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A Social Construction of Grieving And A SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF GRIEVING AND BEREAVEMENT RITUALS IN THE MUSCOGEE CREEK TRIBE By ANDREA C. WALKER Bachelor of Science Oral Roberts University Tulsa, Oklahoma 1993 Master of Science Southern Nazarene University Tulsa, Oklahoma 1995 Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate College of Oklahoma State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY August, 2002 COPYRIGHT By Andrea C. Walker August, 2002 A SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF GRIEVING AND BEREAVEMENT RITUALS IN THE MUSCOGEE CREEK TRIBE Thesis Approved: Thesis Adviser an of the Graduate College 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Writing this dissertation has been an amazing and challenging experience. I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my committee members for their endless support and direction. To Dr. David Balk, whom I am honored to have as my · committee chair, I thank you for your expertise, your flexibility, and your devotion to me as a student. Your leadership and support has truly made this experience worthwhile, and my respect and admiration for you is immeasurable. To Dr. Kathleen Briggs, whose strength I can only hope to develop one day, thank you for your creative suggestions and ideas. To Dr. Mike Gunzenhauser, the qualitative guru, thank you for your prompt ;• responses to my numerous questions about qualitative methodology. Finally, to Dr. Nancy Van Winkle, I thank you for your unique, medical perspective and your several long drives to Stillwater to attend my committee meetings! This project could not have been completed without the help of the Muscogee Creek Nation. To Tim Thompson, Director of the Department of Cultural Research of the Creek tribe, I extend my heartfelt gratitude for your endorsement of the study and for your continuous help over the last year and a half. The time you contributed is greatly appreciated. And to my friends, Keeper Johnson, Jr., and Keeper Johnson, Sr., your enthusiastic support of this study was so encouraging! Thank you for the many conversations, for your time, for your hospitality, and for your generosity in helping me to learn details about Creeks that I would not have otherwise known. Finally, thank you 111 to all the participants, who trusted me as a person, as a researcher, and as an outsider of the tribe. The many interviews with all of you gave me insight into many aspects of the Creek culture. You truly made this project happen. To my family and friends, I thank you with all my heart. To my parents, Dr. Larry Walker and Becky Walker, thank you for all your spiritual, emotional, and financial support. I could not have accomplished this without you, and one day I hope to return the favor. To my friends who supported me diligently, I felt your constant flow of prayers, positive thoughts, and energy and am infinitely grateful. Finally, to my partner and my best friend, Eric Huerter, thank you for everything. Your sweetness, your daily help, your encouraging words, and your love motivated me in ways I cannot express. You are my true maverick! IV TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION............................................................... 1 Background of the Problem . 2 Statement of Purpose . 4 Research Questions . 4 Rationale for a Qualitative Design . 5 Definitions of Terms ...................................................... 6 Summary/ Overview ...................................................... 9 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE. ................................................. 11 Muscogee Creek Culture .................................................. 11 Muscogee Creek History .......................................... 12 Native American Political Issues ................................ 18 Native American Family and Culture .......................... 19 Muscogee Creek Culture ......................................... 24 Muscogee Creek Grieving and Bereavement . .. 25 Grief.......................................................................... 28 Grief and Culture .................................................. 27 Families and Grief................................................ 35 Grief in the United States ........................................ 38 Native American Grieving ....................................... 41 Summary ............................................................ 42 Theoretical Framework .................................................... 43 Overview ..................................................................... 46 III. METHODOLOGY .............................................................. 48 Researcher Subjectivity .................................................... 48 Design ........................................................................ 49 Sampling Procedures ....................................................... 49 Data Collection Procedures ................................................ 52 Instrument Used ............................................................. 58 Gatekeeper ................................................................... 62 Data Analysis ............................................................... 62 Issues of Rigor. .............................................................. 67 Summary ..................................................................... 69 V Chapter Page N. RESULTS-Grieving and Bereavement Rituals.......................... 71 Personal Biases of the Researcher....................................... 71 Construct of Grieving . .. 74 Construct of Bereavement Rituals....................................... 82 Reciprocal Relationship between Constructs of Grieving and of Bereavement Rituals .............................................. 102 Summary ..................................................................... 104 V. RESULTS-Influence ofCulture ............................................ 106 Construction of Creek Culture............................................ 107 Family .............................................................. 108 Religion. 116 Importance of the Number Four ................................. 123 Sense ofCommunity .............................................. 126 Indian Medicine ................................................... 130 Meaning ofDeath ................................................. 134 Overview ...................................................................... 147 Summary ..................................................................... 149 Vl. SUMMARY - CONCLUSIONS . .. ... 150 Grieving and Bereavement Rituals as Social Constructions ......... 151 Summary I Overview ..................................................... 158 Strengths and Limitations ................................................. 161 Implications / Recommendations for Future Research. 166 REFERENCES...................................................................... 169 APPENDDIBS 178 APPENDIX A - ORAL SOLICITATION .............................. 179 APPENDIX B - INTERVIEW PROTOCOL.......................... 181 APPENDIX C - INFORMED CONSENT .............................. 186 APPENDIX D-TRANSCRIBER CONFIDENTIALITY ............ 189 APPENDIX E- CODEBOOK ............................................ 191 APPENDIX F - INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD FORM .... 194 VI LIST OF TABLES 1. Summary of Participants' Demographic Data According to Religious Type............................................................... 53 2. Summary of Participants' Interview Data According to Religious Type........................................................... 56 3. Occurrence of Bereavement Rituals among Participants who are Members of Church and/or Ceremonial Grounds................... 84 4. Summary of Average Living in Participants' Homes and Average Generation Spans ................................................. 112 Vll LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Diagram for Viewing the Construction of Grieving and Bereavement Rituals in Muscogee Creeks ................ 72 2. Diagram for Viewing the Construction of Grieving and Bereavement Rituals in Muscogee Creeks with Contributing Variables ............................................ 73 Vlll Chapter I INTRODUCTION John, a young Muscogee Creek Indian, was employed by a community service agency that openly advertises its policies of cultural sensitivity in the workplace. One day at work his mother phoned him with a message that her uncle, John's great-uncle, had died. John's father was also deceased, and as the first-born son he was expected to take care of his mother and younger siblings during times of grieving. The first ritual was to occur in two days at dusk at the tribe's church. Meetings requiring his participation would follow for a minimum of four days. Understanding his responsibility to his family, John immediately contacted his supervisor to notify him of his great­ uncle's death. The supervisor assured him that he might be excused from work to attend the funeral. When John informed the supervisor that he would not be returning for a week, however, the supervisor asked, "A full week? Because your great-uncle died?" Suspecting that the young man might be using the death of a somewhat distant relative to get a few extra days off work, the supervisor denied his request and allowed him only two excused days away. This true example describes difficulty that may be caused by a lack of understanding of grieving and bereavement rituals among cultures. Cultural factors in bereavement are significant but have been largely ignored (Bonanno & Kaltmann, 1999). 2 Although much of society proclaims cultural
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