Evaluating the Ability of the Local Food System Around Athens, Ohio to Address Food Insecurity
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Introductory Discussions of Supply and Demand and of the Working of the Price Mechanism Normally Treat Quantities Demanded and S
STRATHCLYDE DISCUSSION PAPERS IN ECONOMICS ‘ECONOMIC GEOMETRY’: MARSHALL’S AND OTHER EARLY REPRESENTATIONS OF DEMAND AND SUPPLY. BY ROY GRIEVE NO. 08-06 DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY OF STRATHCLYDE GLASGOW ‘ECONOMIC GEOMETRY’: MARSHALL’S AND OTHER EARLY REPRESENTATIONS OF DEMAND AND SUPPLY ROY GRIEVE1 ABSTRACT Does an apparent (minor) anomaly, said to occur not infrequently in elementary expositions of supply and demand theory, really imply – as seems to be suggested – that there is something a bit odd about Marshall’s diagrammatic handling of demand and supply? On investigation, we find some interesting differences of focus and exposition amongst the theorists who first developed the ‘geometric’ treatment of demand and supply, but find no reason, despite his differences from other marginalist pioneers such as Cournot, Dupuit and Walras, to consider Marshall’s treatment either as unconventional or forced, or as to regard him as the ‘odd man out’. Introduction In the standard textbooks, introductory discussions of demand and supply normally treat quantities demanded and supplied as functions of price (rather than vice versa), and complement that discussion with diagrams in the standard format, showing price on the vertical axis and quantities demanded and supplied on the horizontal axis. No references need be cited. Usually this presentation is accepted without comment, but it can happen that a more numerate student observes that something of an anomaly appears to exist – in that the diagrams show price, which, 1 Roy’s thanks go to Darryl Holden who raised the question about Marshall's diagrams, and for his subsequent advice, and to Eric Rahim, as always, for valuable comment. -
Food Security and Food Sovereignty: Getting Past the Binary”, Dialogues in Human Geography 4 (2): 206-211
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2043820614537159, The final, definitive version of this paper has been published in Dialogues in Human Geography, 4(2), June 2014 published by SAGE Publishing, All rights reserved. Accepted version of article published in Dialogues in Human Geography: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/2043820614537159 Full reference: Clapp, Jennifer. 2015. “Food Security and Food Sovereignty: Getting Past the Binary”, Dialogues in Human Geography 4 (2): 206-211. Food Security and Food Sovereignty: Getting Past the Binary Jennifer Clapp1 It has become fashionable among some critical food studies scholars to counterpose food sovereignty to food security. Those taking this approach have associated all that they find unpalatable about the current mainstream, dominant industrial food system with the concept of food security, while presenting food sovereignty as a friendlier alternative. Lucy Jarosz’s article highlights this binary and while she suggests that the two concepts are not in fact solely oppositional, she suggests that tensions between them concepts are not likely to dissipate anytime soon. This short commentary seeks to delve deeper into the points of tension between food security and food sovereignty that Jarosz raises. I argue that the oppositional frame within the literature is problematic in several ways. First, in assessing food security, critics have inserted a rival normative agenda into a concept that is in fact much more open-ended. Second, proponents of food sovereignty make questionable claims in articulating the normative agenda that they attach to food security. Given these problems, the juxtaposition of food security and food sovereignty as competing concepts is more confusing than helpful. -
Supply and Demand Is Not a Neoclassical Concern
Munich Personal RePEc Archive Supply and Demand Is Not a Neoclassical Concern Lima, Gerson P. Macroambiente 3 March 2015 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/63135/ MPRA Paper No. 63135, posted 21 Mar 2015 13:54 UTC Supply and Demand Is Not a Neoclassical Concern Gerson P. Lima1 The present treatise is an attempt to present a modern version of old doctrines with the aid of the new work, and with reference to the new problems, of our own age (Marshall, 1890, Preface to the First Edition). 1. Introduction Many people are convinced that the contemporaneous mainstream economics is not qualified to explaining what is going on, to tame financial markets, to avoid crises and to provide a concrete solution to the poor and deteriorating situation of a large portion of the world population. Many economists, students, newspapers and informed people are asking for and expecting a new economics, a real world economic science. “The Keynes- inspired building-blocks are there. But it is admittedly a long way to go before the whole construction is in place. But the sooner we are intellectually honest and ready to admit that modern neoclassical macroeconomics and its microfoundationalist programme has come to way’s end – the sooner we can redirect our aspirations to more fruitful endeavours” (Syll, 2014, p. 28). Accordingly, this paper demonstrates that current mainstream monetarist economics cannot be science and proposes new approaches to economic theory and econometric method that after replication and enhancement may be a starting point for the creation of the real world economic theory. -
Working Paper 19-17: WTO'ing a Resolution to the China Subsidy
WORKING PAPER 19-17 WTO’ing a Resolution to the China Subsidy Problem Chad P. Bown and Jennifer A. Hillman October 2019 Abstract The United States, European Union, and Japan have begun a trilateral process to confront the Chinese economic model, including its use of industrial subsidies and deployment of state-owned enterprises. This paper seeks to identify the main areas of tension and to assess the legal-economic challenges to constructing new rules to address the underlying conflict. It begins by providing a brief history of subsidy disciplines in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) predating any concerns introduced by China. It then describes contemporary economic problems with China’s approach to subsidies, their impact, and the apparent ineffectiveness of the WTO’s Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (ASCM) to address them. Finally, it calls for increased efforts to measure and pinpoint the source of the problems—in a manner analogous to how the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) took on agricultural subsidies in the 1980s—before providing a legal-economic assessment of proposals for reforms to notifications, evidence, remedies, enforcement, and the definition of a subsidy. JEL Code: F13 Keywords: WTO, subsidy, state-owned enterprise, dispute settlement Chad P. Bown is the Reginald Jones Senior Fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics and Jennifer A. Hillman is senior fellow for trade and international political economy at the Council on Foreign Relations. Authors’ Note: A revised version of this paper is forthcoming in the Journal of International Economic Law. -
Climate Change and Food Sovereignty in Nunavut
land Article Being on Land and Sea in Troubled Times: Climate Change and Food Sovereignty in Nunavut Bindu Panikkar 1,* and Benjamin Lemmond 2 1 Environmental Studies Program and the Rubenstein School of the Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, 81 Carrigan Dr., Burlington, VT 05405, USA 2 Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; blemmond@ufl.edu * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 7 November 2020; Accepted: 7 December 2020; Published: 10 December 2020 Abstract: Climate change driven food insecurity has emerged as a topic of special concern in the Canadian Arctic. Inuit communities in this region rely heavily on subsistence; however, access to traditional food sources may have been compromised due to climate change. Drawing from a total of 25 interviews among Inuit elders and experienced hunters from Cambridge Bay and Kugluktuk in Nunavut, Canada, this research examines how climate change is impacting food sovereignty and health. Our results show that reports of food insecurity were more pronounced in Kugluktuk than Cambridge Bay. Participants in Kugluktuk consistently noted declining availability of preferred fish and game species (e.g., caribou, Arctic char), a decline in participation of sharing networks, and overall increased difficulty accessing traditional foods. Respondents in both communities presented a consistent picture of climate change compounding existing socio-economic (e.g., poverty, disconnect between elders and youth) and health stressors affecting multiple aspects of food sovereignty. This article presents a situated understanding of how climate change as well as other sociocultural factors are eroding food sovereignty at the community-scale in the Arctic. -
Towards Re-Localised and Resilient Food Systems: Challenges and Opportunities in Europe
Towards re-localised and resilient food systems: challenges and opportunities in Europe Michel Pimbert Centre for Agroecology and Food Security, Coventry University UK Local food initiatives growing in Europe • Local Food Systems - production, processing, trade and consumption of food occur in a defined reduced geographical area • Short Food Supply Chain - the number of intermediaries is minimised, the ideal being a direct contact between the producer and the consumer. Study of 84 different SFSCs in Europe (Kneafsey et al, 2013) • CSA and AMAPs • Sell mainly to local • farm shops, pick-your- and /or regional own schemes… markets • farmers' markets, shops • Products traded: fresh owned by farmers, fruit and vegetables, farm-based delivery animal products (meat, schemes, or through dairy), beverages one single trade • Urban-driven schemes intermediary have grown rapidly in • Farmer link with public recent years in procurement scheme comparison with rural SFSCs Social impacts Economic impacts • SFSCs and LFS favor • Benefits for rural the closer connection development and between farmers and economic regeneration consumers • LFS and SFSC - higher • Development of trust multiplier effect on local and social bonds - a economies than long sense of community chains, with impacts and of 'living-together’ also on maintaining local • Behavioral changes: employment, particularly eating habits with public in rural areas health effect (reduced • A higher share of value obesity) added is retained locally by producers Environmental impacts • Local: reduced GHG emissions associated with transportation • Seasonal: Reduced GHG emissions involved in storage • Ecological production methods: reduced GHG involved in production; reduced pesticide use, reduced soil and water pollution, enhanced biodiversity, minimum processing (reduces GHG in processing & storage) Towards re-localised food systems and circular economy models • Appropriate scale and technology e.g. -
FACTORS of SUPPLY & DEMAND Price Quantity Supplied
FACTORS OF SUPPLY & DEMAND Imagine that a student signed up for a video streaming subscription, a service that costs $9.00 a month to enjoy binge- worthy television and movies at any time of day. A few months into her subscription, she receives a notification that the monthly price will be increasing to $12.00 a month, which is over a 30 percent price increase! The student can either continue with her subscription at the higher price of $12.00 per month or cancel the subscription and use the $12.00 elsewhere. What should the student do? Perhaps she’s willing to pay $12.00 or more in order to access and enjoy the shows and movies that the streaming service provides, but will all other customers react in the same way? It is likely that some customers of the streaming service will cancel their subscription as a result of the increased price, while others are able and willing to pay the higher rate. The relationship between the price of goods or services and the quantity of goods or services purchased is the focus of today’s module. This module will explore the market forces that influence the price of raw, agricultural commodities. To understand what influences the price of commodities, it’s essential to understand a foundational principle of economics, the law of supply and demand. Understand the law of supply and demand. Supply is the quantity of a product that a seller is willing to sell at a given price. The law of supply states that, all else equal, an increase in price results in an increase in the quantity supplied. -
Macroeconomics: an Introduction the Demand for Money
Lecture Notes for Chapter 7 of Macroeconomics: An Introduction The Demand for Money Copyright © 1999-2008 by Charles R. Nelson 2/19/08 In this chapter we will discuss - What does ‘demand for money’ mean? Why do we need to know about it? What is the price of money? How the supply and demand for money determine the interest rate. The Fed controls the supply of money, so the Fed can control the interest rate. Why Study the Demand for Money? Fed controls the supply of money through open market operations. The demand for money depends on the interest rate. Interest rate is a price, and it adjusts to balance the supply and demand for money. That means the Fed can control interest rates by changing the supply of money. 1 Why are interest rates important? Low interest rates stimulate spending on - plant and equipment - and consumer durables. High interest rates discourage spending, - affect GDP and employment, - finally, prices and wages too. Control over interest rates gives the Fed a lever to move the economy. What is the Demand for Money? How much money would you like to have? - One billion? - Two? That can’t be it. Instead ‘How much money (currency and bank deposits) do you wish to hold, given your total wealth.’ Puzzle - Why hold any money at all? It pays no interest. It loses purchasing power to inflation. 2 Motives for holding money: 1. To settle transactions. - Money is the medium of exchange. 2. As a precautionary store of liquidity. - Money is the most liquid of all assets. -
The 4 Economic Systems What Is an Economic System?
The 4 Economic Systems What is an Economic System? Economics is the study of how people make decisions given the resources that are provided to them Economics is all about CHOICES, both individual and group choices. We must make choices to provide for our needs and wants. The choices each society or nation selects leads to the creation of their type of economy. 3 Basic Questions Each economic system tries to answer the three basic questions: What should be produced? How it should be produced? For whom should it be produced? How they answer these questions determines the kind of system they have. Four Types of Systems There are four main types of economic systems. The Traditional Economic System The Command Economic System The Market Economic System The Mixed Economic System Each system has its strengths and weaknesses. Traditional Economy In a traditional economy, the customs and habits of the past are used to decide what and how goods will be produced, distributed, and consumed. Each member of society knows from early on what their role in the larger group will be. Jobs are passed down from generation to generation so there is little change in jobs over the generations. In a traditional economy, people are depended upon to fulfill their jobs. If someone fails to do their part, the system can break down. Farming, hunting, and herding are part of a traditional economy. Traditional economies can be found in different indigenous groups. In addition, traditional economies bartering is used for trade. Bartering is trading without money. For example, if an individual has a good and he trades it with another individual for a different good. -
A Guide to Serving Local Food on Your Menu1
A GUIDE TO SERVING LOCAL FOOD ON YOUR MENU Quick Tips to Serving Local Food on Your Menu: 1. Start small—during the growing season, replace foods that you already serve with the same product from local farmers. 2. Learn about local agriculture—visit farmers markets, call your Cooperative Extension office, and find out what organizations work with farmers in your area. See the Resources section of this Guide for suggestions on how to find farmers near you. 3. Visit each other—tour farms and invite farmers to your facility to gain better insight into how you can work together. 4. Work through your existing distributors—ask if they offer any local products and encourage them to do so or to do more. 5. Be patient—buying local can be rewarding yet challenging, so be flexible and set realistic expectations and goals. 6. Advertise—let your customers know what your are doing by labeling foods that come from local farms and tell stories about the products and their producers. A Guide to Serving Local Food on Your Menu1 INTRODUCTION The demand for fresh, local food has been growing rapidly in recent years, spurred by celebrity chefs, farmers’ markets, Buy Fresh, Buy Local campaigns, and other initiatives. Institutions of various kinds have begun to respond to this demand. In one well known example, the media attention received by the local foods project begun in one dining hall at Yale University has made other schools aware that serving fresh, local food can give them a competitive edge when recruiting students. As a result, many colleges and universities across the country have begun to feature their use of local foods. -
Sustainability for Food Consumers: Which Perception?
sustainability Article Sustainability for Food Consumers: Which Perception? Cristiana Peano 1 , Valentina Maria Merlino 1,* , Francesco Sottile 2 , Danielle Borra 1 and Stefano Massaglia 1 1 Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali e Alimentari, Univerity of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; [email protected] (C.P.); [email protected] (D.B.); [email protected] (S.M.) 2 Dipartimento di Architettura, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 14, 90128 Palermo, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 23 August 2019; Accepted: 19 October 2019; Published: 25 October 2019 Abstract: A sustainable future for the community is one of the objectives established by the European Union Agenda 2030. Furthermore, sustainable consumption has been identified as one of the possible trajectories for sustainable development. It is for this reason that food production, distribution and consumption ways cannot be overlooked for sustainability achievement, as well as the consumer’s related perception. In this research the Best–Worst scaling methodology was adopted to explore the priorities declared by a sample of 801 consumers among 12 different sustainability definitions selected from the scientific literature. The choice experiment was carried out through face-to-face interviews during two food and wine events closely related to the sustainability theme in the food sector. The respondents considered as sustainability priority definition the “preservation of natural resources”, followed by “decent working conditions” and “accessibility for everyone to healthy and safe food”. Moreover, 5 consumer’s clusters were identified according to the priorities assigned to the different sustainability definitions, as well as to individuals socio-demographic characteristics. -
Local and International Examples of How Sustainable Communities Can and Do Work
Environment 24 Local and international examples of how sustainable communities can and do work Morag Gamble SEED International Email: [email protected] www.SEEDinternational.com.au What is a sustainable neighbourhood? What does it look like? What are it’s features? How are local communities around the world making it a reality? INTRODUCTION For the first time in human history, more than half of the global population live in urban environments. To sustain urban habitats and their inhabitants, we must plan, design and think of cities as ecological systems, create healthy urban metabolisms and reconsider the relationship between cities and their hinterland. Climate change, peaking oil supplies, increasing levels of pollution, scarcity of fresh water, biodiversity loss, toxic food scares, and escalating violence are just some of the reasons why new patterns of urban living need to be developed. There is a great potential in urban areas to produce more, waste less and contribute to the ecological balance (restoration of the urban metabolism). Cities can become cyclers instead of sinks. The settlements we live in affect the choices we make and the way we live, as well as the level of impact we have on the planet's finite resources. A radical shift is required in the current approach to the design of human settlements and the food systems that feed the populations. WHAT IS A SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY? “Sustainable communities live in social, cultural and physical environments in which needs and aspirations can be satisfied without diminishing the chances of future generations. A sustainable human community is designed in such a way that its ways of life, businesses, economy, physical structures, and technologies do not interfere with nature’s inherent ability to sustain life.