450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 (Mya)

Silurian Paleogene Neo

Latimeria chalumnae Latimeriidae Protopterus annectens Protopteridae 432.24 Homo sapiens Hominidae 319.32 419.65 Crocodylus siamensis Crocodylidae 253.09 Gallus gallus Phasianidae 348.26 Ichthyophis bannanicus Ichthyophiidae Batrachuperus yenyuanensis Cryptobranchidae 156.14 Andrias davidianus Hynobiidae 297.31 Ascaphus truei Leiopelmatidae 204.25 hochstetteri Ascaphidae 270.72 Alytes obstetricans 114.63 Discoglossus pictus 148.63 Barbourula busuangensis 42.02 Bombina orientalis 219.9 9.54 Bombina fortinuptialis Rhinophrynus dorsalis Rhinophrynidae Pipa parva 165.49 11.51 Pipa pipa 117.67 Xenopus epitropicalis 203.26 43.99 Xenopus kobeli 103.74 Hymenochirus boettgeri 54.11 Pseudhymenochirus merlini Spea intermontana 9.04 Spea multiplicata 42.8 Scaphiopodidae Scaphiopus holbrookii 14.43 191.91 Scaphiopus couchii 137.01 Pelodytes ibericus Pelodytidae 6.52 Pelobatidae 122.18 Pelobates cultripes Brachytarsophrys feae 87.94 25.33 Megophrys nasuta 22.45 Ophryophryne microstoma 16.22 52.18 Xenophrys omeimontis 181.66 Leptolalax alpinus 33.07 Scutiger gongshanensis 18.53 Oreolalax jingdongensis 15.45 Leptobrachium chapaense Heleophryne purcelli Heleophrynidae Calyptocephalella gayi Calyptocephalellidae 100.58 Mixophyes coggeri 76.34 Limnodynastes salmini 141.7 69.75 Crinia signifera 118.28 37.96 Myobatrachus gouldii 24.2 B-C Uperoleia laevigata 128.44 D-E

450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 (Mya)

A 150 100 50 0 (Mya)

Cretaceous Paleogene Neogene

Insuetophrynus acarpicus A 60.75 Rhinodermatidae darwinii Alsodes gargola 19.28 Alsodidae Eupsophus calcaratus 60.65 Hylodes nasus Hylodidae 52.04 Atelognathus reverberii 26.63 Batrachyla taeniata Batrachylidae 71.93 13.11 Batrachyla leptopus Batrachophrynus macrostomus 4.69 Telmatobiidae Telmatobius vellardi Lepidobatrachus laevis 4.52 Lepidobatrachus sp. 19.16 Ceratophryidae Ceratophrys ornata 11.29 67.29 Ceratophrys cornuta Cryptobatrachus boulengeri 43.81 Flectonotus fitzgeraldi 40.7 Hemiphractus bubalus 63.26 35.65 Stefania ginesi 31.58 Gastrotheca weinlandii 17.53 Gastrotheca pseustes Nyctimystes pulcher 9.29 Nyctimystes kubori 61.99 36.19 Pelodryadinae Cyclorana maini 65.63 25.04 Litoria caerulea 47.38 Cruziohyla calcarifer Phyllomedusa hypochondrialis 27.24 11.25 Phyllomedusa tomopterna 24.54 Phyllomedusinae Agalychnis lemur 17.09 58.21 Agalychnis saltator 3.54 Agalychnis callidryas Hyloscirtus lindae 31.18 Hypsiboas fasciatus 24.27 Aplastodiscus perviridis 48.54 Scinax ruber Trachycephalus typhonius 23.52 45.32 Osteocephalus taurinus 64.17 Hylinae 43.14 Pseudis paradoxa 34.48 Dendropsophus parviceps 40.4 Acris crepitans 26.81 Hyla chinensis 17.31 Hyla cinerea 8.6 Hyla arenicolor Allobates femoralis

36.85 Epipedobates tricolor 27.13 Hyloxalus jacobuspetersi 31.32 Dendrobatidae Phyllobates vittatus 22.36 Ranitomeya imitator 17.6 Dendrobates auratus Ceuthomantis smaragdinus Ceuthomantidae Brachycephalus ephippium 35.08 53.92 Ischnocnema guentheri Eleutherodactylus marnockii 33.54 Eleutherodactylus planirostris 50.14 32.14 Eleutherodactylidae Diasporus diastema 26.08 Eleutherodactylus coqui 48.21 63.07 Craugastor augusti 32.47 Craugastor fitzingeri 17.83 Craugastor podiciferus 45.11 Barycholos pulcher 39.22 Pristimantis thymelensis 43.19 Strabomantis sulcatus 10.26 Strabomantidae Strabomantis biporcatus 61.74 40.78 Phrynopus bracki 35.59 Hypodactylus brunneus C B 150 100 50 0 (Mya) 50 0 (Mya)

Cretaceous Paleogene Neogene B Thoropa taophora Cycloramphidae 50.7 Proceratophrys boiei 32.89 Odontophrynidae Odontophrynus occidentalis Pleurodema somuncurensis 57.28 6.01 Pleurodema thaul 38.47 Physalaemus cuvieri 25.31 52.02 Physalaemus pustulosus Lithodytes lineatus 37.46 Leptodactylus albilabris 57.9 25.74 Leptodactylus latrans 14.2 Leptodactylus melanonotus Allophryne ruthveni Allophrynidae Cochranella granulosa 8.89 Hyalinobatrachium ibama 40.76 17.73 Hyalinobatrachium colymbiphyllum 11.6 Hyalinobatrachium aureoguttatum 25.7 Nymphargus grandisonae 16.79 Ikakogi tayrona Centrolene daidaleum 59.66 21.99 12.06 Centrolene bacatum Centrolenidae 17.53 Teratohyla spinosa Rulyrana flavopunctata 15.09 6.15 Rulyrana adiazeta 11.91 Chimerella mariaelenae 10.07 Sachatamia ilex 8.45 Vitreorana helenae 7.12 Espadarana prosoblepon Melanophryniscus stelzneri Atelopus peruensis 48.93 Amazophrynella minuta 42.66 Nannophryne cophotis 35.55 Nannophryne variegata Rhaebo nasicus 32.75 17.96 Rhaebo glaberrimus 23.11 Peltophryne lemur 31.1 11.76 Peltophryne longinasus 6.14 Peltophryne peltocephala Rhinella ocellata 17.19 Rhinella marina 25.24 19.97 Incilius nebulifer 10.23 Incilius luetkenii 16.85 Anaxyrus punctatus 12.52 Anaxyrus canorus 21.56 Schismaderma carens 15.29 Nectophrynoides tornieri Bufonidae 12.73 Phrynoidis aspera 7.34 18.84 Phrynoidis juxtaspera Rentapia hosii Bufotes viridis 18.03 Adenomus kelaartii 14.12 Duttaphrynus stomaticus 17.47 11.16 Duttaphrynus melanostictus

17.12 Bufo bufo 9.23 Bufo japonicus 7.16 Bufo gargarizans 16.46 Epidalea calamita 12.16 Leptophryne borbonica 15.9 Ingerophrynus divergens 7.45 Ingerophrynus galeatus 15.05 Mertensophryne micranotis 13.66 Sclerophrys maculata 7.58 Sclerophrys brauni 50 0 (Mya) C 150 100 50 0 (Mya) Jurassic A Cretaceous Paleogene Neogene Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis Nasikabatrachidae 65.96 Sooglossus thomasseti Hoplophryne rogersi Hoplophryninae 58.52 Phrynomantis microps Phrynomerinae Synapturanus sp. 44.19 Otophryninae Otophryne pyburni 62.96 Ctenophryne geayi 44.57 Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata 50.47 70.41 Stereocyclops incrassatus Gastrophryninae 28.9 Gastrophryne olivacea 21.8 Elachistocleis ovalis Paradoxophyla palmata 50.71 Scaphiophryne boribory 9.23 Scaphiophryninae 67.24 Scaphiophryne madagascariensis 4.78 59.93 Scaphiophryne marmorata Anodonthyla boulengerii 33.82 Stumpffia pygmaea 36.08 Cophylinae Plethodontohyla inguinalis 25.11 Platypelis tuberifera Kalophrynus interlineatus 3.66 Kalophryninae 121.46 65.84 Kalophrynus pleurostigma Melanobatrachus indicus Melanobatrachinae

54.61 Gastrophrynoides immaculatus Liophryne schlaginhaufeni 38.75 Oreophryne sp. B 11.14 64.83 Oreophryne sp. A 21.81 17.55 Cophixalus cryptotympanum 9.48 Cophixalus cheesmanae 20.83 Xenorhina obesa Asterophryinae 13.64 Xenorhina sp. 17.54 60.03 Callulops wilhelmanus 14.89 Mantophryne lateralis 13.2 Cophixalus sp. A 12.72 Hylophorbus rufescens 8.68 Cophixalus sp. B Dyscophus antongilii Dyscophinae Micryletta inornata 50.07 Calluella guttulata 58.17 heymonsi 41.26 15 100.68 Microhyla okinavensis 34.6 Microhyla annectens 53.12 16.27 Microhyla marmorata Chaperina fusca pulchra 49.21 17.63 sundana 7.01 Metaphrynella pollicaris 32.48 pulchra 16.79 Kaloula conjuncta 26.43 systoma 18.98 Uperodon montanus 14.02 Uperodon variegatus Hemisus marmoratus Hemisotidae Breviceps macrops 55.3 18.96 Breviceps mossambicus 37.57 Spelaeophryne methneri 26.73 Probreviceps durirostris 24.51 Callulina laphami 10.64 82.42 Callulina kreffti Phlyctimantis boulengeri 43.87 Afrixalus dorsalis 24.61 Hyperolius bolifambae 10.8 Hyperolius viridiflavus 65.45 Leptopelis parkeri 39.67 Leptopelis kivuensis Leptodactylodon ovatus 50.4 44.08 Arthroleptis variabilis 9.93 47.69 Arthroleptis poecilonotus Nyctibates corrugatus 37.73 Scotobleps gabonicus 35.64 Trichobatrachus robustus 20.84 Astylosternus diadematus 96.48 E

150 100 50 0 (Mya) D 100 50 0 (Mya)

Cretaceous Paleogene Neogene D Odontobatrachus natator Odontobatrachidae Phrynobatrachus krefftii 62.94 43.29 Phrynobatrachus africanus 15.17 Phrynobatrachidae 56.88 Phrynobatrachus natalensis Ptychadena mascareniensis 24.88 Ptychadena cooperi Ptychadenidae 64.94 19.26 Ptychadena oxyrhynchus Conraua crassipes Conrauidae 59.95 Petropedetes euskircheni 15.22 Petropedetes parkeri 62.98 edulis 22.36 Pyxicephalinae subsigillata 49.56 Strongylopus grayii 7.22 Cacosterninae Amietia lubrica 66.28 Liurana xizangensis 40.24 Platymantis hazelae Ceratobatrachidae 31.27 Cornufer pelewensis Occidozyga laevis 21.53 Occidozyginae Occidozyga lima 52.32 Quasipaa spinosa Dicroglossidae Limnonectes laticeps 45.43 20.88 Limnonectes magnus 16.24 64.46 Limnonectes fujianensis Dicroglossinae 42.48 Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis 18.13 Hoplobatrachus tigerinus 28.53 Fejervarya granosa 22.16 Fejervarya multistriata 5.41 Fejervarya limnocharis Micrixalus sp. Micrixalidae 63.05 51.35 Indirana sp. B 27.99 Ranixalidae Indirana sp. A

Boophis xerophilus 21.86 Boophinae 58.93 Boophis madagascariensis 43.35 Aglyptodactylus madagascariensis Laliostominae 41.44 Mantella madagascariensis 24.71 Mantellinae 54.07 Blommersia wittei

Buergeria oxycephala 22.18 Buergeriinae Buergeria buergeri 42.21 Rhacophorus dennysi 60.89 23.45 Polypedates megacephalus 27.22 Rhacophorinae Pseudophilautus wynaadensis 22.96 Kurixalus odontotarsus Nyctibatrachus sp. 33.77 Nyctibatrachidae Lankanectes corrugatus 56.8 Staurois latopalmatus Meristogenys kinabaluensis 42.86 Pelophylax nigromaculatus 35.35 Amolops ricketti 19.01 Amolops loloensis 30.29 Sanguirana luzonensis 19.86 Babina pleuraden 3.96 Babina chapaensis 22.48 27.08 Chalcorana macrops 19.21 Hydrophylax leptoglossa 13.79 Sylvirana guentheri 16.05 Papurana latouchii 12.9 Ranidae 24.8 Papurana sp. Odorrana hosii 7.19 Odorrana schmackeri Rana pipiens 3.66 22.72 Rana berlandieri 12.38 Rana catesbeiana 4.51 17.58 Rana virgatipes Rana draytonii Rana chensinensis 14.09 5.8 Rana temporaria 8.83 Rana japonica 5.22 Rana amurensis

100 50 0 (Mya) E