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Dang Ngoc Thanh 30(4): 1-15 T¹p chÝ Sinh häc 12-2008 t×nh h×nh vµ kÕt qu¶ ®iÒu tra thµnh phÇn loµi èc ë c¹n ë ViÖt Nam hiÖn NAY §Æng Ngäc Thanh ViÖn Sinh th¸i vµ Tµi nguyªn sinh vËt ë ViÖt Nam và vïng §«ng D−¬ng nãi ë c¹n vµ èc n−íc ngät ë khu vùc B¾c Bé chung, cïng víi èc n−íc ngät, èc ë c¹n còng ®· (Tonkin) trong nh÷ng ho¹t ®éng kh¶o s¸t chung ®−îc ®iÒu tra nghiªn cøu tõ gi÷a thÕ kØ XIX. trong c¶ vïng §«ng D−¬ng, ®· thÊy cã nh÷ng Theo tài liÖu ®· biÕt (H. Fischer et Ph. c«ng tr×nh nghiªn cøu riªng vÒ èc ë c¹n, ®iÒu Dautzenberg, 1891), c¸c dÉn liÖu ®Çu tiªn vÒ èc ch−a thÊy cã trong thêi gian tr−íc ®©y, víi hµng ë c¹n ë ViÖt Nam ®· cã trong c¸c c«ng tr×nh lo¹t loµi míi ®−îc m« t¶ tõ vïng ®Êt nµy. Cã thÓ kh¶o s¸t vÒ trai èc ë c¹n vïng §«ng D−¬ng cña kÓ ®Õn nh÷ng c«ng tr×nh quan träng cña nh÷ng Souleyet trong thêi gian tõ 1841 - 1842, trong chuyªn gia ®−îc biÕt ®Õn nhiÒu nh−: Morlet ®ã ®· ghi nhËn mét sè loài èc ë c¹n ë miÒn (1886, 1891, 1892), Dautzenberg et Hamonville trung ViÖt Nam (Annam) t×m thÊy ë Tourane (1887), Dautzenberg (1893), Bavay et (§µ N½ng) nh− Streptaxis aberratus Souleyet, Dautzenberg (1899, 1900, 1901, 1903), Fischer S. deflexus Souleyet, Eulota touranenis (1848), M öllendorff (1901) Dautzenberg et Souleyetà. Fisher (1905), Ancey (1888). Còng trong kho¶ng thêi gian nµy (1848 - Trong thêi gian nöa ®Çu thÕ kû XX, ®Æc biÖt 1877) cßn cã nh÷ng dÉn liÖu vÒ èc ë c¹n vïng lµ trong thêi kú chiÕn tranh thÕ giíi vµ chiÕn Nam Bé (Cochinchine) trong c¸c c«ng tr×nh cña tranh ViÖt Nam, viÖc nghiªn cøu èc ë c¹n còng L. Pfeiffer nh− Streptaxis ebuneus Pfeiffer, S. nh− c¸c nhãm èc kh¸c ë ViÖt Nam vµ vïng sinuosus Pfeiffer, Nanina cambojiensis Reeve, §«ng D−¬ng nãi chung hÇu nh− bÞ ngõng l¹i, N. distincta Pfeiffer, Xesta cochinchinensis ngo¹i trõ mét sè rÊt Ýt c«ng tr×nh kh¶o s¸t kÕt Pfeiffer, Trochomorpha saigonensis Crosseà. hîp víi ®Þa chÊt ë c¸c ®¶o Hoµng Sa (Paracels) vµ B¹ch Long VÜ (Saurin, 1955, 1960) vµ mét sè Trong giai ®o¹n tiÕp sau, vµo nöa ®Çu thÕ kØ ®iÓm kh¸c ë B¾c Bé (S. Jaeckel, 1950; Varga, XIX tíi nh÷ng n¨m 60 cã nh÷ng c«ng tr×nh 1963). nghiªn cøu vÒ èc ë c¹n ë vïng Nam Bé (Cochinchine) vµ Trung Bé (Annam). Cã thÓ kÓ Ph¶i tíi sau chiÕn tranh ViÖt Nam, cïng víi ®Õn nh÷ng c«ng tr×nh kh¶o s¸t vµ c«ng bè rÊt c¬ c¸c nhãm ®éng vËt kh¸c, èc ë c¹n míi tiÕp tôc b¶n vÒ èc ë c¹n vïng phÝa nam cña nh÷ng t¸c ®−îc chó ý nghiªn cøu, tuy muén h¬n, b¾t ®Çu gi¶ quan träng kh¸c nh−: Crosse et Fischer b»ng mét sè c«ng tr×nh kh¶o s¸t ®Çu tiªn vÒ (1863, 1864, 1869), Mabille et Le Mesle (1866), thµnh phÇn vµ ph©n bè èc ë c¹n ë mét sè khu Crosse (1867, 1868). vùc phÝa b¾c ViÖt Nam nh− Pu Lu«ng, Cóc Ph−¬ng, Phñ Lý, H¹ Long, C¸t Bµ, CÈm Ph¶ cña DÉn liÖu vÒ èc ë c¹n vïng phÝa b¾c mét sè chuyªn gia n−íc ngoµi (Vermeulen vµ ViÖt Nam cßn rÊt Ýt trong thêi gian nãi trªn, chØ Maassen, 2003) trong ch−¬ng tr×nh khoa häc cã sè Ýt loµi nh− Camaena illustris Pfeiffer cã quèc tÕ FFI. Víi nh÷ng ph−¬ng ph¸p tµi liÖu ghi trong c«ng tr×nh cña Pfeiffer t×m thÊy ë nghiªn cøu hiÖn ®¹i, ®Æc biÖt lµ sù ®æi míi rÊt L¹ng S¬n, Alycaeus anceyi Mabille thÊy ë ®¶o nhiÒu vÒ tiªu chuÈn ph©n lo¹i còng nh− danh Kebao, ghi trong c«ng tr×nh cña Souleyet. ph¸p ph©n lo¹i cña èc ë c¹n thÕ giíi nh÷ng kÕt C¸c c«ng tr×nh nghiªn cøu vÒ èc ë c¹n ë qu¶ ®Çu tiªn thu ®−îc cho thÊy triÓn väng vÒ vïng phÝa b¾c ViÖt Nam chØ xuÊt hiÖn nhiÒu nh÷ng kÕt qu¶ míi sÏ cã ®−îc trong t−¬ng lai vÒ trong nöa sau thÕ kû XIX. Trong nh÷ng n¨m 60, nghiªn cøu thµnh phÇn loµi èc ë c¹n ë ngoµi nh÷ng c«ng tr×nh nghiªn cøu chung vÒ èc ViÖt Nam. 1 Mét sè nhËn xÐt thæ §«ng D−¬ng (Fischer, 1891) vµ sau ®ã lµ Qua nh÷ng tµi liÖu ®· biÕt hiÖn nay cã thÓ trong b¸o c¸o vÒ phÇn ®éng vËt th©n mÒm cña nªu mét sè nhËn xÐt vµ ®¸nh gi¸ b−íc ®Çu vÒ Fischer vµ Dautzenberg ®−îc c«ng bè trong b¸o t×nh h×nh vµ kÕt qu¶ nghiªn cøu thµnh phÇn loµi c¸o tæng kÕt cña ®oµn kh¶o s¸t Pavie thùc hiÖn èc ë c¹n ë ViÖt Nam cho tíi nay. trong l−u vùc s«ng Mª K«ng trong thêi gian 1879 - 1895 (Fischer et Dautzenberg - trong 1. Trong khu«n khæ c¸c ho¹t ®éng ®iÒu tra Mission Pavie, 1904). Danh lôc thèng kª cña thµnh phÇn loµi trai èc nãi chung ë vïng §«ng c¸c t¸c gi¶ nµy bao gåm 448 loµi vµ ph©n loµi èc D−¬ng, èc ë c¹n ë vïng phÝa nam ViÖt Nam ®· ë c¹n ®−îc t×m thÊy ë nhiÒu ®Þa ®iÓm kh¸c nhau ®−îc kh¶o s¸t tõ ®Çu thÕ kû XIX trong khi ë ë ViÖt Nam bëi nhiÒu t¸c gi¶ kh¸c nhau, ®−îc phÝa b¾c chØ ®−îc kh¶o s¸t tõ nh÷ng n¨m 60 cña c«ng bè trong 83 tµi liÖu ®· xuÊt b¶n tõ n¨m nöa sau thÕ kû nµy. Nh÷ng ho¹t ®éng kh¶o s¸t 1841 tíi 1900. §©y lµ sè liÖu vÒ thµnh phÇn loµi èc ë c¹n ®Çu tiªn ë ViÖt Nam cho tíi nh÷ng n¨m èc ë c¹n ë ViÖt Nam rÊt c¬ b¶n hiÖn nay, tuy 50 gi÷a thÕ kû XX còng vÉn chØ do c¸c nhµ khoa ch¾c ch¾n cßn ch−a ®Çy ®ñ vµ cßn nh÷ng vÊn ®Ò häc n−íc ngoµi thùc hiÖn, mét sè lµ qu©n nh©n vÒ ph©n lo¹i häc cÇn ®−îc xem xÐt. (L. Morlet). Néi dung c¸c ho¹t ®éng nghiªn cøu trong giai ®o¹n nµy chñ yÕu lµ thèng kª thµnh b. C¸c loµi t×m thÊy trong giai ®o¹n sau, phÇn loµi ë c¸c vïng kh¸c nhau. ®−îc c«ng bè trong c¸c c«ng tr×nh nghiªn cøu cña nhiÒu t¸c gi¶ - cã thÓ gäi lµ c¸c c«ng tr×nh 2. §Þa bµn kh¶o s¸t èc ë c¹n ë ViÖt Nam cho sau Fischer - tõ 1900 cho tíi thêi gian hÕt chiÕn tíi nay, cã thÓ thÊy chñ yÕu lµ ë hai vïng c¶nh tranh ViÖt Nam (1975). Trong sè nµy cã thÓ kÓ quan: vïng nói phÝa b¾c, phÝa t©y nam, mét sè ®Õn c¸c c«ng tr×nh cña: Gude (1909); Jaeckel, ®¶o ven bê vµ vïng kh¬i. ë vïng nói phÝa b¾c, 1950; Varga, 1963; Szekereles Miklos, 1969; c¸c ®Þa ®iÓm ®· ®−îc kh¶o s¸t nhiÒu lµ vïng nói Saurin, 1955, 1963. C¸c c«ng tr×nh nghiªn cøu §«ng B¾c (L¹ng S¬n, Cao B»ng, B¾c C¹n), vïng trong giai ®o¹n nµy ®· bæ sung 82 loµi cho khu nói T©y B¾c (Yªn B¸i, S¬n La, Lai Ch©u), ë hÖ èc ë c¹n ë ViÖt Nam trong 103 loµi thèng kª vïng nói T©y Nam lµ c¸c tØnh T©y Ninh, Thñ ®−îc víi nhiÒu loµi míi, t×m thÊy trªn c¸c ®¶o DÇu Mét. Vïng ®¶o ®· ®−îc kh¶o s¸t chØ gåm ven bê vµ vïng nói NghÖ An. mét sè Ýt ®¶o ë VÞnh B¾c Bé (®¶o Ba Mïn, C¸t Bµ, Kebao, vÞnh H¹ Long, B¹ch Long VÜ), ®¶o c. C¸c loµi ®−îc t×m thÊy vµ c«ng bè trong Hoµng Sa (Saurin, 1955, 1960). Vïng ®ång thêi gian gÇn ®©y tíi sau chiÕn tranh, trong c«ng b»ng vµ ven biÓn cßn Ýt ®−îc kh¶o s¸t, c¸c ®Þa tr×nh kh¶o s¸t cña Vermeulen vµ Maassen ®iÓm ®· ®−îc ghi nhËn ë vïng phÝa b¾c lµ H¶i (2003) ë c¸c ®¶o VÞnh H¹ Long, Pu Lu«ng, Phñ Phßng, ë vïng phÝa nam lµ Sµi Gßn, VÜnh Long, Lý vµ Cóc Ph−¬ng. Tuy thêi gian kh¶o s¸t ng¾n §µ N½ng. ChØ gÇn ®©y cã thªm c¸c ®Þa ®iÓm ë vµ ®Þa bµn kh¶o s¸t h¹n chÕ song c«ng tr×nh ®· Phñ Lý, Cóc Ph−¬ng còng ®· ®−îc kh¶o s¸t c«ng bè mét sè l−îng loµi lín èc ë c¹n, bao (Vermeulen vµ Maassen, 2003).
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