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Study of Water Quality and Heavy Metals in Soil & Water of Ex-Mining

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Study of Water Quality and Heavy Metals in Soil & Water of Ex-Mining International Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences IJBAS-IJENS Vol:10 No:03 7 Study of Water Quality and Heavy Metals in Soil & Water of Ex-Mining Area Bestari Jaya, Peninsular Malaysia Muhammad Aqeel Ashraf1, Mohd. Jamil Maah1 and Ismail Bin Yusoff 1Department of Chemistry University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia. Department of Geology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia. Abstract-- Tin mining is one of the oldest industries in was one of the largest tin producers until the tin crisis of Malaysia that have started since1820s. These mining activities 1985[1]. Malaysia’s tin deposits occur in a strip of land have resulted in about 113,700 hectors of tin tailings about 400 Km long and 60 Km wide between the town of throughout the peninsula that created numerous Georgetown and Melaka, along the western coast of environmental problems such as threat to natural reserves due Peninsular Malaysia. Most Malaysian tin comes from two to landscape changes, damage to natural drainage, pollution and destruction of natural habitats The present study was states Perak (63%) and Selangor (22%), which together carried out in old tin mining area Bestari Jaya (Batang account for about 90 percent of the country’s tin mining Berjuntai old name), district Kuala Selangor in Selangor state. output [2]. The purpose of this study is to get the ground information After the discovery of tin many methods have been used. In about environmental and contamination characteristics and the start panning and open cast mining were normally used. also planning for future work. The mined out catchment covers Other methods include lampanning and dredging [3]. an area of 323.74 hectors. Initially 92.61 hectors of downstream 'Lampanning' (ground-sluicing on hillsides) was the most catchment were investigated which includes two mined out destructive form of tin mining. In certain areas where it was water ponds. These ponds flow downstream to River Ayer extensively practised, it left a persistent legacy of disturbed Hitam that ultimately ends up with River Selangor, 5 Km upstream of Batang Berjunti Water Treatment Plants SSP1 and scarred land. 'Lampanning' operations also constituted a and SSP2 which are major water distributors to federal major source of sediment, and contributed to the siltation of territory (Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya) and Selangor state as rivers in mining areas and to more frequent flooding in well. Samples of soil and water were taken separately from subsequent years [4].After the mining operations has carried fifteen locations of downstream catchment using Global out, it left behind ponds, lakes, tin tailings (sand and slime Positioning System. In preliminary studies physio-chemical tailings) and areas of mixed material. It is estimated that parameters and concentration of heavy metals Pb2+, Zn2+, Ni2+, 2+ 3+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ there are about 210,000 hectares ex-mining land in the Co , As , Cu , Fe , Mn , Sn were analyzed. The metals country and most areas has been rehabilitated into useful were extracted by nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide in a closed land [1]. According to JMG (Jabatan Minerals dan vessel microwave digestion system and analysed by using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The method was validated by Gesoains, 2008) there is 4909.6 hectares examining land in using standard reference material (NIST SRM 4354, 1643e) Selangor and the area under study still need rehabilitation. and results were compared with interim national water quality Besides employment and economic profit, there are a lot of standards for Malaysia and found that most of physio-chemical environment hazards also associated as well. These may parameters and metals concentration exceeds the permissible include threat to natural reserves due to landscape changes, limits set by interim national water quality standards for damage to natural drainage, pollution and destruction of Malaysia. So it is concluded that Bestari Jaya ex-mining natural habitats [5].The environmental problems caused by catchment has a high pollution potential due to mining tin mining have been lessened with the help of governments activities and Sungai (River) Ayer Hitam, recipient of in legislations in Malaysia. Some of these are The mining catchment water is a highly polluted river. Therefore extensive research needs to be carried out in order to evaluate possible codes of Perak (1895) and Negeri Sembilan (1895), The environmental risk factors in the area. Different environmental Mining Enactment N0.7 (1899), The Selangor Mining aspects have also discussed in this paper for the future research Enactment (1901), (1911), (1921), (1928) etc. [3].Most of during this project. these laws were mainly concerned on mining code of practice but not purely discuss environmental issues so The Index Term-- Ex-mining, catchment, water quality, heavy F.M.S. Mining Enactment (1934) was the first to introduce metals, soil. some environmental standards. They passed laws which required tin mining companies to carry out restoration work after they have mined a parcel of excavated land [3]. I. INTRODUCTION The preliminary investigation of soil and water chemistry of History of tin mining in Malaysia is very old that have started since 1820 after the arrival of Chinese immigrants. the proposed site will help to get the ground information Tin mining was one of the leading mining industry in about environmental and contamination characteristics and to get guidelines for detailed planning of the work in future. Malaysia during 19th century and have contributed a lot in the socio-economic development of the country. Malaysia As Selangor state is the most populated state in Malaysia 102003-4646 IJBAS-IJENS © June 2010 IJENS I J E N S International Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences IJBAS-IJENS Vol:10 No:03 8 and is shortage of land. This project will also be valuable for 32 0C during day and 23 0C at night. An annual average rehabilitation and reclamation of the study area for safer rainfall of 2000 mm and 3000 mm with potential economic development of the state and country. evaporation of 1600 mm per year [6]. The Bestari Jaya is an old tin mining area for over 10 years II. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA .The whole catchment covers an area of 2656.31 hectors The study area Bestari Jaya catchment is located at 30, 24’ which is located downstream at the embankment of 40.41” N and 1010 24’ 56.23” E is part of district Kuala Kampung Bestari Jaya and University Industry Selangor Selangor in Selangor state that includes three towns Mukim (UNISEL) main campus. The catchment flow downstream Batang Berjuntai, Mukim Ulu Tinggi, Mukim Tg.karang. to Sungai Ayer Hitam and Sungai Udang which ultimately The old name of Bestari Jaya is Batang Berjuntai. On 2007 ends up with Sungai Selangor at 5 Km upstream of Batang the name Batang Berjuntai was renamed "Bestari Jaya" due Berjunti Water Treatment Plants SSP1 and SSP2 which are to censorship by the government, as "Batang Berjuntai" had major water distributors to federal territory (Kuala Lumpur phallic meanings in Malay. Bestari Jaya has a tropical, and Putrajaya) and Selangor state as well. humid climate, with very little variations in temperature throughout the year. The average temperature of the area is Fig. 1. Map of Selangor State The area consists of myriad ecosystems which can be subdivided into several categories such as degraded land, large open lakes and small ponds, earth drains and wetlands area, tin tailings (sand and slime tailings), logged peat 102003-4646 IJBAS-IJENS © June 2010 IJENS I J E N S International Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences IJBAS-IJENS Vol:10 No:03 9 swamp forest land in east. The contribution of storm water, Flow routing had been carried out by applying the survey peat swamp forest water and recent sand mining activity has data. Some of the lakes flow across the downstream into caused severe environmental pollution due to drainage open spaces and wetlands that run off into Sungai Ayer problem in the area. The area has a lot of big lakes and small Hitam, meets up Sungai Udang and ultimately ends up to ponds that are interconnected by earth drains. Excess water Sungai Selangor at the Jalan Timur Tambahan road junction, from these lakes and ponds is discharged to the existing east of UNISEL. earth drains at the downstream of the lakes and ponds. Precipitation rate is high in some stagnant ponds. Fig. 2. Map of Catchment Area In the study area Sungai Selangor has an average water depth 5.7 meter, channel width 8.4 meter and river flow 54.6 m3/sec. Ayer Hitam has an average water depth 1.7 meter, channel width 5 meter and river flow is 21.5 m3/sec while Sungai Udang (the smallest channel) has an average water III. MATERIAL & METHODS channel depth of 32 cm, channel width 110cm and 42 Sampling Location m3/sec. In preliminary analysis 92 hectors of downstream part of the The wetlands has an area of 579.7 hectors is stretched along catchment were analysed that includes drain of catchment to the north western border of the site. Several useful plant Sungai Ayer Hitam that meets Sungai Selangor at the Jalan species have been seen in the wetland while several harmful Timur Tambahan road junction. Water samples were taken weed species have been also seen in the study area that from two ex-mining ponds, at the junction of Sungai Ayer cause blocking of water courses and water become foul due Hitam and at the junction of Sungai Selangor and soil to large masses of water leaves. This area is sandy in texture samples were taken at the embankment of the river and and it is representative of entire examining area in the ponds and the area nearby.
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