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Knowledge Sharing and Networking in Transatlantic Relations: a Network Analytical Approach to Scientific and Technological Cooperation

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Knowledge Sharing and Networking in Transatlantic Relations: a Network Analytical Approach to Scientific and Technological Cooperation KNOWLEDGE SHARING AND NETWORKING IN TRANSATLANTIC RELATIONS: A NETWORK ANALYTICAL APPROACH TO SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL COOPERATION A dissertation submitted to Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Gabriella Paar-Jakli December 2010 Dissertation written by Gabriella Paar-Jakli B.S., University of Pécs, 1982 B.A., Budapest Business School, 1986 M.B.A. Kent State University, 2001 Ph.D., Kent State University, 2010 Approved by Dr. Steven W. Hook, Chair, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Dr. Andrew Barnes, Members, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Dr. Julie Mazzei, Dr. Alberta Sbragia, Dr. Ruoming Jin, Accepted by Dr. Steven W. Hook, Chair, Department of Political Science Dr. Timothy Moerland, Dean, College of Arts and Sciences ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………....vi LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………………...viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.........................................................................................x CHAPTER Page 1 DISSERTATION OVERVIEW ..............................................................................1 Introduction .............................................................................................................1 Theory and Analytical Concepts – Literature Review.............................................7 Knowledge, Access, and International Communication……..…………....7 The Role of Discourse and Civil Society in International Communication……………………………………………………………9 Networks and Social Capital………………………………………..……12 Knowledge Networks…………………………………………………….18 Cooperation, International Order, and Governance……………………...22 Chapter Outline…………………………………………………………………..35 2 TRANSATLANTIC RELATIONS……………………………………………...39 Introduction………………………………………………………………..……..39 Why Care About Transatlantic Relations………………………………..………39 Early Atlanticism………………………………………………………………...46 Stages of Cooperative Arrangements – Institutionalization…………………..…48 The New Transatlantic Agenda of 1995…………………………………52 Significance of EU-US Cooperation on Science and Technology……………....54 United States………………………………………………………….….54 European Union………………………………………………………….60 A New Era under Lisbon………………………………………...63 EU-US Agreement for Scientific and Technological Cooperation……...64 Concluding Remarks……………..………………………………………………65 iii 3 RESEARCH DESIGN…………………………………………………………...66 Introduction…………………………………………………………………..66 Research Goals……………………………………………………………….66 Social Network Analysis…………………………………………………70 Hypotheses…………………………………………………………………...73 Research Strategy: Embedded Case Study…………………………………..74 Methodology…………………………………………………………………75 Data and Data Collection…………………………………………...……75 Data Coding……………………………………………………………...79 Data Analyzing Techniques……………………………………………...81 Visual Representation with PAJEK………………………………………….95 4 EMPIRICAL RESULTS ON THE TRANSATLANTIC NETWORK STRUCTURE: FINDINGS…………..……………….……………..………98 Introduction……………………………………………………………….….98 Findings for Overall Network Structure and Clustering……………...….…100 Transatlantic Network – Backbone Connections…….……...………….100 Transatlantic Science and Technology Policy Sub-network….………..103 Network Clusters…….……………………………………………........105 Transatlantic Network Structure………………………………………...106 Distribution of Types of Institutions in the Transatlantic Network(s)….109 iv Key Findings Based on Network Attributes………………………………..110 Prominence or Prestige…………………………………………………111 In-degree………………………………………………………..111 Out-degree……………………………………………………....115 Degree versus Strength of Nodes……………………………….117 Authorities and Hubs…………………………………………...120 Brokerage……………………………………………………………….124 Structural Holes………………………………………………...124 Betweenness……………………………………………………129 Cohesion………………………………………………………………..132 “P-cliques”……………………………………………………...134 Islands…………………………………………………………..135 List of Figures and Tables…………………………………………………..139 5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS………………………………………...174 Research Contribution……………………………………………………...183 Positioning the Research in the Discipline………........................................189 Policy Implications…………………………………………………………193 Future Directions…………………………………………………………...196 APPENDIX A TRANSATLANTIC CONNECTIONS – MAJOR KNETS……………….199 B TRANSATLANTIC CONNECTIONS BY TYPES OF ORGANIZATION……………………………………………………..205 References…………………………………………………………………………..217 v LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 2.1 Organizations and Individuals Who Influence Science and Technology Policy Decision-making in the United States……………………………….…..58 2.2 Budget Growths of Framework Programs……………………………………....62 2.3 European Research: Increasing Budgets…………………………………….…..63 3.1 Document Depths for Web Crawling …………………………………………..78 3.2 In-degree and Out-degree Connections………………………………………....87 3.3 Hubs and Authorities…………………………………………………………....89 3.4 Relation between Hyperlink networks and other Social or Communication networks………………………………………………………………………….92 4.1 Visualization of the Transatlantic Network Connections through Direct Links Using PAJEK …………………...………………………………………139 4.2 Visualization of the Transatlantic Network Connections through Secondary Links Using PAJEK. ………………………………………………………….140 4.3 Visualization Of The Transatlantic Network Connections through Tertiary Links Using PAJEK………..………………………………………………….141 4.4 Visualization of the Transatlantic S&T Sub-Network through Direct Links Using PAJEK…………...……………………………………………....143 4.5 Visualization of the Clustering Of Transatlantic Network through Direct Links Using PAJEK…………………...……………………… ……………...145 4.6 Visualization of the Clustering Of Transatlantic Network through Direct Links Using PAJEK…………………...………………………………………146 4.7 Visualization of the Clustering of the S&T Sub-Network through Direct Links Using PAJEK……………………..…………………………………….148 4.8 Transatlantic Network: Degree of Connections……………….……………..150 4.9 Science and Technology Specific Transatlantic Sub-Network: Degree of Connections..…………………………………………………………………..150 4.10 Comparison of Both Transatlantic Networks: Degree of Connections ............151 4.11 Science and Technology Specific Transatlantic Sub-Network: Strength of Connections……………………………………………………………………152 vi 4.12 Visualization of the In-degree Partitioning of the Transatlantic Network through Direct Links Using PAJEK…………………..……………………...154 4.13 Visualization of the In-degree Partitioning of the Transatlantic S&T Sub-Network through Direct Links Using PAJEK…………………………..155 4.14 Visualization of the In-degree Partitioning of the Transatlantic Network through Direct Links Using PAJEK…………………….……………………157 4.15 Visualization of the In-degree Partitioning of the Transatlantic S&T Sub-Network through Direct Links Using PAJEK….…………………..…….158 4.16 Visualization of the Hubs and Authorities Partitioning of the Transatlantic Network Using PAJEK…........…….…………………………162 4.17 Visualization of the Hubs and Authorities Partitioning of the Transatlantic S&T Sub-Network Using PAJEK………..…………………………..………163 4.18 Visualization of Strong P-cliques Partition of the Transatlantic Network Using PAJEK………………………………………………………………………..169 4.19 Visualization of Strong P-cliques Partition of the Transatlantic Network Using PAJEK……………………..…………………………………………………170 4.20 Visualization of Islands Partition of the Transatlantic Network Using PAJEK……………………………………………………......………...…….172 4.21 Visualization of Islands Partition of the Transatlantic Network Using PAJEK………………………………………………………………...……...173 vii LIST OF TABLES TABLE 2.1 Significant Dates and Events in Federal Funding of Science and Technology In The United States………...……………………………………………………….59 2.2 Stages of Development in Science and Technology Policy in the European Union………………………………………………………………………………..61 3.1 Keywords Used for a Web Crawl to Generate and Specify a Science-and Technology Specific Sub-Network………………………………………………….81 4.1 Most Commonly Linked-to Web-pages excluding the Core Transatlantic Organizations…..………….....……………………………………………...........142 4.2 Organizational Websites that are not Members of the d1-kw Network……………144 4.3 Transatlantic Network Clusters…...………………………………………………..147 4.4 Transatlantic S&T Sub-network……………………………………………...…….149 4.5 Network Attributes and their Measurement……………………………...…….….153 4.6 Top Ranking Nodes and Their Values for IN-DEGREE……………………...…...156 4.7 Top Ranking Nodes and Their Values for IN-DEGREE at All Depths…………...156 4.8 Top Ranking Nodes for OUT-DEGREE…………………………………….…….159 4.9 Top Ranking Nodes and Their Values for OUTDEGREE at All Depths…………159 4.10 In-Degree – In-Strength Comparison of Top Ranking Nodes and Their Values at Values at All Depths………………………………………………………………160 4.11 Out-Degree – Out-Strength Comparison of Top Ranking Nodes and Their Values at All Depths………………………………………………………………………..161 4.12 Top Ranking Nodes for AUTHORITY………………………………….……….164 4.13 Top Ranking Nodes for HUB…………………………………………………….164 viii 4.14 Top Ranking Nodes for BOTH: AUTHORITY as well as HUB………………...165 4.15 Top Ranking Nodes for AUTHORITY and HUB at All Depths………………....166 4.16 AGGREGATE Network CONSTRAINT (STRUCTURAL HOLES)…………...167 4.17 Top Ranking Nodes for AGGREGATE CONSTRAINT at All Depths…………167 4.18 Top Ranking Nodes for BETWENNESS as Brokerage………………………….168 4.19 Top Ranking Nodes and Their Values for BETWENNESS at All Depths………168 4.20 Strong “P-Cliques” in D1, D2, and D3 Networks………………………………..171 4.21 Strong “P-Cliques” in d1kw……………………………………………………...171 ix DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my loving grandmother, who is my guardian angel still watching out for my family and me. She was the most selfless person I have
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