DOCSLIB.ORG

Acute Biliary Events During Anti-Tuberculosis Treatment

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Acute Biliary Events During Anti-Tuberculosis Treatment Chang et al. BMC Infectious Diseases (2018) 18:64 DOI 10.1186/s12879-018-2966-3 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Acute biliary events during anti- tuberculosis treatment: hospital case series and a nationwide cohort study Lih-Yu Chang1, Chih-Hsin Lee2,3, Chia-Hao Chang1, Ming-Chia Lee4,5, Meng-Rui Lee1, Jann-Yuan Wang6* and Li-Na Lee7 Abstract Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the major infectious diseases worldwide. Adverse reactions are common during TB treatment. Few reports, however, are available on treatment-related acute biliary events (ABEs), such as cholelithiasis, biliary obstruction, acute cholecystitis, and cholangitis. Methods: We first report four pulmonary TB patients who developed ABEs during anti-TB treatment. Abdominal sonography revealed multiple gall stones with dilated intrahepatic ducts in three patients and cholecystitis in one patient. To investigate the incidence of and risk factors for ABEs during anti-TB treatment, we subsequently conducted a nationwide cohort study using the National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan. Results: A total of 159,566 pulmonary TB patients were identified from the database between 1996 and 2010, and among them, 195 (0.12%) developed ABEs within 180 days after beginning anti-TB treatment. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the risk factors associated with ABEs are older age (relative risk [RR]: 1.32 [1.21–1.44] per 10- year increment) and diabetes mellitus (RR: 1.59 [1.19–2.13]). Conclusions: Although infrequently encountered, ABEs should be considered among patients with TB who experience abdominal discomfort with hyperbilirubinemia, especially patients who have older age or diabetes. Keywords: Tuberculosis, Biliary event, Cholelithiasis, Cholecystitis, Cholangitis, National Health Insurance Research Database Background Hepatotoxicity is the most common adverse event as- Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the most deadly infec- sociated with TB treatment, with an incidence rate be- tious diseases worldwide [1]. In 2015, approximately tween 10.2% and 18.9% in Taiwan, and it is potentially 10.4 million new cases of TB were diagnosed globally. life-threatening [3–6]. The risk of drug-induced liver in- Despite a decrease in the mortality rate in 2015 from jury during anti-TB treatment ranges from 5% to 33% 2000, TB caused approximately 1.8 million deaths in according to the American Thoracic Society [7]. Clinical 2015 [1]. Although effective anti-TB drugs are readily presentations may include low-grade fever, general mal- available, the treatment of TB is not always successful aise, poor appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal disten- because treatment-emergent adverse events—such as sion, icteric conjunctiva, and elevated serum hepatotoxicity, peripheral neuropathy, gastrointestinal aminotransferases and bilirubin levels. These symptoms upset, hyperuricemia, optic neuritis, and cutaneous reac- and signs are typically indistinguishable from those of tions [2]—often lead to treatment interruption and fur- acute biliary events (ABEs) such as cholelithiasis, biliary ther dissemination of the TB bacilli. obstruction, acute cholecystitis, and cholangitis. Delayed or incorrect diagnosis of ABEs may cause unnecessary anti-TB treatment interruption, or if left untreated, may * Correspondence: [email protected] 6Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, #7, lead to intra-abdominal complications, such as acute Chung-Shan South Road, Zhongzheng District, Taipei 10002, Taiwan pancreatitis, sepsis, or perforation [8]. However, the Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © The Author(s). 2018 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Chang et al. BMC Infectious Diseases (2018) 18:64 Page 2 of 8 association between ABEs and anti-TB treatment has Analysis of nationwide cohort not been elucidated thus far. Therefore, in this paper, we Definition of ABEs first report four cases of ABEs during anti-TB treatment, An adverse event was considered an ABE if it met both and subsequently, we investigate the incidence rate and of the following criteria: (1) diagnosis of cholelithiasis risk factors of ABEs during anti-TB treatment in a na- (ICD-9-CM code 574), acute cholecystitis (ICD-9-CM tionwide TB cohort. code 575.0–575.2), cholangitis (ICD-9-CM code 576.1), or obstruction of biliary tract (ICD-9-CM code 576.2); and (2) the patient had received at least one of the ex- Methods aminations and management therapies listed in Table 1. This study consisted of two parts. In the first part (case The primary outcome was ABEs that occurred within series), we obtained the clinical presentations and treat- 180 days after commencement of anti-TB treatment. ment histories of patients with pulmonary TB who de- veloped ABEs during anti-TB treatment at the National Case selection Taiwan University Hospital and its Hsinchu Branch be- We identified patients in the NHIRD who had been di- tween 2010 and 2015. In the second part (nationwide agnosed with pulmonary TB from 1996 to 2010 (Fig. 1). cohort), we conducted a nationwide cohort study using Active TB was defined by the following criteria: (1) at claims data from the National Health Insurance Re- least two outpatient records or one inpatient record with search Database (NHIRD) of Taiwan to evaluate the inci- a compatible diagnosis; (2) one prescription of at least dence rate of ABEs during anti-TB treatment and three anti-TB medications; and (3) receiving two or identify risk factors for ABEs. more anti-TB medications simultaneously over a period of 120 days within a 180-day period [9]. Patients who were diagnosed with nontuberculous mycobacterial in- Ethics statement fection (ICD-9-CM code 031) during the last 60 days of The Institutional Review Board of the National Taiwan anti-TB treatment were excluded. Patients who met any University Hospital and its Hsinchu Branch approved of the ABE diagnostic criteria before anti-TB treatment the study (NTUH REC: 201,309,064 W; NTUH-HC were also excluded. Date of treatment completion was REC: 105–023-E). Due to the study’s retrospective de- defined as the last date on which two or more anti-TB sign, inform consent was deemed unnecessary. drugs were taken simultaneously without receiving any anti-TB medication in the subsequent 60 days. Identification of ABE cases in the hospital-based cohort Comorbidity and income status (case series) Definition of ABEs Comorbid conditions—comprising diabetes mellitus An adverse event was considered an ABE if it met both (DM), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), of the following criteria: (1) abnormal liver function dur- malignancy, end-stage renal disease, connective tissue ing anti-TB treatment; and (2) diagnosis with image con- disease, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, liver cir- firmation, such as abdominal computed tomography or rhosis, transplantation, pneumoconiosis, and low- — sonography. income status at the time TB diagnosis were identified by using previously published definitions [9, 10]. Case selection Statistical analyses Between 2010 and 2015, a total of 3686 patients with Intergroup differences were assessed by using pulmonary TB were treated at the National Taiwan independent-sample t tests for continuous variables and University Hospital (n = 2704) and its Hsinchu Branch chi-square or Fisher exact tests for categorical variables. (n = 982). Among them, 2879 (78.1%) had culture- The risk factors for ABEs in patients with pulmonary TB confirmed pulmonary TB. Liver function (aspartate ami- were evaluated using logistic regression analyses. Only notransferase [AST], alanine aminotransferase [ALT], variables with a two-sided p < 0.05 were included in the and total bilirubin) was evaluated at baseline and at least final model. All analyses were performed using IBM SPSS once during anti-TB treatment in 3675 (99.7%) patients, Statistics Version 22 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). and significant elevation in AST and ALT levels was noted in 416 (11.3% of 3675) patients. The medical re- Results cords of these 416 patients were reviewed to determine Case series in the hospital cohort whether ABE was responsible for abnormal liver func- Case 1 tion in these patients. The diagnosis of ABE was also A male patient in his 80s with comorbid, medically con- confirmed using imaging modalities. trolled hypertension and DM received standard four- Chang et al. BMC Infectious Diseases (2018) 18:64 Page 3 of 8 Table 1 Examinations and management of acute biliary events Examination or Management NHIRD code Non-invasive Study Cholescintigraphy 26040B Oral cholecystography 33020B Intravenous choledochocystography 33021B Invasive Study Transduodenal choledochoscopy 28032B Percutaneous transhepatic choledochoscopy 28036B Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography 33024B Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography 33025B Drainage Fiber choledochoscopy, percutaneous via T-tube or other tract 28034B T-tube cholecystography 33022B Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography-drainage
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Right Upper Quadrant Pain
    Revised 2018 American College of Radiology ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Right Upper Quadrant Pain Variant 1: Right upper quadrant pain. Suspected biliary disease. Initial imaging. Procedure Appropriateness Category Relative Radiation Level US abdomen Usually Appropriate O CT abdomen with IV contrast May Be Appropriate ☢☢☢ MRI abdomen without and with IV May Be Appropriate contrast with MRCP O MRI abdomen without IV contrast with May Be Appropriate MRCP O Nuclear medicine scan gallbladder May Be Appropriate ☢☢ CT abdomen without IV contrast May Be Appropriate ☢☢☢ CT abdomen without and with IV Usually Not Appropriate contrast ☢☢☢☢ Variant 2: Right upper quadrant pain. No fever or high white blood cell (WBC) count. Suspected biliary disease. Negative or equivocal ultrasound. Procedure Appropriateness Category Relative Radiation Level MRI abdomen without and with IV Usually Appropriate contrast with MRCP O CT abdomen with IV contrast Usually Appropriate ☢☢☢ MRI abdomen without IV contrast with Usually Appropriate MRCP O Nuclear medicine scan gallbladder May Be Appropriate ☢☢ CT abdomen without IV contrast May Be Appropriate ☢☢☢ CT abdomen without and with IV Usually Not Appropriate contrast ☢☢☢☢ Variant 3: Right upper quadrant pain. Fever, elevated WBC count. Suspected biliary disease. Negative or equivocal ultrasound. Procedure Appropriateness Category Relative Radiation Level MRI abdomen without and with IV Usually Appropriate contrast with MRCP O CT abdomen with IV contrast Usually Appropriate ☢☢☢ Nuclear medicine scan gallbladder Usually Appropriate ☢☢ MRI abdomen without IV contrast with May Be Appropriate MRCP O CT abdomen without IV contrast May Be Appropriate ☢☢☢ CT abdomen without and with IV Usually Not Appropriate contrast ☢☢☢☢ ACR Appropriateness Criteria® 1 Right Upper Quadrant Pain Variant 4: Right upper quadrant pain.
    [Show full text]
  • Cholecystokinin Cholescintigraphy: Methodology and Normal Values Using a Lactose-Free Fatty-Meal Food Supplement
    Cholecystokinin Cholescintigraphy: Methodology and Normal Values Using a Lactose-Free Fatty-Meal Food Supplement Harvey A. Ziessman, MD; Douglas A. Jones, MD; Larry R. Muenz, PhD; and Anup K. Agarval, MS Department of Radiology, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC Fatty meals have been used by investigators and clini- The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the use of a cians over the years to evaluate gallbladder contraction in commercially available lactose-free fatty-meal food supple- conjunction with oral cholecystography, ultrasonography, ment, as an alternative to sincalide cholescintigraphy, to de- and cholescintigraphy. Proponents assert that fatty meals velop a standard methodology, and to determine normal gall- are physiologic and low in cost. Numerous different fatty bladder ejection fractions (GBEFs) for this supplement. meals have been used. Many are institution specific. Meth- Methods: Twenty healthy volunteers all had negative medical histories for hepatobiliary and gallbladder disease, had no per- odologies have differed, and few investigations have stud- sonal or family history of hepatobiliary disease, and were not ied a sufficient number of subjects to establish valid normal taking any medication known to affect gallbladder emptying. All GBEFs for the specific meal. Whole milk and half-and-half were prescreened with a complete blood cell count, compre- have the advantage of being simple to prepare and admin- hensive metabolic profile, gallbladder and liver ultrasonography, ister (4–7). Milk has been particularly well investigated. and conventional cholescintigraphy. Three of the 20 subjects Large numbers of healthy subjects have been studied, a were eliminated from the final analysis because of an abnormal- clear methodology described, and normal values determined ity in one of the above studies.
    [Show full text]
  • The Diagnosis of Acute Cholecystitis: Sensitivity of Sonography
    The Diagnosis of Acute Cholecystitis: Sensitivity of Sonography, Cholescintigraphy and Computed Tomography Patthisak Changphaisarnkul MD*, Supakajee Saengruang-Orn PhD*, Trirat Boonya-Asadorn MD* * Division of Radiology, Phramonkutklao Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand Objective: To compare the sensitivity of sonographic, cholescintigraphic, and computed tomographic examination of acute cholecystitis to the pathology result, which is considered the Gold Standard. Material and Method: A retrospective analytic study was conducted among 412 patients, aged between 15 and 98 years, who underwent cholecystectomy surgeries, and whose pathology results indicated acute cholecystitis between July 2004 and May 2013. The sensitivity and the differences between sensitivity of the three methods were calculated in all patients. Complicated acute cholecystitis cases were analyzed separately. Results: The three methods demonstrated statistically significant differences in sensitivity (p-value = 0.017), with the cholescintigraphy as the most sensitive method (84.2%), followed by computed tomography (67.3%), and sonography (59.8%). Concerning the samples with the pathology result indicating complicated acute cholecystitis, computed tomography was statistically significantly more sensitive than sonography in detecting acute cholecystitis, whether or not the complications were identified (100% and 63.6%, respectively, with p-value = 0.0055). None of the patients with the pathology result of complicated acute cholecystitis case was examined by cholescintigraphy, thus, no calculation was possible. Regarding the ability to detect the complications of acute cholecystitis, computed tomography had a sensitivity of 35.71% (5 in 14 patients), while sonographic examinations could not detect any of the complications. Conclusion: Cholescintigraphy is a more sensitive method than computed tomography and sonography, but the three methods have its own advantages, disadvantages, and limitations, which must be considered for each individual patient.
    [Show full text]
  • Imaging Indication Guidelines
    IMAGING INDICATION GUIDELINES Your partner in outpatient radiology We are dedicated to achieving the highest levels of quality and safety in outpatient imaging. We developed these Imaging Indication Guidelines to help you choose imaging examinations that will answer your clinical questions for your patients. We hope they will assist you in the pre-authorization and Medicare Appropriate Use Criteria processes. Quality Convenience Affordability High quality reports Appointments when and Reduce your out-of-pocket and equipment where you need them imaging cost 2 | IMAGING INDICATION GUIDELINES Notes IMAGING INDICATION GUIDELINES | 3 Notes 4 | IMAGING INDICATION GUIDELINES We are dedicated to achieving the highest levels of quality and safety, and have developed these Imaging Indication Guidelines to provide information and guidance during the radiology ordering process. General Contrast Guidelines Choose “Radiologist Discretion” on the order and our board certified radiologists will select the contrast option suited to your patient’s history and condition. This will facilitate thepre -authorization process. Generally, contrast is indicated whenever you are concerned about: • Infection (except uncomplicated sinusitis) • Organ integrity • Tumor or cancer • Possible disc after lumbar surgery • Vascular abnormality (except stroke) Generally, contrasted MRI scans are performed with and without contrast. Generally, CT scans are performed either with or without contrast in order to limit the patient’s radiation dose. Without & with contrast CT scans are indicated for these conditions: • Thoracic aortic dissection • Kidney mass • Liver mass • Painless hematuria • Pancreas mass • Bladder mass • Adrenal gland mass Exams Commonly Confused: • Cervical CT or MRI (for vs. Soft tissue neck CT or MRI (for soft cervical spine) tissue, e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Magnetic Resonance Cholangio-Pancreatography in Patients with Acute Cholecystitis and Cholestatic Liver Pattern - What to Expect?
    Jemds.com Original Research Article Magnetic Resonance Cholangio-Pancreatography in Patients with Acute Cholecystitis and Cholestatic Liver Pattern - What to Expect? Ali Al Orf1, Khawaja Bilal Waheed2, Ali Salman Alshehri3, Mushref Ali Algarni4, Bilal Altaf5, Muhammad Amjad6, Ayman Abdullah Alhumaid7, Zechariah Jebakumar Arulanantham8 1Department of Radiology, King Fahad Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. 2Department of Radiology, King Fahad Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. 3Department of Radiology, King Fahad Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. 4Department of Radiology, King Fahad Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. 5Department of General Surgery, King Fahad Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. 6Department of Internal Medicine, King Fahad Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. 7Department of Radiology, King Fahad Military Medical Complex, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. 8Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. ABSTRACT BACKGROUND Acute cholecystitis is a potentially serious condition and usually needs to be treated Corresponding Author: in the hospital. Identification of a common bile duct (CBD) stone before Khawaja Bilal Waheed, Consultant General Radiologist, cholecystectomy is of concern for the treating physicians as management may King Fahad Military Medical Complex, change. Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) can help in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. identifying causes of biliary obstruction (if present) and adequately delineate biliary E-mail: [email protected] tree in selected patients with limited or abnormal ultrasounds and cholestatic liver DOI: 10.14260/jemds/2020/530 pattern. Therefore, we aim to demonstrate imaging findings of MRCP in such patients of acute cholecystitis, and highlight the diagnostic ability of MRCP in biliary ductal How to Cite This Article: evaluation as well.
    [Show full text]
  • Table 1. Summary of Criterion Evidence
    SUMMARY TABLE Table 1: Summary of Criterion Evidence Domain 1: Criteria Related to the Underlying Health Condition Criterion Synthesized Information 1 Size of the affected No estimates of point prevalence of acute cholecystitis were found in the literature. An Ontario population hospital-based study29 estimated the annual incidence of acute cholecystitis from 1992 to 2000 to be 0.88 people per 1,000 population. The size of affected population is more than 1 in 10,000 (0.01%) and less than or equal 1 in 1,000 (0.1%) 2 Timeliness and Saskatchewan hospital guidelines indicate that cholescintigraphy for diagnosis of suspected acute urgency of test cholecystitis should be conducted within 24 hours (Patrick Au, Acute and Emergency Services results in planning Branch, Saskatchewan Ministry of Health: unpublished data, 2011) patient management The target time frame for performing the test is in 24 hours or less and obtaining the 99mTc-based test results in the appropriate timely manner for the underlying condition has significant impact on the management of the condition or the effective use of health care resources. 3 Impact of not If a test for diagnosing acute cholecystitis is not available, treatment might be delayed and performing a complications associated with high mortality rates might be more likely to develop. Complications diagnostic imaging from acute cholecystitis occur in around 20% of patients and complicated acute cholecystitis is test on mortality associated with a mortality rate of around 25%.33 Perforation of the gallbladder, which occurs in related to the 3% to 15% of patients with cholecystitis, has a 60% mortality rate.34 Acute acalculous cholecystitis underlying condition has a mortality rate of around 30%.35 Diagnostic imaging test results can have minimal impact on mortality.
    [Show full text]
  • Cholescintigraphy Stellingen
    M CHOLESCINTIGRAPHY STELLINGEN - • - . • • ' - • i Cholescintigrafie is een non-invasief en betrouwbaar onderzoek in de diagnostiek bij icterische patienten_doch dient desalniettemin als een complementaire en niet als compfititieye studie beschouwd te worden. ]i i Bij de abceptatie voor levensverzekeringen van patienten met ! hypertensie wordt onvoldoende rekening gehouden met de reactie jj op de ingestelde behandeling. ! Ill | Ieder statisch scintigram is een functioneel beeld. | 1 IV ] The purpose of a liver biopsy is not to obtain the maximum \ possible quantity of liver tissue, but to obtain a sufficient 3 quantity with the minimum risk to the patient. j V ( Menghini, 1970 ) I1 Bij post-traumatische verbreding van het mediastinum superius is I angiografisdi onderzoek geindiceerd. VI De diagnostische waarde van een radiologisch of nucleair genees- kundig onderzoek wordt niet alleen bepaald door de kwaliteit van de apparatuur doch voonnamelijk door de deskundigheid van de onderzoeker. VII Ultra sound is whistling in the dark. VIII De opname van arts-assistenten, in opleiding tot specialist, in de C.A.O. van het ziekenhuiswezen is een ramp voor de opleiding. IX De gebruikelijke techniek bij een zogenaamde "highly selective vagotomy" offert meer vagustakken op dan noodzakelijk voor reductie van de zuursecretie. X Het effect van "enhancing" sera op transplantaat overleving is groter wanneer deze sera tijn opgewekt onder azathioprine. XI Gezien de contaminatiegraad van in Nederland verkrijgbare groenten is het gebraik als rauwkost ten stelligste af te raden. j Het het ontstaan van een tweede maligniteit als complicatie van 4 cytostatische therapie bij patienten met non-Hodgkin lymphoma, | maligne granuloom en epitheliale maligne aandoeningen dient, j vooral bij langere overlevingsduur, rekening gehouden te worden.
    [Show full text]
  • Gallstone Disease Diagnosis and Management of Cholelithiasis, Cholecystitis and Choledocholithiasis
    Internal Clinical Guidelines Team Document information (i.e. version number etc) Gallstone disease Diagnosis and management of cholelithiasis, cholecystitis and choledocholithiasis Clinical Guideline <…> Methods, evidence and recommendations 2014 Draft for Consultation National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Disclaimer Healthcare professionals are expected to take NICE clinical guidelines fully into account when exercising their clinical judgement. However, the guidance does not override the responsibility of healthcare professionals to make decisions appropriate to the circumstances of each patient, in consultation with the patient and/or their guardian or carer. Copyright National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, Date xxxx. All rights reserved. This material may be freely reproduced for educational and not-for-profit purposes within the NHS. No reproduction by or for commercial organisations is allowed without the express written permission of the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Gallstone disease Contents Contents 1 Overview .................................................................................................................................. 7 Patient-centred care ................................................................................................................ 7 2 Summary Section .................................................................................................................. 9 Guideline development group (GDG) members...................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Cholecystocolonic Fistula: Facts and Myths. a Review of the 231
    J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg (2009) 16:8–18 DOI 10.1007/s00534-008-0014-1 REVIEW ARTICLE Cholecystocolonic fistula: facts and myths. A review of the 231 published cases Renato Costi Æ Bruto Randone Æ Vincenzo Violi Æ Olivier Scatton Æ Leopoldo Sarli Æ Olivier Soubrane Æ Bertrand Dousset Æ Thierry Montariol Received: 19 March 2008 / Accepted: 28 April 2008 / Published online: 17 December 2008 Ó Springer 2008 Abstract Resolution of colonic biliary ileus by interventional Background Cholecystocolonic fistula (CCF) is the sec- endoscopy is reported. ond most common cholecystoenteric fistula and is often Conclusion CCF should be considered in differential discovered intraoperatively, resulting in a challenging sit- diagnosis of diarrhea, especially in old, female patients. A uation for the surgeon, who is forced to switch to a possible second hepatobiliary abnormality should be complex procedure, often in old, unfit patients. Manage- always investigated. Extemporaneous frozen section ment of this uncommon but possible finding is still ill should be performed if gallbladder cancer is suspected. defined. Depending on clinical presentation, different treatments for Methods An extensive review of 160 articles published CCF are indicated, ranging from minimally invasive pro- from 1950 to 2006 concerning 231 cases of CCF was cedures to extensive resection. performed. Results CCF is mostly an affliction of women in their Keywords Cholecystocolonic fistula Á Biliary ileus Á sixth to seventh decades and is rarely diagnosed preoper- Diagnosis Á Treatment Á Laparoscopy atively. Chronic diarrhea is the key symptom in nonemergency patients, but, in one-fourth of cases, CCF presents with an acute onset, mostly biliary ileus.
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear Medicine Tests for Acute Gastrointestinal Conditions Thomas W
    Nuclear Medicine Tests for Acute Gastrointestinal Conditions Thomas W. Allen, MD,* and Mark Tulchinsky, MD Acute cholecystitis (AC) and lower-gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding are 2 emergencies commonly encountered in nuclear medicine. Evidence of AC on hepatobiliary scintigraphy (HBS) allows for confident diagnosis and provides support for definitive surgical treatment. Proper patient preparation is essential for HBS including fasting and the use of pharmacologic adjuncts is sometimes required. Pharmacologic adjuncts may also be administered during HBS to shorten the length of the examination and increase its specificity. In the interpretation of HBS, there are several sources of false-positive results to be aware of, most commonly chronic cholecystitis. False-negative results on HBS are usually the result of mistaking another structure, such as a dilated cystic duct, for the gallbladder. Abdominal ultrasound is the appropriate initial test in patients with suspected AC, but HBS is an excellent second tier test for the diagnosis of AC in the work-up of indeterminate cases by sonography. GI bleeding scintigraphy plays an important role in the evaluation and management of patients with acute lower-GI bleeding. Scintigraphy serves to localize sites of active GI bleeding and stratify those patients who would benefit from aggressive treatment (surgery or arteriography) vs those who can be managed medically. Pretest involvement of respective services is critical for successful bleeding site confirmation and therapy by interventional radiology or surgery or both. Single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography erythrocyte scintigraphy has demonstrated superior accuracy and precision over planar scintigraphy in the diagnosis of acute GI bleeding. Additionally, single photon emission computed tomo- graphy/computed tomography scintigraphy of GI bleeding provides useful supplemental anatomical information that benefits patient management.
    [Show full text]
  • Bronchobiliary Fistula Detected by Cholescintigraphy
    Bronchobiliary Fistula Detected by Cholescintigraphy Michael G. Velchik, Gerald M. Roth, William Wegener, and Abass Alavi Hospital of The UniversityofPennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania the symptoms recurred. She re-presented to her physician who We present a case of a bronchobiliary fistula initially de witnessed the patient coughing up bilious material. Decreased tected by hepatobiliaryscintigraphy. The patient developed breath sounds and dullness to percussion were noted at the bilioptysis 18 mo after undergoing a right hepatic lobec right lung base. Her abdomen was slightly distended and tomy and resection of the common bile duct for tholangio shifting dullness could be elicited. carcinoma.The procedurewas complicatedby the devel Laboratoryvalueson admissionshowedan elevatedtotal opment of a subphrenic abscess that required percuta bilirubin of 2.0 mg/dl (normal: 0.0—1.2),with a conjugated neous biliary drainage. fraction of0.7 mg/dl (0.0-0. 1).The GGTP measured 449 UI 1(0—40)and the alkaline phosphatase measured 630 U/I (35— J NucI Med 1991; 32:136—138 125).The transaminase, LDH, and CPK levels were all within the normal range. She had an elevated white blood cell count of 27.4 K/@J,with 92% polymorphonuclear cells, 7% band cells, and 1% lymphocytes on a manual leukocyte differential ronchobiliary fistula is a rare disorder, which is count. Multipleelectrolyteabnormalitieswerealsonotedwith characterized by bilioptysis that may be congenital in a sodium level of 123 mmol/l (133—143), a chloride level of origin, but which is more commonly associated with 89 mmol/l (97—107),a CO2 content of 21 mmol/l (24—32),a glucoselevelof 120mg/dl (70—110),a blood urea nitrogenof trauma, surgery, or with hepatic abscess and/or para 24 mg/dl (10—20),and a creatinine level of 0.5 mg/dl (0.6— sitic liver disease.
    [Show full text]
  • Appropriate Use Criteria for Hepatobiliary Scintigraphy in Abdominal Pain
    Appropriate Use Criteria for Hepatobiliary Scintigraphy in Abdominal Pain Gary Dillehay1, Zvi Bar-Sever2, Manuel Brown1, Richard Brown1, Edward Green1, Marie Lee1, Joseph K. Lim3, Darlene Metter1, Andrew Trout1, Robert Wagner1, Sachin Wani3, Harvey Ziessman1, Julie Kauffman1, Sukhjeet Ahuja1, and Kevin Donohoe1 1Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging; 2European Association of Nuclear Medicine; and 3American Gastroenterological Association EXECUTIVE SUMMARY appropriate. In addition, these recommendations do not preclude other testing. This document describes common clinical presenta- 99mTc-labeled hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid (HIDA) scintig- tions in patients with abdominal pain in which HIDA scintigraphy raphy is an important adjunct to the evaluation of patients with may be helpful. Referring providers should consider patient history, abdominal pain. The introduction of radiopharmaceuticals that physical examination results, and previously acquired test results allowed the performance of these studies in patients with elevated before considering HIDA scintigraphy. This document is presented bilirubin levels expanded the clinical use of this important diag- to assist the health care practitioner in the appropriate use of HIDA nostic imaging technology. The proper use of HIDA scintigraphy scintigraphy in evaluating patients with abdominal pain but is not requires an understanding of the physiology of the hepatobiliary intended to replace clinical judgment. system in both health and disease states, the metabolism of hep- HIDA
    [Show full text]