CHAPTER 9 550–30 BC I]Z

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SECTION 2: Sparta and Athens ...... 266 Ma^;b`B]^Z Ma^mphfhlmihp^k_ne\bmr&lmZm^lbg@k^^\^%LiZkmZZg] :ma^gl%aZ]o^kr]b__^k^gm\nemnk^lZg][^\Zf^[bmm^k^g^fb^lbgma^-))l ;<'

SECTION 3: Alexander the Great ...... 272 Ma^;b`B]^Z :e^qZg]^kma^@k^Zm[nbemZan`^^fibk^Zg]a^ei^]lik^Z] @k^^d\nemnk^bgmh>`rimZg]:lbZ'

SECTION 4: Greek Achievements ...... 277 Ma^;b`B]^Z :g\b^gm@k^^dlfZ]^eZlmbg`\hgmkb[nmbhglbgma^Zkml% iabehlhiar%Zg]l\b^g\^'

c. 550 BC Cyrus the FOCUS ON WRITING Great founds CHAPTER the Persian A Poem Ancient Greek poets often wrote poems in praise of great Empire. leaders, victorious military commanders, star athletes, and other famous EVENTS people. As you read this chapter, you will learn about the accomplishments ..);< of Greek and Persian kings, generals, writers, thinkers, and scientists. As WORLD c. 551 BC you read, you’ll choose the one person you most admire and write a five-line EVENTS Confucius poem praising that person. is born in China.

256 CHAPTER 9

6-8_SNLAESE485805_C09O.indd 256 5/11/10 7:36:31 AM The ruins shown in this photo are from the Parthenon, a beautiful temple built to celebrate a Greek victory in war.

Peter on the Parthenon

431 BC 334–323 BC 30 BC The Alexander the Rome conquers Peloponnesian Great builds his Egypt, ending the War begins. empire. Hellenistic Age. -.);< ,.);< +.);< *.);< .);< 343 BC c. 325 BC c. 160 BC The last Egyptian The Mauryan The Maccabees ruler of Egypt is Empire is regain Jewish overthrown. founded in independence. India.

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;dXjhdcGZVY^c\ Comparing and contrasting are good ways to learn. That’s one reason historians use comparison and contrast to explain people and events in history.

Understanding Comparison and Contrast To compare is to look for likenesses, or similarities. To contrast is to look for differences. Sometimes writers point out similarities and differences. Other times you have to look for them yourself. You can use a diagram like this one to keep track of similarities and differences as you read.

Greek Cities Clues for Comparison-Contrast Writers sometimes signal com- Athens Sparta parisons or contrasts with words like these: Differences Differences Comparison—similarly, like, in s$EMOCRATIC Similarities s2ULEDBYKINGS the same way, too GOVERNMENT ANDOFlCIALS s'REEKLANGUAGE Contrast—however, unlike, but, s%MPHASISON ANDRELIGION s%MPHASISONLYON while, although, in contrast MANYSUBJECTS PHYSICALEDUCATION INEDUCATION s-ORERIGHTSFOR MENTHANFOR s+NOWNFORITS s+NOWNASTHE WOMEN POWERFULAND HOMEOFARTISTS WRIT DISCIPLINEDARMY ERS ANDPHILOSOPHERS

258 CHAPTER CHAPTER 9 16

6-8_SNLAESE485805_C09RS.indd 258 5/5/10 4:20:18 PM @ZnIZgbh VcYEZdeaZ NdjIgn>i Chapter 9 Section 1 The following passage is from the chapter you are getting ready to Cyrus the Great (p. 261) read. As you read the passage, look for word clues about similarities cavalry (p. 262) and differences. Darius I (p. 262) Persian Wars (p. 263) 7dnhVcYBZc^c6i]Zch Xerxes I (p. 264) From a young age, Athenian boys from rich Section 2 families worked to improve both their bodies alliance (p. 270) and their minds. Like Spartan boys, Athenian Peloponnesian War (p. 271) boys had to learn to run, jump, and fi ght. Section 3 But this training was not as harsh or as long Philip II (p. 272) as the training in Sparta. phalanx (p. 273) Unlike Spartan men, Athenian men Alexander the Great (p. 274) didn’t have to devote their whole lives to the Hellenistic (p. 275) army. All men in Athens joined the army, but only for two years. They helped defend Section 4 the city between the ages of 18 and 20. Older Socrates (p. 281) men only had to serve in the army in times Plato (p. 281) Aristotle of war. (p. 281) reason (p. 281) Euclid (p. 282) Hippocrates (p. 282) After you read the passage, answer the following questions. Academic Vocabulary 1. What does the word like (line 3 of the passage) compare or contrast? Success in school is related to 2. Which boys had harsher training, Athenian boys or Spartan boys? knowing academic vocabulary— the words that are frequently used What comparison or contrast signal word helped you answer this in school assignments and discus- question? sions. In this chapter, you will learn the following academic word: 3. What other comparison or contrast words do you fi nd in the pas- strategy (p. 262) sage? How do these words or phrases help you understand the passage?

4. How are the similarities and differences organized in the pas- As you read Chapter 9, think about the sage—alternating back and forth between topics (ABAB) or fi rst organization of the ideas. Look for com- one topic and then the next (AABB)? parison and contrast signal words.

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* Greece and AXA RT !RAL ES 2 A I $ARY 1 3EA V R "LACK E Y 3E R 3 A # #A UC A '2%%#% AS S Persia US P - I ,9$)! TS A  N !THENS 3ARDIS 3 ( . E 3 A 5 !3)! + What You Will Learn… 7 $5 If YOU were there... -)./2 ). % ( RhnÍk^Z`k^ZmfbebmZkre^Z]^kZg]ma^kne^kh_Z`k^Zm^fibk^' 3 - Main Ideas E %U D PH

I 4 TE RA : R T I A %CBATANA 1. Persia became an empire Rhn\hgmkhe^o^krmabg`bgma^gZmbhglrhnÍo^\hgjn^k^]'Hg^h_ RA E G GR N S R O E 2 I S 0LATEAU

AN  S - 3 under Cyrus the Great. EA T S OF)RAN rhnkZ]obl^klnk`^lrhnmh_hk\^\hgjn^k^]i^hie^mh`bo^nima^bk 2  The Persian Empire grew  2. *ERUSALEM R E stronger under Darius I. \nlmhfl'A^mabgdlma^rlahne]Z]himrhnkpZrh_eb_^';nmZghma^k -%3/0/4!-)! 3USA IV -EMPHIS 2 S 3. The Persians fought Greece 0ASARGADAE U Z]obl^k]blZ`k^^l'E^mma^fd^^ima^bkhpgpZrl%la^lZrl%Zg] D %'904 N ) twice in the Persian Wars. . 0 0ERSEPOLIS I L E E R rhnÍee^Zkgma^bkehrZemr' S 0%23)! 2 !2!")!. IA IV 2ED3EA N E ' R 0%.).35,! ULF The Big Idea Whose advice do you take? Why? Over time the Persians came !RABIAN3EA to rule a great empire which eventually brought them into conflict with the Greeks. ;NBE=BG@;:Xerxes I, p. 264 EZgh^V7ZXdbZhVc:be^gZ While the Athenians were taking the fi rst steps toward creating a democracy, a new power was rising in the East. This power, Use the graphic organizer online to take notes on Persia and its the Persian Empire, would one day attack Greece. But early in conflicts with Greece. their history, the Persians were an unorganized nomadic people. It took the skills of leaders like Cyrus the Great and Darius I to change that situation. Under these leaders, the Persians created a huge empire, one of the mightiest of the ancient world.

8ngjhi]ZMedes (MEEDZ) and were ruled by them for 'ROWTHOFTHE0ERSIAN%MPIRE about 150 years. In 550 BC, however, Cyrus II (SY-ruhs) led a !002/6%$  Persian revolt against the Medes. His revolt was successful. Cyrus won independence for Persia and conquered the Medes. His victory marked the beginning of the Persian Empire.

260

6-8_SNLAESE485805_C09S1.indd 260 5/11/10 12:44:59 PM The Persian Empire

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Identify: Why do historians call As you can see on the map, Cyrus con- Cyrus let the people he conquered keep Cyrus of Persia quered much of Southwest Asia, including their own customs. He hoped this would “Great”? nearly all of Asia Minor, during his rule. make them less likely to rebel. He was Included in this region were several Greek right. Few people rebelled against Cyrus, cities that Cyrus took over. He then marched and his empire remained strong. Because south to conquer Mesopotamia. of his great successes, historians call him (277ORLD(ISTORY WHAS?CMAPAA(277ORLD(ISTORY Cyrus also added land to the east. He 8ngjhi]Z

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6-8_SNLAESE485805_C09S1.indd 261 5/11/10 9:21:35 AM Persia Under Darius

Sitting on a throne, the emperor Darius meets with an officer of his empire. Darius restored order to the Persian Empire and then expanded it. His army included royal guards like the two shown here. Why do you think Darius appears larger than the official he is meeting with?

At the heart of the Persian army were Within four years a young prince named the Immortals, 10,000 soldiers chosen 9Vg^jh > (da-RY-uhs) claimed the throne for their bravery and skill. In addition to and killed all his rivals for power. Once he the Immortals, the army had a powerful was securely in control, Darius worked to cavalry. A XVkVagn is a unit of soldiers who restore order in Persia. He also improved ride horses. Cyrus used his cavalry to charge Persian society and expanded the empire.  Å the enemy and shoot at them with arrows. 
  This strategy weakened the enemy before Eda^i^XVaDg\Vc^oVi^dc strategy a plan for fighting the Immortals attacked. Working together, Darius organized the empire by dividing Recall: a battle or war the cavalry and the Immortals could defeat it into 20 provinces. Then he chose gov- How did Darius I organize the almost any foe. ernors called satraps (SAY-traps) to rule the Persian Empire provinces for him. The satraps collected politically?  Å Finding Main Ideas taxes for Darius, served as judges, and put Who created the Persian Empire? down rebellions within their territories. Satraps had great power within their prov- I]ZEZgh^Vc:be^gZ inces, but Darius remained the empire’s real ruler. His offi cials visited each prov-

262 CHAPTER 9

6-8_SNLAESE485805_C09S1.indd 262 5/4/10 8:39:20 AM Evaluate: What is your opinion about Darius’s use of satraps and his system of roads and messengers as ways to govern his empire?

Darius had roads built to connect various I]ZEZgh^Vch;^\]iPersepolis. Darius Identify: wanted his capital to refl ect the glory of his sailed to the plains of Marathon near What was the name This invasion began a series of wars of the place near empire, so he fi lled the city with beautiful Athens. between Persia and Greece that historians Athens where the works of art. For example, 3,000 carvings Persian Wars began? call the . like the ones on the previous page line the EZgh^VcLVgh The Athenian army had only about city’s walls. Statues throughout the city glit- 11,000 soldiers, while the Persians had tered with gold, silver, and precious jewels. about 15,000. However, the During Darius’s rule a new religion Greeks won the battle because arose in the Persian Empire as well. This they had better weapons religion, which was called Zoroastrianism and clever leaders. (zawr-uh-WAS-tree-uh-nih-zuhm), taught that there were two forces fi ghting for con- trol of the universe. One force was good, and the other was evil. Its priests urged people to help the side of good in its strug- gle. This religion remained popular in Per- The Persian Wars sia for many centuries. This Greek vase shows a Persian soldier (at left) and a Greek EZgh^Vc:meVch^dc soldier in a fight to the death. During Like Cyrus, Darius wanted the Persian the Persian Wars, Empire to grow. In the east, he conquered the Greeks fiercely the entire Indus Valley. He also tried to defended their homeland against expand the empire westward into Europe. massive invasions However, before Darius could move very by the Persians. far into Europe, he had to deal with a revolt With what kinds of in the empire. weapons are the two soldiers fighting?

 Å Summarizing How did Darius I change Persia’s political organization?

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6-8_SNLAESE485805_C09S1.indd 263 5/4/10 8:43:33 AM The Persian Wars

Persian Empire ByzantiumByzanRebellioustium Greek city-states Greek city-states allied against the Persians Neutral and pro-Persian city-states VIDEO Greek Persian victory victory The Battle Wreck of of Marathon Darius’s Darius’s fleet Fleet Xerxes’s army Xerxes’s fleet Aegean 0 50 100 Miles Sea Thermopylae 0 50 100 Kilometers

Sardis Plataea Marathona IONIAIONIA Athens ASIA Salamis MINOR N Peloponnesus

W E

S Sparta

    Å  Å  1 . L o c a t i o n Where in Greece were most of the allies Rhodes against the Persians located? MediterraneanM e d i t e r r a n e a n SSeae a 2 . M o v e m e n t About how far did Xerxes’s army have to march to reach Thermoplyae?

MA>BFI:marathons. ground and died. (thuhr-MAH-puh-lee), a narrow mountain the first pass. The Persians had to cross through this Identify: I]ZHZXdcY>ckVh^dcd[ (ZUHRK-seez) tried to army. Then the Persians asked a traitorous battle in conquer Greece again. In 480 BC the Per- Greek soldier to lead them through anoth- Persia’s sian army set out for Greece. This time they er pass. A large Persian force attacked the invasion of Greece? were joined by the Persian navy. Spartans from behind. Surrounded, the The Greeks prepared to defend their brave Spartans and their allies fought to homeland. This time Sparta, a powerful city- their deaths. After winning the battle, the state in southern Greece, joined with Ath- Persians swept into Athens, attacking and ens. The Spartans had the strongest army burning the city.

264 CHAPTER 9 PlataeansP t For the Persians, this defeat was humil- PPersians iating, but it was not a major blow. Their ANIMATED empire remained strong for more than HISTORY The Persian a century after the war. For the Greeks, ByzantiumByzantium AtheniansAth Wars, Persian 490–479 BC retreat though, the defeat of the Persians was a triumph. They had saved their homeland. Bay of MMarshr h Marathon  Å Analyzing Why did Darius WreckWreck of of Darius’sDarius’s and Xerxes want to conquer Greece? FleetFleet Marathon At Marathon, the Greeks defeated a larger Persian AegeanAegean force by luring the Persians into the middle of their forces. The Athenians then surrounded and SeaSea NFF:KRL :G= IK>OB>P Athens and ThermopylaeThermopylae defeated the Persians. Sparta fought together against Persia.

SardisSardis Bay of Eleusis Battle of Marathon Their friendship didn’t last long, though. PlataeaPlataea WH06AS-C10MAP007b In the next section, you will learn what MarathonMarathona a Middle School – World History IONIAIONIAIONIAIONIA AthensAthens ASIAASIA happened when they became enemies. SalamisSalamis GGreeksr k MapQuest.com/HRW MINORMINOR FINAL(2)– 9/22/04 N N PeloponnesusPeloponnesus PPersians SSalamis W W E E

S S SpartaSparta Section 1 Assessment ONLINE QUIZ

Saronic Gulf Reviewing Ideas, Terms, and People 1. a. Describe Describe the empire of Cyrus the Great. RhodesRhodes b. Make Generalizations Why did peoples conquered by Salamis MediterraneanMediterranean Sea Seaa Cyrus the Great seldom rebel? At Salamis, the Greeks destroyed the Persian navy 2. a. Identify How did Darius I change Persia’s political by attacking in a narrow strait where the Persian ships could not maneuver well. organization? b. Make Generalizations How did Persia’s roads help improve the empire’s organization? Battle of Salamis 3. a. Explain Why did Persia want to invade Greece? Although the PersiansWH06AS-C10MAP007d won the battle b. Predict How might the Persian Wars have ended if the in the pass, Middle the Greeks School quickly – World regained History Spartans had not slowed the Persians at Thermopylae? the upper hand. A fewMapQuest.com/HRW days after Athens FINAL – 8/24/04 Critical Thinking Identify: was burned, the Athenians defeated the 4. Categorizing Review your notes on major events. Using a What was the Persian navy through a clever plan. They chart like the one below, list the battles you have identifi ed name of the led the larger Persian navy into the narrow second battle in the fi rst column. In the other columns identify who fought, in Persia’s straits of Salamis (SAH-luh-muhs). The Per- who won, and what happened as a result of each battle. invasion of sians had so many ships that they couldn’t Battle Armies Winner Result Greece? steer well in the narrow strait. As a result, HRWHRW World World History History wh06as_c10map007aawh06as_c10map007aa the smaller Athenian boats easily sank TheThe Persian Persian Wars, Wars, c. 500-479 c. 500-479 BC BC many Persian ships. Those ships that were APPROVED(3)APPROVED(3) 10/28/04 10/28/04 not destroyed soon returned home. FOCUS ON WRITING Soon after the Battle of Salamis, an 5. Taking Notes on Persian Leaders Draw a table with Identify: army of soldiers from all over Greece beat three columns. In the fi rst column, write the names of What was the the Persians at Plataea (pluh-TEE-uh). This name of the each leader mentioned in this section. In the second third battle in battle ended the Persian Wars. Defeated, column, list each person’s military accomplishments. Persia’s the Persians left Greece. In the third column, list any other accomplishments. invasion of Greece?

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