view of head. Lo­ cality not known but be­ lieved to be from the Key Largo Limestone (Pleisto­ cene) at Key Vaca, Mon­ roe County, Florida 3. Same, partial view of head and side , X 1.3. See plate 18, figures 1-3 BULLETIN NO. 56 97 98 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Explanation of Plate 18 Figures Pages 1-3 Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Solander) ...... 39-46 Locality not known but speci- mens are identical with those in the U.S . National Museum from the Key Largo Limestone (Pleistocene) at Key Vaca , Monroe County, Florida 1. Specimen FLX- 8a, X 0.7. See plate 17, figures 2, 3 2. Specimen FLX- 8b, natu­ ral size 3. Same , showing calices, X 3 BULLETIN NO. 56 99 100 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Explanation of Plate 19 Figures Pages 1,2 Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Solander). Sixmile Creek ... . 39-46 1. Specimen TSM-4a, X 2 2. Same, enlarged view of calices, X 3 BULLETIN NO. 56 101 102 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Explanation of Plate 20 Figures Pages 1-3 Montastrea davisina, new spe - cies. Davis Islands ...... 46, 4 7 I. Type (TD- 32), X 1.2, side view 2. View of reverse side 3. Calices, X 2 4,5 Montastrea peninsularis, new species. Ballast Point ...... 47, 48 4. Type (TB- 9a), natural size. View of top 5. Same, calices enlarged, X 2.25 6 Montastrea tampaensis (Vaughan). Davis Islands .... 48-50 Specimen TD- la, X 1.35, por- tion of corallum BULLETIN NO. 56 103 104 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Explanation of Plate 21 Figures Pages l Montastrea tampaensis (Vaughan). Davis Islands .. .. 48-50 Specimen TD- la, X 3.2, view of head BULLETIN NO. 56 105 106 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Explanation of Plate 22 Figures Pages 1,2 Montastrea tampaensis silecen- sis (Vaughan). Ballast Point . . 50-51 1. Specimen TB- 42, X 0.9, view of head 2. View of side , X 0.9 3 Antiguastrea cellulosa (Dun- can). Ballast Point ...... 51-54 Specimen 4999 (324941) USNM, natural size . Side view BULLETIN NO . 56 107 108 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Explanation of Plate 23 Figures Pages 1 Montastrea tampaensis silecen- sis (Vaughan). Ballast Point .. 50-51 Specimen TB- 4a, X 4. See plate 22, figures 1, 2 BULLETIN NO . 56 109 BULLETIN NO. 56 Ill 112 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Explanation of Plate 25 Figures Pages 1-3 Cyphastrea tampae, new spe- cies. Ballast Point ...... 54, 55 1. Type (USNM unnumbered specimen), X 1.5. View of side 2. View of opposite side, Xl.3 3. Calices, X 1.3 4-6 Galaxea excelsa, new species. Ballast Point ...... 55 , 56 4. Type (TB- 3a), X 2.5. View of calices of upper surface 5. View showing cylindrical corallites, X 2.5 6. Paratype (TB- 3e), X 1.1. Jumbled cluster of coral­ lites BULLETIN NO. 56 11 3 114 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Explanation of Plate 26 Figures Pages 1-3 Galaxea excelsa, new species. Ballast Point ...... 55, 56 1. Holotype (TB- 3a), X 2.2. View showing cylindrical corallites and ovate calices 2. Side view of corallum, X 2.2 3. Enlargement of calices shown in figure 1 above, X5 BULLETIN NO. 56 1 I 5 116 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Explanation of Plate 27 Figures Pages 1-8 Galaxea excelsa, new species. Ballast Point ...... 55 , 56 1. Paratype (TB- 3b), X 2, side view 2. View of opposite side, X 2 3. Calice, X 3 4. Paratype (TB- 3c), X 2.2, side view 5. View of opposite side, X2.2 6. Calice , X 3 7. Paratype (TB-3d), X 1.7, side view showing buds. See plate 31, figure 1 8. Calice, X 3 BULLETIN NO. 56 117 118 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Explanation of Plate 28 Figures Pages 1-3 Syzygophyllia tampae, new species. Tampa silex bed . .. . 60, 61 1. Type (USNM unnumbered specimen), X 3.3. Top view 2. Canted view of calice, X3.3 3. Side view of corallum, X3.3 BULLETIN NO. 56 119

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Explanation of Plate 29 Figures Pages 1 Syzygophyllia tampae, new species. Tampa silex bed ... . 60, 61 Type (USNM unnumbered specimen), X 3.3, showing cal- icular margin, side, and base 2 Anthemiphyllia ?, sp. indet. Sixmile Creek ...... 61 Specimen TSM - 7a, X 5.4, showing base and sides 3 Desmophyllum willcoxi Gane. Ballast Point ...... 57, 58 Specimen TB - 1a, X 3, view of side BULLETIN NO. 56 12 1

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Explanation of Plate 30 Figures Pages 1,2 Desmophyllum willcoxi Gane, Ballast Point ...... 57, 58 1. Specimen TB- la, X 3.1. Canted view of calice 2. Full view of calice, X 3.1 BULLETIN NO. 56 123 124 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Explanation of Plate 31 Figures Pages 1 Galaxea excelsa, new species. Ballast Point ...... 55 , 56 Paratype (TB- 3d), X 4 . En­ largement of bud zones. See plate 27 , figure 7 2 Desmophy llum willcoxi Gane. Ballast Point ...... 57 , 58 Specimen TB- la, X 3. View of side. See plate 29, figure 3 3 lncertae sedis "a". Sixmile Creek ...... 58 , 59 Internal cast of specimen TSM - 6a, X 3. Canted view showing interseptal fillings of calcium carbonate BULLETIN NO. 56 125 126 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

Explanation of Plate 32 Figures Pages I lncertae sedis a . Sixmile Creek ...... 58, 59 Internal cast of specimen TSM- 6a, X 3.3. View of base showing general form of col­ umella 2 Flabellum, sp. indet. Sixmile Creek ...... 59 Specimen TSM- Sa , X 2.5. Im­ print of exterior BULLETIN NO. 56 127

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Explanation of Plate 33 Figures Pages 1 Goniopora aucillana, new spe- cies. Cabbage Grove ...... 30-32 Holotype (Au- la), X 1.6, side view. Suwannee Limestone BULLETIN NO . 56 129

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Explanation of Plate 34 Figures Pages Goniopora aucillana, new spe- cies. Cabbage Grove ...... 30-32 Holotype (Au-la), X 1.6. View of head. Suwannee Limestone BULLETIN NO. 56 131

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Explanation of Plate 35 Figures Pages Goniopora aucillana, new spe- cies. Cabbage Grove ...... 30-32 Holotype (Au- la), X 4, en­ larged view of calices. Suwan- nee Limestone 2 Incertae sedis a . Sixmile Creek ...... 58 , 59 Internal cast of specimen TSM - 6a, X 3.7. Side view showing punctations on the interseptal fillings, produced from pointed granulations on the faces of the septa BULLETIN NO. 56 133

BULLETIN NO . 56 135

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1880 Report on the Florida Reefs by Louis Agassiz. Accompanied by illustrations of Florida corals, from drawings by A. Sonrel, Burkhardt, A. Agassiz, and Roetter. With an explanation of the plates by L. F. Pourtales. Mus. Comp. Zoo!., Mem ., vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 1-61, pls. 1-23. Puri, Harbans S. , and Vernon, Robert 0. 1964 Summary of the geology of Florida and a guidebook to the classic exposures. Florida Geol. Survey, Spec. Pub!. no. 5, revised, pp. i-ix, 1-312, pls. 1-11, figs . 1-27, tables 1-4. Roos, Pieter Jan 1964 The distribution of reef corals in Curacao. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, vol. 20, no. 81 , pp. 1-57, pls. 1-13, text-figs. 1-16. 1971 The shallow-water stony corals of the Netherlands Antilles. Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and other Caribbean Islands, vol. 37, no . 130, pp. 1-108, pis. 1-53, text-figs. 1-47, 1a-12c. Schomburgk, Robert Hermann 1848 The History of Barbados; comprising a geographical . . . description of the Island . .. and an account of its geology and natural productions. London, xx + 722 pp., 7 pis. , text-figs., map. Shimer, Hervey W. , and Shrock, Robert R. 1949 Index Fossils of North America. New York and London, pp. i-ix , 1-837, pis. 1-303. Smith, Frederick George Walton 1948 Atlantic Reef Corals. A handbook of the common reef and shallow­ water corals of Bermuda, Florida, the West Indies, and Brazil. Univ . Miami Press, pp. 1-112, pis. 1-41 , text-figs. 1-11. 1954 Gulf of Mexico Madreporaria. In Galtso ff, Paul S., Gulf of Mexico: its origin, waters, and marine life. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Serv., Fishery Bull., vol. 55, no. 89, pp. 291-295. Squires, Donald F. 1958 Stony corals from the vicinity of Bimini, Bahamas, British West Indies. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Bull., vol. 115, art. 4, pp. 215-262, pls. 28-43 , text-figs. 1-4. Stanley, Steven M. 1966 Paleoecology and diagenesis of Key Largo Limestone, Florida. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol., Bull. , vol. 50, no. 9, pp. 1927-1 947, pl. 1, text-figs. 1-12, table. Stoddart, David R. 1962 Caribbean beach studies. Technical Report no. I I, Part G. Three Caribbean atolls; Tumeffe Islands, Lighthouse Reef, and Glover's Reef, British Honduras. Atoll Res. Bull., no. 87, pp. i-iii, 1-151 , figs. 1-49. 144 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

1969 Ecology and morphology of recent coral reefs. Bioi. Rev ., vol. 44, pp. 433-498, figs . 1-4, table 1-6. Storr, John F. 1964 Ecology and oceanography of the coral-reef tract, Abaca Island, Bahamas. Geo!. Soc. Amer., Special Papers, no. 79, pp. 1-94, pis. 1-8, text-figs. 1-17, tables 1-3. Vaughan, Thomas Wayland 1898 Report on the fossil corals collected. In Hill, Robert T., The geological history of the Isthmus of Panama and portions of Costa Rica. Mus. Comp. Zoo!., Bull., vol. 28, no. 5 (Geol. Ser., vol. 3), pp. 1-285, 19 pis. 1899 Some Cretaceous and Eocene corals from Jamaica. In Hill, Robert T., Memoir on the geology of Jamaica. Mus. Comp. Zool. , vol. 34 (Geol. Ser. , vol. 4), pp. 227-250, pis. 36-41 [pp. 1-256, 41 pis. , 40 text-figs.] 1900 Eocene and lower Oligocene coral faunas of the United States, with descriptions of a few doubtfully Cretaceous species. U.S. Geol. Survey, Mon . 39, pp. 1-263, pis. 1-24. 1900 A Tertiary coral reef near Bainbridge, Georgia. Science , n. s., vol. 12, no. 310, pp. 873-975. 1901 Some fossil corals from the elevated reefs of Curacao, Arube, and Bonaire. Rijksmus. Geol. en Min. Lei den, Sam mi. , ser. 2, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1-91. 1902 The stony corals of the Porto Rican Waters. U.S. Fish Comm. , Bull. , vol. 20 for 1900, pt. 2, pp. 289-320, pis. 1-38. 1902 Some recent changes in the nomenclature of West Indian corals. Bioi. Soc. Washington , Proc. , vol. 15 , pp. 53-58. 1904 Anthozoa. Maryland Geol. Survey , Miocene. System. Paleont., pp. 438-447, pis. 122-129. 1910 A contribution to the geologic history of the Floridian Plateau. Carnegie Inst. Washington, Pub!. no. 133, Papers Marine Bioi. Lab. Tortugas, vol. 4 , pp. 99-185, pis. 1-15, text-figs. 1-6. 1915 Corals from the "Silex bed" of the Tampa Formation. In Dall , William Healy , A monograph of the molluscan fauna of the Orthaulax pugnax zone of the Oligocene of Tampa, Florida. U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 90, p. 18. 1915 Study of the stratigraphic geology and fossil corals and associated organisms in several of the smaller West Indian islands. Carnegie Inst. Washington, Yearbook for 1914, no. 13 , pp. 358·360. 1915 The geologic significance of the growth-rate of the Floridian and Bahaman shoal-water corals. Washington Acad. Sci., Jour., vol. 5, no. 17, pp. 591-600. 1916 On R ecent Madreporaria of Florida, the Bahamas, and the West Indies, and on collections from Murray Island, Australia. Carnegie Inst. Washington , Yearbook for 1915 , no. 14, pp. 220-231. BULLETIN NO. 56 145

1918 Correlation of the Tertiary geological formations of the southeastern United States, Central America, and the West Indies. Washington Acad. Sci. , Jour., vol. 8, no. 9, pp. 268-276, correlation table. 1919 Fossil corals from Central America, Cuba, and Porto Rico, with an account of the American Tertiary, Pleistocene, and Recent coral reefs. U.S. Nat. Mus. , Bull . 103, no. 9, pp. i-vi, 189-524, pis. 68-152, text-figs. 4-25. 1932 Antillophyllia, a new coral generic name. Washington Acad. Sci., Jour. , vol. 22, pp. 128-146. Vaughan, T. W., Cooke, Wythe, Condit, D. D. , Ross, C. P. , Woodring, W. P. , and Calkins, F. C. 1921 A geological reconnaissance of the Dominican Republic. Geol. Survey Dominican Republic, Mem. , vol. 1, pp. 1-268, pis. 1-23. Vaughan, T. Wayland, and Hoffmeister, John Edward 1925 New species of fossil corals from the Dominican Republic. Mus. Comp. Zoo!. , Bull., vol. 67, no. 8, pp . 315-326, pis. 1-4. 1926 Miocene corals from Trinidad. Carnegie Inst. Washington , Pub!. no. 344, Papers Dept. Marine Bioi., vol. 23, pp. 107-134, pis. 1-7. Vaughan, T. Wayland, and Wells , John West 1943 Revision of the suborders, families, and genera of the Scleractinia. Geol. Soc. Amer. , Special Papers, no . 44, pp. i-xv, 1-636, text-figs. 1-39, pis. 1-51. Vernon, Robert 0. 194 2 Geology of Citrus and Levy Counties, Florida. Florida Geol. Survey, Geol. Bull. 33, pp. i-ix, 1-256, p1s. 1, 2 (maps), tables 1-20, figs. 1-40. Verrill, Addison Emery 1864 List of the polyps and corals sent by the Museum of Comparative Zoology to other institutions in exchange, with annotations. Mus. Comp. Zoo!., Bull., vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 29-60. 1866 On the polyps and corals of Panama with descriptions of new species. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Proc., vol. 10, pp. 323-333. 1901 Variations and nomenclature of Bermudian, West Indian and Brazilian reef corals, with notes on various Indo-Pacific corals. Connecticut Acad. Arts and Sci. , Trans., vol. 11 , pt. 1, art. III , pp. 63-168, pis. 10-35, text-figs. 1-5. Vokes, Emily H. 1965 Note on the age of the Chipola Formation (Miocene) of northwestern Florida. Tulane Studies Geol., vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 205-208. Weisbord, Norman E. 1968 Some late Cenozoic stony corals from northern Venezuela. Bull. Amer. Paleont., vol. 55, no. 246, pp. 1-288, pis. 1-12. 146 BUREAU OF GEOLOGY

1971 Corals from the Chipola and Jackson Bluff Formations of Florida. Florida Bur. Geol. , Geol. Bull. no. 53 , pp. i-v , 1-100, Index 5 pp., pis. 1-15 . Wells , John West 1932 Study of the reef corals of the Tortugas. Carnegie Inst. Washington, Yearbook for 1913, no. 31 , pp. 290-292. 1952 Memorial- Thomas Wayland Vaughan. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. , Bull., vol. 36, no. 7, pp. 1495-1497, photo (by W. S. Cole). 1956 Scleractinia. In Moore, R. C. , Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Lawrence, Univ. Kansas Press, pt. F , Coelenterata, pp. F328-F443, figs. 222-444. Westermann, J. H. , and K.iel , H. 1961 The geology of Saba and St. Eustatius with notes on the geology of St. Kitts, Nevis and Montserrat (Lesser Antilles). Natuurwetenschap. Studiekring voor Suriname en de Nederlandse Antillen, Utrecht, no. 24, pp. i-xiii, 1-175, text-figs. 1-11. White , Donald E., Brannoch, W. W. , and Murata, K. J. 1956 Silica in hot spring waters. Ge ochim. et Cosmochim., Acta, vol. 10, pp. 27-59. Woodring, Wendell , P., Brown, John S., and Burbank, Wilbur S. 1924 Geology of the Republic of Haiti. Geol. Survey Republic of Haiti, Port-au-Prince, 631 pp., 40 pis. , 37 text-figs. Yonge , Charles Maurice 1930 Studies on the physiology of corals. I. Feeding mechanisms and food. Great Barrier Reef Exped. 1928-29, Sci. Rept., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 13-57, pis. 1, 2, text-figs. 1-34. 193 7 Studies on the biology of Tortugas corals. III. The effect of mucus on oxygen consumption. Carnegie Inst. Washington, Pub!. no. 475, Papers Tortugas Lab. , vol. 31, no. 9, pp. 209-214. Zans, V. A. 1958 Th e Pedro Cay and Pedro Bank. Report on the Survey of the Cays 1955-1957. Geol. Survey Dept. Jamaica, W. 1. , Bull. no . 3, pp. i-vi , 1-47, pis. 1-25 (figs. 1-50), figs . I-III, maps 1-5. 1958 Recent coral reefs and coral reef environments of Jamaica. Geonotes, vol.1 , no. 2, pp. 18-25. 1959 Recent stony corals of Jamaica. Geonotes, vol. 2, no . 1, pp. 27-36. INDEX TO GEOLOGICAL BULLETIN NO. 56 * Note: Light face figures refer to page numbers. Bold face figures refer to plate numbers. A Abaco Island ...... 143 annularis var. stellulata, Orbicella 41 Academy of Natural Sciences of Anthemiphyllia ...... 61 Philadelphia ...... 40, 139 Anthemiphyllia patera Pourtales 61 acropora, Heliastraea ...... 40 Anthemiphyllia?, sp. indet .. .. 29 acropora, Madrepora ...... 39 15 , 16 , 17, 61 , 120 acropora, Orbicella ...... 39 Anthozoa ...... 144 Acropora panamensis Vaughan 17, Antigua Formation ...... 35 , 53 23 Antigua Island . . . . 12, 28, 35, 53 Acropora saludensis Vaughan .. 23 Antiguastrea cellulosa (Duncan) .. . Acropora tampaensis Weisbord, n. 22,24 .. . 4, 15 , 16 , 17 , 52, 53 , sp .. . . 3,4 . .. 3, 15, 16, 17, 22, 106, 110 23,68,70 Antiguastrea cellulosa curvata Dun- affinis, Stylophora .... 17 , 18, 21 can ...... 53 affinis, var. minor, Stylophora . 18 Antiguastrea cellulosa var. silecensis Agassiz, Alexander . .40, 135, 139, Vaughan ...... 4 143 Antilles ...... 137 Agassiz, Louis ...... 13 5, 143 An tillia ? will coxi (Dana) 3, 15 , 56, Alacran Reef (Mexico) ...... 46 58 Alexander, G. B...... 11, 135 Antillocyathus ...... 62 Allen , John H ...... 6, 12, 135 Antillocyathus, sp. indet. . . . 7 .15 , Almy, Charles, C., Jr. ... 43, 135 16, 17,62, 76 altissima, Heliastraea ...... 40 Antillophyllia ...... 144 Alum Bluff Group .. . 14, 27 , 138 Aquitanian Stage .. 7, 12, 13 , 137 Alveopora tampae Weisbord, Arango y Molina, Rafael . 41 , 135 n. sp .. . . 6,7 . 3, 15 , 16 , 17, 37, Archaias floridanus (Conrad) 7, 12 38, 61, 74,76 Arrondissement Grand Riviere American Association of Petroleum (Haiti) ...... 53 Geologists . . ... 141 , 143 , 146 Aruba ...... 46, 54, 144 American Museum of Natural History Asociaci6n Mexicana de Ge61ogos 43 , 142, 143 Petroleras ...... 43 , 135 Anguilla Formation ... 13 , 35, 54 Astraea barbadensis Duncan ... 40 Anguilla Island .. 8, 13, 22, 28, 32, Astrea cellulosa Duncan ...... 52 35, 54 Astrea annular is ...... 39, 40 anguillensis, Porites ...... 17, 33 Astrea faveolata ...... 39 annularis, Astrea ...... 39, 40 Astn:ens ...... 137 annularis, Explanaria ...... 39 Astn:ides ...... 137 annularis, Heliastraea ...... 40 Astreinae ...... 137 annularis, Madrepora ...... 39 Aucilla River ...... 5, 31 annularis, Montastrea 13 , 15 , 16,17, aucillana, Goniopora .5, 15 , 30, 33, 39-46,47, 48, 96 , 98,100 128, 130, 132 annularis, Orbicella . . . .40, 41, 42 Australia ...... J 44 B Boston Society of Natural History145 Babit Pond (St. Martin) ...... 46 Bowden Marl (Jamaica) ...... 61 Boca (Bonaire) ...... 46 Brandon Quadrangle ...... 4, 14 Bahama Islands .... 46, 143, 144 Brannoch, W. W...... 11 , 146 Bahia de Camamu (Brazil) .... 46 Brazil .46, 136, 139, 141 , 143 , 145 British Honduras ...... 46, 143 Bahia de Mochima (Venezuela) 46, British Museum (Natural History) 2, 136 Bainbridge (Georgia) .. 20, 21, 27, 29, 78, 135 34, 144 British West Indies ...... 143 Ballast Point ...... 1-36, 48-124 Broward County ...... 54 Ballast Point well ...... 14 Brown, JohnS...... 52 , 146 ballistensis, Goniopora . 3, 15, 16 , Bruguiere, Jean Guillaume . 39, 135 17,32,33,82,84 ,86 Burbank, Wilbur S ...... 146 Bureau of Geology, Florida i, iii , iv , Banks, Joseph E .. 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 25, 2, 5,8,9, 14,26,145 31,37,51 Burkhardt ...... 135 , 143 Banksi,Siderastrea . 13, 15 , 16, 17, Burns, Frank ...... 37 23-25' 70, 72 Butsch, R. S ...... 42,136 barbadensis, Heliastraea ...... 40 Sutterlin, J ...... 135 Barbados .... 46, 136, 140, 141 , Byram Marl (Mississippi) ..... 53 142, 143 Barbados Museum and Nat. Hist. Society ...... 136, 140 Barbuda ...... 46 c Barcadera (Bonaire) ...... 46 Cabbage Grove. 1, 5, 31,128, 132 Barcadera (Aruba) ...... 46 Calkins, F. C ...... 145 Belgium ...... 13 Caloosahatchee Formation . . . . 54 belize, Porites ...... 29 Caloosahatchee River .... 9, 136 Bender, Michael L...... 13 , 135 Campos Villarroel, Regulo A. 44,136 Bermuda Islands 46, 139, 143 , 145 Caracas Baai (Curacao) ...... 46 Bernard, Henry M. 2, 3, 28-30, 135 Carnegie Institution of Washington . Big Pine Key ...... 46 142, 144, 145 Bimini (Bahamas) ...... 143 Carrion-Tones, Carlos .. . 43, 135 Biological Society of Washington 144 cavernosa var. silicensis, Orbicella 3, Biscayne Bay ...... 46 50 Blainville, H. M. Ducrotay de 39, 135 cavernosa var. tampaensis, Orbicella Blanquilla Reef (Mexico) . . . .. 46 3,48 Blauwe Pan (Bonaire) ...... 46 Cay Bay (St. Martin) ...... 46 Bluefields Bay (Jamaica) .. .. 137 cellulosa, Antiguastrea .. 4, 15 , 16, Blue Springs ...... 34 17, 51-54, 106 Boca Arashi (Aruba) ...... 46 cellulosa curvata, Antiguastrea . 53 Boca Bartol (Bonaire) ...... 46 cellulosa, Astraea ...... 51 Boca Catalina (Aruba) ...... 46 cellulosa, Heliastraea ...... 52 Bonaire ...... 46, 144 cellulosa, Orbicella ...... 3, 52 Bonet, F...... 43, 46, 135 cellulosa var. silecensis, Antiguastrea Bory de Saint-Vincent, Jean Bap- 4 tiste George Marie ... 39, 135 Central America ...... 145 Cercado Formation (Dominican Re- Dana, James Dwight .. 40, 57, 136 public) ...... 62 Davis Islands .. 1, 2, 4, 12 , 17, 26, Cerithium ...... 7 27, 45, 47, 49, 51 , 76, 102 Chattahoochee Formation .. 3, 14, davisina , Montastrea 15 , 16, 4 7, 1 02 17,18 20, 21, 26,27,34, 54,66 Decatur County (Georgia) . 20, 27 , Chipola Formation . 13 , 14, 22, 59, 34, 66 145 decaturensis, Goniopora .. 15 , 16 , chipolanum, Flabellum ...... 59 17, 32, 33 , 34, 88 Christchurch (Barbados) ... .. 46 Deshayes, Gerard Paul ...... 140 Christchurch Quarry (Barbados) 46 Desmophyllum ingens Mosely .. 57 Citrus County ...... 145 Desmophyllum willcoxi Gane . . . Clapp , Frederick G...... 141 29,30,31 . . 3, 15 , 16 , 17, 56-59, clevei , Goniopora ...... 35 120-124 Clarke , W. J ...... 13 , 137 Dodd, J. Robert ...... 44, 140 Cocoluch Bay (St. Eustatius) .. 46 Dominican Republic . . 18, 21 , 45, Codrington Quarry (Barbados) . 46 46, 54,62, 145 Coelenterata ...... 136 Downey, Maureen E...... 2 Coffee Mill Hammock ...... 10 Duarte Bello, Pedro Pablo 43, 13 7 Compagnie Bay (St. Eustatius) . 46 Duchassaing de Fonbressin, Placide conferta, Siderastrea ... 17 , 27, 28 40, 52 , 137 Connecticut Academy of Arts and Duerden, James Edwin .. 41 , 137 Sciences ...... 145 Duncan, PeterMartin . 12, 15 , 16 , Conrad, Timothy A. . . . 7, 12, 136 18, 21 , 27 , 38, 40, 41 , 46-53 , Cooke, C. Wythe 5, 8, 12, 136, 145 110, 137 Cornell University ...... 59 Dunedin Beach ...... 5, 20 Coronet phosphate mine . . .. . 27 Dunedin Causeway ...... 7 Coryell, H. N .. 23, 33, 42, 49, 52, Dunedin Quadrangle ...... 5 136 Costa Rica ...... 144 E costata, Cyphastraea .. . . . 40, 46 Eagle Beach (Aruba) ...... 46 costata, Montastrea ...... 17, 50 Eames, F. E ...... 13 , 137 Cove Bay (Saba) ...... 46 eburnea, Galaxea ...... 56 Cretaceous ...... 144 Eclogae Helvetiae ...... 137 Cring, Forrest D...... 5, 20, 51 Edwards, Henri Milne 40, 137, 140 Crystal River Formation . . .. . 14 Ehrenberg, Christian Gottfried 29, Cuba ...... 32, 46, 56, 135 , 136 138 Curacao ...... 46, 140, 143 Ellis, John ...... 13 , 39-44, 135 Cyphastraea costata Duncan . . 40, Emperador Limestone (Panama 41 ' 46 Canal Zone) ...... 23, 32,35 Cyphastrea tampae Weisbord, n. sp. Endopachys ...... 59 .. 25 3, 15 , 16,17, 54, 55 , 112 Endopachys tampae Vaughan . .. . 3, 15-17, 59 D Ensenda (Puerto Rico) ...... 46 Dall, William Healy .. 2, 3, 57, 12, Eocene ...... 144 18, 20, 22, 25 ,28, 32, 34, 36-38, Esper, Johann Cristoph . . 39, 138 58 , 136 Eupsammidae ...... 137 Eureka Springs well ...... 14 Galaxea excelsa Weisbord, n. sp .. . excelsa, Galaxea . 3, 15, 16 , 17, 55 , 25,26,27,31 .. . . 3, 15 , 16, 55, 56 , 112-116, 124 56, 112-116, 124 Explanaria annularis ...... 39 Galtsoff, PaulS ...... 138, 143 Gane, Henry Stewart ...... 57 Gardner, Julia ...... 13 , 138 F Geological Society of America . . . Falling Water, Washington County 8 144, 146 fav eolata, Astrea ...... 39 Geological Society of London .137, faveolata, Madrepora ...... 39 139 Favites mexicana Vaughan . 17, 39 Geological Survey Department, Favites yborensis Weisbord, n. sp . .. West Indies ...... 146 16 . . . 15-17 , 38, 39, 94 Geology Department, Florida State Felix , Johannes Paul . . 18, 25 , 28 , University ...... i, 1 33, 48, 50, 52, 57 , 138 Georgia 20, 27 , 32, 34, 54, 66, 144 Flabellum ...... 57-59 Germany ...... 13 Flabellum chipolanum Weisbord 59 Gibbs Bay (St. Martin) ...... 46 Flabellum, sp. indet. . . . 32 .. 15 , Glover's Reef (British Honduras) . . 16, 17, 59, 126 46, 143 Flint River (Georgia) .. 18 , 20, 21 , Gmelin, Johann Friedrich 39, 139 22, 27 , 32, 34, 36 Goniopora ...... 35 , 135 Florida ...... i, 1-145 Goniopora aucillana Weisbord, n. sp. Florida Geological Survey . . .141 , . . . 33,34,35 .. ... 5, 15 , 30-33 , 142, 145 128, 130, 132 Florida Keys ...... 140 Goniopora ballistensis Weisbord, floridaeprima, Porites . 2, 3, 15-17, n. sp .... 10,11,12 .. 3, 15-17 , 28-30, 78-82 32, 33 , 82-86 floridanus, Archaias ...... 7, 12 Goniopora clevei Vaughan . .. . 35 floridanus, Nummulites .. .. 7, 12 Goniopora decaturensis Vaughan .. floridanus , Orbitolites ... . . 7, 12 13 . . . 15-17, 32-34,88 Florida state road 60 ...... 4, 9 Goniopora imperatoris Vaughan 35 Florida State University .. . i, 1, 2, Goniopora matsoni Wei sbord, n. sp. 5, 20, 22, 25 , 29 , 32,34, 37 . . . 12,14 . .. . 3, 15-17,34, 35 , Floridian Plateau ...... 144 36, 86 , 90 Fongides ...... 137 Goniopora tampaensis Weisbord, Fontaine, A. R ...... 42, 138 n. sp . . .. 15 . . 3, 15-17, 36, 92 Foraminiferida ...... 7 Goreau , Thomas F ...... 44, 139 Fort Bay (Saba) ...... 46 Go to (Bonaire) ...... 46 Fort Brooke ...... 6 Grazettes (Barbados) ...... 46 Fort Taylor ...... 46 Great Bahama Bank ...... 142 France ...... 7, 13 Great Bay (St. Martin) ...... 46 Greeley, Arthur W...... 41 , 139 gregorii, Syzygophyllia ...... 17 G Gregory , John Walter . . . 41 , 139 Galaxea ...... 56 Guadeloupe ...... 46 Galaxea eburnea Pourtales .... 56 Guanica (Puerto Rico) ...... 46 Guantanamo (Cuba) ...... 34 Gulf of Mexico .... 59, 138, 143 ll er, H. K ...... 11 , 135 Gunter, Gordon ...... 54, 142 Imbrie, John ...... 43, 142 lncertae sedis "a" .. . 31,32,35 ... 15-17,58, 59, 124, 126,132 lncertae sedis "b" ... 24 H 15-17, 51 , 110 ingens, Desmophyllum · ..... 57 , Habana (Cuba) ...... 56, 61 In stitute of Jamaica ...... 137 Haime, Jules ...... 40, 137 Institute of Marine Science, Univer· Haiti ...... 53, 146 sity of Texas ...... 142 Hare Hill (Barbados) ...... 46 imperatoris, Goniopora ...... 32 Harney Flats ...... 14 imperatoris, Stylophora ... 17 , 22 Hartman, W. D...... 44, 139 lsastraea turbinata Duncan .. . . 52 Hato (Bonaire) ...... 46 Italy ...... 7 Hattin, Donald E ...... 44, 140 Hawk Channel ...... 46 Hawthorn Formation ...... 27 J Haynesfield (Barbados) ...... 46 Jackson Bluff Formation .... 145 Heilprin, Angelo .. . 7 , 12, 41 , 139 Jamaica ..... 137-139, 144, 146 Heliastraea annularis ..... 40, 41 Jan Doran (Bonaire) ...... 46 Heliastraea altissima Duncan . .. 40 Jenkins Bay (St. Eustatius) ..... 46 Heliastraea acropora ..... 40, 41 Johnson, Lawrence C . ... 12 , 140 Heliastraea barbadensis ...... 40 Jones, John A ...... 43, 140 Heliastraea cellulosa ...... 52 Juana Diaz Formation (Puerto Rico) Heliastraea lamarckii ...... 40 53 Helioporidae ...... 142 Helvetian Stage ...... 13 K Hendry, Charles W. , Jr. .. . i, iii, 2 Herman Gunter Building, Talla· Kapp Malmeeuw (Curacao) ... 46 hassee ...... 26 Key Largo ...... 46 Heston, W. M...... 11 , 135 Key Largo Limestone ... . 46, 96, 98, 140, 143 Hill , Robert Thomas . 41 , 139, 144 Hillsborough Bay .. 23, 27, 29, 33, Key Vaca ...... 44, 46, 96, 98 36, 37,39, 47, 48,49, 55, 56, 57, Key West ...... 46 Hillsborough County .. 1, 4 , 7, 23, Kiel , H...... 43 , 146 Klein Curacao ...... 46 24,27,29,33,34,36,39,45,47, KJein Lagoen (Aruba) ...... 46 48, 51 , 55,56, 57,59,61 Klose , William ...... 44, 140 Hillsborough River ...... 4, 8 Knight Key ...... 44 Hoffmeister, John Edward ... 44, Kongliga Svenska Ve tenska ps- 62, 140, 145 Akademiens ...... 140 Holocene ...... 4 Krauskopf, Konrad B. . . . 11 , 140 Holocene Series ...... 9 Honeymoon Island ..... 5, 20, 51 L Horst, C. J. van der . .. .. 42, 140 Hydrocorallinae ...... 142 Lac (Bonaire) ...... 46 Ladder Bay (Saba) ...... 46 Margot Fish Shoal ...... 46 Lafayette Lake , Leon County .. 45 Market Hill (Barbados) ...... 46 Lafayette Plantation ...... 45 Matecumbe Key ...... 46 Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Pierre Matson, George Charlton . ... 141 Antoine de Monet de . 39, 140 matsoni, Goniopora . . . 3, 15-17, lamarckii, Heliastraea ...... 40 34-36, 86-90 Lamouroux, Jean Vincent Felix .. Matthews, R. K ...... 44, 142 39, 140 Maury, Carlotta Joaquina. 13, 142 La Parguera (Puerto Rico) . .. . 46 Maxwell, Robert ...... 45 Lares Limestone (Puerto Rico) 23, Mayaguez (Puerto Rico) . .. . . 46 32, 35 , 53 Mayer, Alfred Goldsborough . 42, Leon County ...... 45 142 Lesser Antilles ...... 146 Mayer - Eymar, C ...... 13, 142 Levy County ...... 145 Mesolella, Kenneth J. . .. 44, 142 Lewis, John B...... 43 , 140 mexicana, Favites ...... 17 , 39 Liebe , Richard M...... 44, 140 Mexico ...... 46, 53 Lighthouse Reef (British Honduras) Miami Oolite ...... 46, 140 46, 143 Michelotti, Giovanni .. 40, 52, 137 Lindstrom, Gustaf ... . . 41 , 140 minutissima, Stylophora 5, 15-20, Linnaeus,Carolus .... 39-41,141 21,22,64, 70 Little Bay (St. Martin) ...... 46 Miocene 7, 13, 29, 45, 59, 60, 145 Little Horseshoe Bend (Georgia) 27 Miocene Series ...... 9, 10 Locust Hill (Barbados) ...... 46 Mio-Pliocene ...... 46 Logan, Brian ...... 44, 141 Mississippi (State of) ...... 53 Loggerhead Key ...... 46 Mogote Peak (Cuba) ...... 34 Lon t (Bonaire) ...... 46 Monroe County ...... 46, 96-98 Los Puertos Limestone (Puerto Montastrea ...... 55 Rico) ...... 54 Montastrea annularis (Ellis and Lowndes County (Georgia) .. . 27 Solander) . . . 17,18,19 .. . . 13, Lund, Ernest H...... 11 , 141 15-17,39-48, 96-100 Lyell, Sir Charles ...... 13, 141 Montastrea costata (Duncan) 17, 50 Montastrea davisina Weisbord, n. sp. . . . 20 . . . . . IS -1 7, 46, 4 7, 102 M Montastrea peninsularis Weisbord, Macintyre, Ian G ...... 44, 141 n. sp . . . . 20. 15-17,47, 48, 102 Madreporaria .. 137, 140, 142, 144 Montastrea tampaensis (Vaughan) Madrepora acropora ...... 39 ... 20,21. ... . 15-17,102-104 Madrepora annularis ...... 39 Montastrea tampaensis silecensis Madrepora faveolata Ellis and (Vaughan) ... 22,23 ...... Solander ...... 39 5, 15-17, 50-Sl , 106-108 Maeandra tampaensis Vaughan . 3, Montserrat ...... 46, 146 16 , 38, 94 Moore, Donald R .. 43 , 52, 54, 142 Malmok (Aruba) ...... 46 Mosely , Henry Nottidge . . 57 , 142 Mangel Altu (Aruba) ...... 46 Mossom, Stuart . 5, 8, 12, 136, 142 Mansfield, Wendell C.. 12, 13 , 141 Mulders, Gerrit ...... 2 maoensis, Placocyathus .. . 17, 62 Mullet Pond Bay (St. Martin) .. 46 Multer, H. Gray ...... 44, 140 Orthau1ax pugnax Zone ... . . 1, 3 Murata, K. J ...... II , 146 Ortmann, Arnold Edward .. .. 41 Murray Island, Australia .... 144 Ostrea normalis Dall ...... 10 Museum of Comparative Zoology .. Ostrea virginica Gmelin ...... 9 135 , 136, 139, 143, 144, 145 p N Paleogene ...... 59 National Academy of Science, Palm Beach (Aruba) ...... 46 Washington ...... 137 Palm River ...... 8 National Museum of Natural History Panama ...... 46, 145 I Panama Canal Zone .. 22, 23 , 28, Neocene ...... 138 32,35 Netherlands Antilles ...... 143 Panama, Isthmus of ...... 144 Nevis ...... 146 panamensis, Acropora ...... 23 Newell, Norman D ...... 43, 142 Parris Hill (Barbados) ...... 46 Newfound Harbor Keys ...... 46 Patagonia ...... :57 Newfound Reef ...... 140 patera, Anthemiphyllia ...... 61 New York Academy of Sciences 42 Pawson, David L...... 2 Nivaje Shale (Dominican Republic) Pecten crocus Cooke ...... 8 18,21 Pedro Bank ...... 46, 146 Nummulites floridanus Conrad 7, 12 Pedro Cay ...... 146 Nutall Rise Quadrangle ...... 5 peninsularis, Montastrea .. 15 , 16 , 17,47,48, 102 Pennington ...... 4 0 Philadelphia ...... 57 Ocala Group ...... 18 Phyllocoenia sculpta Edwards and Oculinides ...... 13 7 Haime ...... 40 Ohlsen, Violet . . . 23, 32, 33, 42, Pinellas County ...... 5, 20, 51 49,52, 136 Piscadera Baai (Curacao) . . . . .46 Oligocene .3, 7, 13, 19, 28, 32, 36, Pitch Field (Aruba) ...... 46 37, 39,53,57, 129,138,142, 144 Placocyathus maoensis Vaughan .. Oligo-Miocene ...... 45, 54 17,62 Oranje Pan (Bonaire) ...... 46 Plaja Frans (Bonaire) ...... 46 Orbicella acropora ...... 41 Plaja Sarna (Bonaire) ...... 66 Orbicella annularis ...... 40-43 Plant City ...... 27 Orbicella annularis var. stellulata 41 Playa Abau (Curacao) ...... 46 Orbicella cavernosa var. tampaensis Playa Chikitu (Curacao) ...... 46 48 Playa Kalki (Curacao) ...... 46 Orbicella cellulosa ...... 52 Plesiastraea ramea Duncan ... . 40 Orbicella tampaensis ...... 3, 48 Pleistocene . . . . 8, 44, 46, 96, 98, Orbicella tampaensis var. silecensis 3 142, 145 Orbitolite bed ...... 7 Pleistocene Series ...... 9, I 0 Orbitolites floridanus (Conrad) 7, 12 Pliocene ...... 46, 53 , 136 Orient Park ...... 4, 51 , 61 Point Blanche Bay (St. Martin) . 46 Orient RR station ... 7, 12, 14 , 59 Ponce Formation (Puerto Rico) 23, Orthaulax pugnax Dall . . 136, 144 32,34, 35 , 45,54 Porites ...... 35, 135 Rio Yaque del Norte (Dominican Porites anguillensis Vaughan 17 , 33 Republic) ...... 54 Porites Belize 1 ...... Roetter ...... 135, 142 Porites floridaeprima Bernard ... . Roos, Pieter Jan ...... 43, 143 8,9,10 . 2, 3, 15-17 , 28-30, 78-82 Ross, D. D ...... 145 Porites toulai Vaughan . 17, 35,36 Rothen Meeres ...... 138 Porites West Indies X. 17 .... . 29 Russell Springs (Georgia) 18, 19, 21 Porites willcoxi Vaughan ... 3, 29, Russia Gully (Barbados) ..... 46 80, 82 Poritidae ...... 135 s Poritides ...... 137 Port Everglades ...... 46 Saba ...... 46, 146 Portomaribaai (Curacao) .. ... 46 St. Eustatius ...... 46, 146 St. George Parish (Barbados) .. 46 Potamides ...... 10 St. James (Barbados) ...... 46 Pourtahis, Louis Francois. 41, 135 , St. John Parish (Barbados) . . .. 46 142, 143 Progreso (Mexico) ...... 46 St. Joseph Parish (Barbados) ... 46 Prospect (Barbados) ...... 46 St. Kitts ...... 46, 146 Puerto La Cruz (Venezuela) ... 46 St. Lucia ...... 46 Puerto Rico ... 23, 28, 32, 35, 36, St. Marks Formation .. . 5, 14, 17, 45, 46, 54, 135, 136, 145 45 , 51 pugnax , Orthaulax .. . .. 136, 144 St. Martin ...... : .. . 46 Punt Vierkant (Bonaire) ..... 46 St. Michael (Barbados) ...... 46 Purdy, Edward G ...... 43, 142 St. Michiels Baai (Curacao) .... 46 Puri, Harbans S. . ... 2, 5, 7, 8, 9, St. Nicolasbaai (Aruba) ...... 46 10, 12, 14 , 26, 27, 143 St. Thomas Parish (Barbados) .. 46 Sandy Lane (Barbados) ...... 46 San Rafael Formation (Mexico) .. Q 39, 53 Quebradillas Limestone (Puerto San Sebastian Shale (Puerto Rico) . Rico) ...... 45 23 , 32,34, 35, 53 Quintana Roo (Mexico) .. 46, 135 Sta. Martha Baai (Curacao) .... 46 Scleractinia .. . . 18, 139, 145, 146 Schomburgk, Robert Hermann 40, R 143 ramea , Plesiastraea ...... 40 sculpta, Phyllocoenia ...... 40 Real Academia de Ciencias Medicas, Seaboard Coastline RR .... 4, 12 Fisicas y Naturales de Ia Habana Sealy, H. A ...... 44, 142 41 , 135 Section "A", Sixmile Creek . . 8, 9 Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Section "B", Six mile Creek . . 8, 9 Torino ...... 137 Section "C", Six mile Creek . . 8, 9, Recent ...... 13 , 46, 61 10, 27 Rendezvous Cay (British Honduras) Serro Colorado (Aruba) ...... 54 46 Shell Creek ...... 46 Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke His­ Shimer, Hervey W...... 52, 143 torie te Leiden ...... 144 Shrock, Robert R...... 52, 143 Smith, Frederick George Walton .. Stylophora silicensis Weisbord, n. sp. 42, 143 . .. 2 ...... 3, 15-17, 20-22,66 Siderastrea banksi Weisbord, n. sp .. Sucre , Estado de (Venezuela) . 136 . . . 4,5 . 13, 15-17, 23-25 , 70-72 Suwannee Limestone . .. 1, 5, 14, Siderastrea conferta (Duncan) . 17, 32, 128, 130, 141 27,28 Syzygophyllia gregorii (Vaughan) . Siderastrea siderea (Ellis and Solan- 17 ,6 1 der) ...... 17,24 Syzygophyllia tampae Weisbord , Siderastrea silecensis Vaughan ... n. sp . ... 28,29 . . 3, 15-1 7, 60, 6,7 .. 3,8, 15-1 7, 25-28,74-76 61 , 118-120 side rea, Siderastrea ...... 17, 24 silecensis, Siderastrea . 3, 8, 15-17, T 25-28, 74-76 silicensis, Siderastrea 3, 8, 1 5-17, 25 Tallahassee ...... i, iii ,iv,2,45 silicensis, Stylophora . . . 3, 15-18, Tampa ...... I , 7, 9, 12 , 26, 20-22 29,35,50,59,86, 136 Silex bed . . 3, 5, 6 , 7, 35, 38, 50, Tampa Bay . 5, 7, 28, 57, 135, 136 53 , 58, 59 60, 86,118, 136 Tampa Formation ... i, 1-25 ,34, Simson Bay (St. Martin) . .. . . 46 38, 45 , 50-62, 144 Sixmile Creek . .... 1-18,21-45, Tampa Limestone . 7, 8, 18 , 19, 23 49-74, 86-126, 132 Tampa Quadrangle ...... 4 Sixmile Creek well ...... 14 Tampa Stage ...... 10, 14 Sixmile Run ...... 7 tampae, Alveopora . ... 3, 15-17, Skeens Hill (Barbados) ...... 46 37, 38,61, 74,76 Small Ridge (Barbados) ...... 46 tampae, Cyphastrea . 3, 15-17, 54, Sociedad Venezolana de Ciencias 55, 112 Naturales ...... 136 tampae, Endopachys . 3, 15-17,59 Solander, Daniel Carl .. 13, 39-44, tampae, Syzygophyllia . 3, 15-17, 138, 140 60. 61. 118-120 Sonrel , A ...... 135 , 143 tampaensis, Acropora . . 3, 15-17, Spaansche Water (Curacao) ... 46 22,23, 68, 70 Squires, Donald F ...... 43, 143 tampaensis, Goniopora . 3, 15-17, Stanley, Steven M...... 44, 143 36,92 Stock Island ...... 46 tampaensis, Maeandra 3, 16, 38, 94 Stoddart, David R .... 43, 44, 144 tampaensis, Montastrea . 5, 15-17, Storr, John F ...... 43, 144 50, 51,106-108 StylophoraaffinisDuncan 17 , 18,21 tampaensis, Orbicella ..... 3, 48 Stylophora affinis var . minor Duncan tampaensis silecensis, Montastrea 5, 18 15-17,50,51, 106-108 Stylophora imperatoris Vaughan .. tampaensis var. silecensis, Orbicella 17,22 3 Stylophora minutissima Vaughan .. Tavernier ...... 46 ... 1,4 ...... 5, 15-21 , 64,70 Taylor County ...... 5, 31 Stylophora silicensis Vaughan .. 3, Tertiary ...... 12, 145 15 ; 16 , 18,20 Thurber, D. L...... 43, 142 Tortugas ...... 46, 146 Washington Academy of Science 144 toulai , Porites ...... 17, 35, 36 Washington County ...... 8 Trinidad ...... 22, 145 Washington, D. C...... 1 Tumbledown Dick Bay (St. Eusta- Wakulla ...... 25, 26 tius) ...... 46 Wakulla County ...... 27 turbinata, 1sastraea ...... 52 Weisbord, Norman E. i, 1, 13 , 146 Turbinolides ...... 137 Wells , John West .... 42, 44, 52, Turneffe (British Honduras) 46, 143 59, 62, 139, 146 Westermann, J . H...... 43, 146 u Western Atlantic ...... 59 West Indies ...... 137, 143 , 145 United States Fish Commission 144 west indies, Porites ...... 29 United States Fish and Wildlife Westpunt Baai (Curacao) . . . .. 46 Service ...... 138, 143 White , Donald E...... 11 , 146 United States Geological Survey 20, Wilkes, Charles ...... 136 37,38, 59, 138, 144 Willcox, Joseph ...... 57 United States National Museum . . willcoxi, Antillia ? .. 3, 15, 56,57 1·3 , 18, 27, 29 , 30-38,44,48, 50, willcoxi, Desmophyllum 3, 15-17, 53, 56, 62, 66, 112, 136, 138, 145 56-59, 120, 124 willcoxi, Porites . ... 3, 29, 80, 82 v Windham, Steven R...... · ... . 2 Vaarsen Baai (Curacao) ...... 46 Wise, R. F ...... 2, 29 Valdosta (Georgia) ...... 27 Withlacoochee River ...... 27 Vaughan , Thomas Wayland . . vi , Witte Pan (Bonaire) ...... 46 1-4, 12, 18-43, 48-60 ,62,66, 76, Woodring, Wendell P. 52, 145, 146 141 , 145 Wright, Alexandra, P. . ... 10, 14 Venezuela ...... 46, 136 Vera Cruz (Mexico) ...... 46 Vernon, Robert 0 ... .. 7, 12, 14, y 140, 143, 143 Verrill, Addison Emery 40,41 , 145 yborensis, Favites 15-17,38,39,94 Vicksburgian Stage ...... 18 Yonge , Charles Maurice .. 42, 146 Virginia Key ...... 46 Yucatan Shelf (Mexico) .. 46, 141 Vokes , Emily H ...... 13, 145

w z Wagner Free Institute of Science Zans, V. A ...... 43, 146 50, 57, 136, 139 Zoophytes . . . 135, 136, 138, 140 s s 7, 59 F 63b.b 11 o.5"6