CHAPTER 9 550–30 BC I]Z<gZZ` LdgaY >ll^gmbZeJn^lmbhg PaZmZ]oZg\^l]b]ma^@k^^dl fZd^maZmlmbeebg_en^g\^ma^phke]mh]Zr8 What You Will Learn... Bgmabl\aZim^krhnpbeee^ZkgmaZmma^Zg\b^gm@k^^dl p^k^[hma_b^k\^_b`am^klZg]`k^Zm[nbe]^klpahe^_m [^abg]Zkb\ae^`Z\rh_ZkmZg]mahn`am' SECTION 1: Greece and Persia . 260 Ma^;b`B]^Z Ho^kmbf^ma^I^klbZgl\Zf^mhkne^Z`k^Zm^fibk^pab\a ^o^gmnZeer[khn`amma^fbgmh\hg_eb\mpbmama^@k^^dl' SECTION 2: Sparta and Athens . 266 Ma^;b`B]^Z Ma^mphfhlmihp^k_ne\bmr&lmZm^lbg@k^^\^%LiZkmZZg] :ma^gl%aZ]o^kr]b__^k^gm\nemnk^lZg][^\Zf^[bmm^k^g^fb^lbgma^-))l ;<' SECTION 3: Alexander the Great . 272 Ma^;b`B]^Z :e^qZg]^kma^@k^Zm[nbemZan`^^fibk^Zg]a^ei^]lik^Z] @k^^d\nemnk^bgmh>`rimZg]:lbZ' SECTION 4: Greek Achievements . 277 Ma^;b`B]^Z :g\b^gm@k^^dlfZ]^eZlmbg`\hgmkb[nmbhglbgma^Zkml% iabehlhiar%Zg]l\b^g\^' c. 550 BC Cyrus the FOCUS ON WRITING Great founds CHAPTER the Persian A Poem Ancient Greek poets often wrote poems in praise of great Empire. leaders, victorious military commanders, star athletes, and other famous EVENTS people. As you read this chapter, you will learn about the accomplishments ..);< of Greek and Persian kings, generals, writers, thinkers, and scientists. As WORLD c. 551 BC you read, you’ll choose the one person you most admire and write a five-line EVENTS Confucius poem praising that person. is born in China. 256 CHAPTER 9 6-8_SNLAESE485805_C09O.indd 256 5/11/10 7:36:31 AM The ruins shown in this photo are from the Parthenon, a beautiful temple built to celebrate a Greek victory in war. Peter on the Parthenon 431 BC 334–323 BC 30 BC The Alexander the Rome conquers Peloponnesian Great builds his Egypt, ending the War begins. empire. Hellenistic Age. -.);< ,.);< +.);< *.);< .);< 343 BC c. 325 BC c. 160 BC The last Egyptian The Mauryan The Maccabees ruler of Egypt is Empire is regain Jewish overthrown. founded in independence. India. THE GREEK WORLD 257 6-8_SNLAESE485805_C09O.indd 257 5/19/10 8:17:29 PM GZVY^c\HdX^VaHijY^Zh HX^ZcXZVcY :Xdcdb^Xh <Zd\gVe]n GZa^\^dc Eda^i^Xh HdX^Zin IZX]cdad\n VcY8jaijgZ ;dXjhdcI]ZbZh Bgmabl\aZim^k%rhnpbee ]bl\ho^kahp%^o^gmahn`aZghma^kbgoZ]^k e^ZkgZ[hnmI^klbZÍlZmm^fimmhmZd^ho^k@k^^\^' \hgjn^k^]@k^^\^%@k^^dbg×n^g\^\hgmbgn^]mh RhnpbeeZelhk^Z]Z[hnmmph`k^Zm@k^^d\bmb^l% lik^Z]'PbmahnmZ]hn[m%rhng^^]mhng]^klmZg] LiZkmZZg]:ma^gl%Zg]ahpma^r[hmaphkd^]mh ma^eda^i^Xhh_ma^mbf^bghk]^kmhng]^klmZg]ma^ ikhm^\m@k^^\^_khfmablbgoZ]^k'?bgZeer%rhnpbee @k^^dphke]Zg]bmlhdX^ZinVcYXjaijgZ' 8dbeVg^c\VcY8dcigVhi^c\=^hidg^XVa;VXih ;dXjhdcGZVY^c\ Comparing and contrasting are good ways to learn. That’s one reason historians use comparison and contrast to explain people and events in history. Understanding Comparison and Contrast To compare is to look for likenesses, or similarities. To contrast is to look for differences. Sometimes writers point out similarities and differences. Other times you have to look for them yourself. You can use a diagram like this one to keep track of similarities and differences as you read. Greek Cities Clues for Comparison-Contrast Writers sometimes signal com- Athens Sparta parisons or contrasts with words like these: Differences Differences Comparison—similarly, like, in s$EMOCRATIC Similarities s2ULEDBYKINGS the same way, too GOVERNMENT ANDOFlCIALS s'REEKLANGUAGE Contrast—however, unlike, but, s%MPHASISON ANDRELIGION s%MPHASISONLYON while, although, in contrast MANYSUBJECTS PHYSICALEDUCATION INEDUCATION s-ORERIGHTSFOR MENTHANFOR s+NOWNFORITS s+NOWNASTHE WOMEN POWERFULAND HOMEOFARTISTS WRIT DISCIPLINEDARMY ERS ANDPHILOSOPHERS 258 CHAPTERCHAPTER 9 16 6-8_SNLAESE485805_C09RS.indd 258 5/5/10 4:20:18 PM @ZnIZgbh VcYEZdeaZ NdjIgn>i Chapter 9 Section 1 The following passage is from the chapter you are getting ready to Cyrus the Great (p. 261) read. As you read the passage, look for word clues about similarities cavalry (p. 262) and differences. Darius I (p. 262) Persian Wars (p. 263) 7dnhVcYBZc^c6i]Zch Xerxes I (p. 264) From a young age, Athenian boys from rich Section 2 families worked to improve both their bodies alliance (p. 270) and their minds. Like Spartan boys, Athenian Peloponnesian War (p. 271) boys had to learn to run, jump, and fi ght. Section 3 But this training was not as harsh or as long Philip II (p. 272) as the training in Sparta. phalanx (p. 273) Unlike Spartan men, Athenian men Alexander the Great (p. 274) didn’t have to devote their whole lives to the Hellenistic (p. 275) army. All men in Athens joined the army, but only for two years. They helped defend Section 4 the city between the ages of 18 and 20. Older Socrates (p. 281) men only had to serve in the army in times Plato (p. 281) Aristotle of war. (p. 281) reason (p. 281) Euclid (p. 282) Hippocrates (p. 282) After you read the passage, answer the following questions. Academic Vocabulary 1. What does the word like (line 3 of the passage) compare or contrast? Success in school is related to 2. Which boys had harsher training, Athenian boys or Spartan boys? knowing academic vocabulary— the words that are frequently used What comparison or contrast signal word helped you answer this in school assignments and discus- question? sions. In this chapter, you will learn the following academic word: 3. What other comparison or contrast words do you fi nd in the pas- strategy (p. 262) sage? How do these words or phrases help you understand the passage? 4. How are the similarities and differences organized in the pas- As you read Chapter 9, think about the sage—alternating back and forth between topics (ABAB) or fi rst organization of the ideas. Look for com- one topic and then the next (AABB)? parison and contrast signal words. THE GREEK WORLD 259 6-8_SNLAESE485805_C09RS.indd 259 6/12/10 10:15:39 AM SECTION * Greece and AXA RT !RAL ES 2 A I $ARY 1 3EA V R "LACK E Y 3E R 3 A # #A UC A '2%%#% AS S Persia US P - I ,9$)! TS A N !THENS 3ARDIS 3 ( . E 3 A 5 !3)! + What You Will Learn… 7 $5 If YOU were there... -)./2 ). % ( RhnÍk^Z`k^ZmfbebmZkre^Z]^kZg]ma^kne^kh_Z`k^Zm^fibk^' 3 - Main Ideas E %U D PH I 4 TE RA : R T I A %CBATANA 1. Persia became an empire Rhn\hgmkhe^o^krmabg`bgma^gZmbhglrhnÍo^\hgjn^k^]'Hg^h_ RA E G GR N S R O E 2 I S 0LATEAU AN S - 3 under Cyrus the Great. EA T S OF)RAN rhnkZ]obl^klnk`^lrhnmh_hk\^\hgjn^k^]i^hie^mh`bo^nima^bk 2 The Persian Empire grew 2. *ERUSALEM R E stronger under Darius I. \nlmhfl'A^mabgdlma^rlahne]Z]himrhnkpZrh_eb_^';nmZghma^k -%3/0/4!-)! 3USA IV -EMPHIS 2 S 3. The Persians fought Greece 0ASARGADAE U Z]obl^k]blZ`k^^l'E^mma^fd^^ima^bkhpgpZrl%la^lZrl%Zg] D %'904 N ) twice in the Persian Wars. 0 0ERSEPOLIS I L E E R rhnÍee^Zkgma^bkehrZemr' S 0%23)! 2 !2!")!. IA IV 2ED3EA N E ' R 0%.).35,! ULF The Big Idea Whose advice do you take? Why? Over time the Persians came !RABIAN3EA to rule a great empire which eventually brought them into conflict with the Greeks. ;NBE=BG@;:<D@KHNG= Among the rulers who faced decisions like the one described above were the rulers of the Persian Empire. Key Terms and People Cyrus the Great, p. 261 Created in 550 BC, the empire grew quickly. Within about 30 years, cavalry, p. 262 the Persians had conquered many peoples, and Persian rulers had to Darius I, p. 262 decide how these people would be treated. Persian Wars, p. 263 Xerxes I, p. 264 EZgh^V7ZXdbZhVc:be^gZ While the Athenians were taking the fi rst steps toward creating a democracy, a new power was rising in the East. This power, Use the graphic organizer online to take notes on Persia and its the Persian Empire, would one day attack Greece. But early in conflicts with Greece. their history, the Persians were an unorganized nomadic people. It took the skills of leaders like Cyrus the Great and Darius I to change that situation. Under these leaders, the Persians created a huge empire, one of the mightiest of the ancient world. 8ngjhi]Z<gZVi Early in their history, the Persians often fought other peoples of (277ORLD(ISTORY Southwest Asia. Sometimes they lost. In fact, they lost a fi ght to WHAS?CMAPAA a people called the Medes (MEEDZ) and were ruled by them for 'ROWTHOFTHE0ERSIAN%MPIRE about 150 years. In 550 BC, however, Cyrus II (SY-ruhs) led a !002/6%$ Persian revolt against the Medes. His revolt was successful. Cyrus won independence for Persia and conquered the Medes. His victory marked the beginning of the Persian Empire. 260 6-8_SNLAESE485805_C09S1.indd 260 5/11/10 12:44:59 PM The Persian Empire *AX ART !RAL ES 2 A I $ARY 3EA V R "LACK E Y 3E R 3 A # #A UC A '2%%#% AS S US P - I ,9$)! TS A N !THENS 3ARDIS 3 ( . E 3 A 5 !3)! HRW World History + 7 $5 -)./2 wh06as_c10loc003ba ). % ( 3 - Growth of the Persian Empire Locator E %U D PH I 4 FINAL 8/11/04 TE RA : R T I A %CBATANA RA E G GR N S R O E 2 I S 0LATEAU AN S - 3 EA T OF)RAN 2 S *ERUSALEM R E -%3/0/4!-)! 3USA IV -EMPHIS 2 S 0ASARGADAE U D %'904 N ) .