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Contents Preface xv Acknowledgments xvii Abbreviations and Symbols xix Introduction 1 1. Sects, Parties, and Tendencies 9 The Samaritans 10 A Samaritan Story of the Formation of the Judahite (Jewish) Sect 11 The Samaritan Chronicle II, J–L 11 The Judahites (Jews) on the Origins of the Samaritans 13 2 Kings 17 13 Samaritan and Judean Relations 15 Josephus, Antiquities 11:306–12 15 The Hasideans (H\asidim) 16 Psalm 149 16 Apocryphal Psalms, col. 18 16 The Psalms of Solomon 17 Passive Resistance 18 1 Maccabees 1:62–64 18 Revolt 18 Further Passive Resistance 18 1 Maccabees 2:29–38 18 The Hasideans Join the Armed Resistance 19 1 Maccabees 2:42–44 19 The Hasideans Abandon the Revolt 19 1 Maccabees 7:12–18 20 vii viii Contents Pharisees, Sadducees, and Essenes 21 The Pharisees 22 Josephus, Antiquities 18:12–15 22 Josephus, Jewish War 2:162–63 23 Josephus, Antiquities 13:297–98 24 Nahum Commentary on 2:12 (col. 1:4–8) 24 Nahum Commentary on 3:1–4 (col. 2:1–10) 25 Nahum Commentary on 3:6–7 (col. 3:1–8) 25 Nahum Commentary on 3:8 (col. 3:8–9) 26 Nahum Commentary on 3:9b–11 (col. 3:12—4:8) 26 The New Testament 26 The Sadducees 27 Josephus, Antiquities 18:16–17 27 Josephus, Jewish War 2:164–66 28 Acts 23:6–10 28 The Fathers According to Rabbi Nathan, A 5 29 The Essenes 30 The Essenes According to Josephus 30 Josephus, Antiquities 18:18–22 30 Josephus, Jewish War 2:119–61 31 Essene Texts from Qumran 33 The History of the Sect 33 Damascus Document 1:1–13 33 The Essene Teaching on the Two Spirits 34 The Rule of the Community 3:13–4:23 34 The Zealots 37 Judah the Gaulanite 38 Josephus, Antiquities 18:4–6, 9–10 38 Josephus, Jewish War 7:418–19 38 Josephus, Antiquities 18:23–24 39 Mishnah Sanhedrin 9:6 39 The Therapeutae 39 The Daily Life of the Therapeutae 40 Philo, On the Contemplative Life 24–33 40 The Dance and the Chorus 41 Philo, On the Contemplative Life 83–85, 88–89 41 Hellenism and Apocalypticism: Two Tendencies within Judaism 42 Hellenistic Judaism 42 4 Maccabees 1:1–6, 15–18 43 Apocalypticism 44 1 Enoch 44 1 Enoch 1:1–3 44 1 Enoch 93:1–2, 10; 91:11 45 1 Enoch 104:10–13 46 Contents ix The Jews in the Eyes of the Pagans 47 Hecataeus of Abdera, History of Egypt 47 Apollonius Molon, On the Jews 48 2. Temple and Cult 55 In Praise of the Temple 56 A Song of Pilgrimage 56 Psalm 84:1–10 56 An Apostrophe to Zion 57 Apocryphal Psalms, col. 22 57 A “Pagan” Views the Temple and Its Cult 58 Aristeas to Philocrates 83–92 58 The Place of the Temple in Jewish Life 59 The Presence of God 60 1 Kings 8:27–34 60 Isaiah 6:1–5 61 The Place of Cultic Activity 62 Wisdom of ben Sira 50:5–21 62 Mishnah Tamid 4:1–2 and 7:2 64 Jerusalem—a Place of Pilgrimage 66 The Temple Scroll 66 Other Aspects of the Temple 68 The Temple—Indispensable, Threatened, Destroyed 68 2 Maccabees 3:9–39 69 Critiques of Temple, Cult, and Priesthood 71 Jeremiah 7:1–15 71 Malachi 1:6–14 72 1 Enoch 89:73–74 72 Psalms of Solomon 2:1–3 and 8:8–21 73 Damascus Document 4:12—5:9 74 The Community as Temple 75 The Rule of the Community 8:4–10 76 The Eschatological Temple 76 Tobit 13:9–18 76 Sibylline Oracles 3:702–30 78 The New Jerusalem and Temple after 70c.e. 78 2 Baruch 4:2–6 79 4 Ezra 9:26—10:59 79 Parallel Developments 80 The New Testament and Early Christianity 80 Critique of the Temple 80 Mark 11:15–18 80 The Community as Temple 81 Ephesians 2:19–22 81 1 Peter 2:4–10 82 x Contents Matthew 16:13–19 82 The Delegitimizing of the Levitical Priesthood 83 Testament of Levi 14:5–8 83 The Heavenly Temple 84 Hebrews 9:1–24 84 The Eschatological Jerusalem 85 Revelation 21—22:5 85 Rabbinic Literature 87 The Fathers According to Rabbi Nathan, A 4 88 The Amida for the Ninth of Av 88 The Weekday Amida, Petition 17 89 3. Ideals of Piety 93 The Exhortation to Piety 94 Tobit 4:5–21 94 The Wise Man 97 Wisdom of ben Sira 39:1–11 97 Righteous Israel 99 4 Ezra 14:28–35 99 Abraham’s Children 100 Jubilees 20:1–10 100 Sins to Avoid 102 1 Enoch 99:11–16 102 The Virtue of the Wise 103 Aramaic Levi Document 13:1–13 103 The Character of the Jewish People 104 Sibylline Oracles 3:218–47 105 Social Justice 106 2 Enoch B 42:6–14 106 Why Observe the Law? 107 4 Maccabees 5:16–27 107 Philo, On Dreams 1.124–25 107 The Way of the Spirit of Truth 108 The Rule of the Community 4:2–6 108 Further Developments 109 The New Testament 109 Luke 6:20–23 109 Luke 6:24–26 110 Galatians 5:16–24 110 James 1:19–27 111 Second/Third Century “Jewish Christianity” 111 Moral Virtues 111 Testament of Levi 13:1–6 112 Testament of Judah 14:1–4 112 Contents xi Testament of Issachar 4:1—5:3 113 Testament of Dan 5:1–3 114 Testament of Benjamin 3:1–5 115 Priestly Virtue 115 Testament of Isaac, p. 64 115 Rabbinic Literature 116 The Fathers According to Rabbi Nathan, A 19 116 Babylonian Talmud Berakot 61b 117 Ethics of the Fathers (Mishnah Avot) 2:5–8 117 4. Deliverance, Judgment, and Vindication 121 An Early Judgment Oracle 125 1 Enoch 1–5 125 The Vindication of God’s Persecuted People 129 Descriptions of the Judgment 129 Daniel 12:1–3 129 Testament of Moses 9–10 130 Jubilees 23:23–31 132 Stories about the Vindication of the Persecuted Righteous 133 Wisdom of Solomon 2–5 134 2 Maccabees 7 137 God’s Judgment as Reward and Punishment 141 Tobit 4:5–11 141 Psalms of Solomon 3:3–12 142 4 Ezra 7:28–42 143 Testament of Abraham 12–14 145 The Rule of the Community 4:2–14 148 The Presence of Eternal Life 149 Hymn Scroll 19:3–14 149 Parallels and Developments 150 The New Testament 150 Jesus, the Persecuted and Vindicated Righteous One 150 The Resurrection and Judgment of Christians 151 The Presence of Eternal Life 152 Rabbinic Literature 152 Babylonian Talmud Berakot 28b 153 ToseftaSanhedrin 13:3–5 153 The Amida for New Year, Petition 3 155 5. The Agents of Divine Deliverance 159 Human Agents 159 The Davidic Messiah 159 Psalms of Solomon 17 160 4 Ezra 11–12 163 xii Contents The Eschatological Priest and King 165 The Aramaic Levi Document 10–11 165 Expectations of the Qumran Community 166 Damascus Document 19:34—20:1 166 Damascus Document 12:23—13:2 167 Florilegium 1:10–13, 18–19 167 The Rule of the Congregation 2:11–22 168 The Two Messiahs and the Prophet 168 The Rule of the Community 9:8–11 169 The Testimonia 169 Transcendent Agents 170 The Son of Man 170 1 Enoch 37–71 170 4 Ezra 13 175 Melchizedek 176 The Qumran Melchizedek Document 177 2 Enoch, Appendix 177 Parallel Developments 179 The New Testament 179 Manifestations of a Heavenly Figure 179 The Davidic Messiah 180 Romans 1:3–4 180 Matthew 21:1–11 181 Matthew 16:13–19 182 The High Priest 182 The Epistle to the Hebrews 182 Hebrews 1:1–5 182 Hebrews 2:14–18; 4:14–16 183 Hebrews 6:19—7:3 184 Romans 8:31–34 185 The Son of Man 185 Mark 14:61–62 186 Mark 8:38 186 Matthew 24:36–44 187 Matthew 25:31–46 187 The Servant of the Lord 188 Second/Third Century “Jewish Christianity” 189 The Eschatological Priest 189 Testament of Levi 18 189 The Priestly and Royal Messiah(s) 192 Testament of Judah 21 and 24 192 Testament of Dan 5:10–13 193 The Rabbinic Writings 194 Contents xiii The Davidic Messiah 194 The Weekday Amida, Petitions 14–15 194 Genesis Rabba 49:11 194 Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 97a–98a 194 The Royal and Priestly Messiahs 195 Commentary on Psalm 43 195 6. Lady Wisdom and Israel 201 Wisdom Personified 203 Job 28:12–28 203 The Book of Proverbs 205 The Speech of Wisdom 205 Proverbs 8 205 Wisdom in the Righteous People 208 Apocryphal Psalm 154, col. 18 208 Wisdom and the Fear of God 209 Wisdom of ben Sira 1:1–20 209 The Praise of Wisdom 211 Wisdom of ben Sira 24 211 Israel’s Quest for Wisdom 214 Baruch 3:9—4:4 214 Jewish Hellenistic Wisdom 217 Solomon Discusses Wisdom 218 Wisdom of Solomon 7:15—8:1 218 Solomon’s Prayer 220 Wisdom of Solomon 9 220 Further Observations 222 Wisdom Teaching Broadly Construed 222 4QInstruction (4Q415–18, 423) 223 Wisdom Withdraws from the World 225 1 Enoch 42 225 Developments and Parallels 225 Philo of Alexandria 225 On the Cherubim 49–50 225 On Flight and Finding 50–51 226 The New Testament 227 John 1:1–14 227 1 Corinthians 1:18–25 227 Rabbinic Texts 228 Genesis Rabba 1:1 228 A Pagan Text 228 Praise of Isis 228 Index of Passages Quoted and Cited 233 Introduction The present volume is designed to illustrate certain salient points about Judaism as it developed in the last two centuries b.c.e.
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  • The Rewritten Bible at Qumran

    The Rewritten Bible at Qumran

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications, Classics and Religious Studies Department Classics and Religious Studies 1998 The Rewritten Bible at Qumran Sidnie White Crawford University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/classicsfacpub Part of the Classics Commons Crawford, Sidnie White, "The Rewritten Bible at Qumran" (1998). Faculty Publications, Classics and Religious Studies Department. 91. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/classicsfacpub/91 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Classics and Religious Studies at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications, Classics and Religious Studies Department by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Published in THE HEBREW BIBLE AND QUMRAN, edited by James H. Charlesworth (Bibal Press, 1998), pp. 173-195. Copyright (c) 1998 James H. Charlesworth. The Rewritten Bible at Qumran Sidnie White Crawford ince the discovery of the scrolls from the Qumran caves in the late 1940s and earl y-to-mid 50s, the process of sort­ ~ ing, identifying, and editing the fragmentary manuscripts has occupied the attention of scholars. Now, as that period in the histOlY of scroll s scholarship draws to a close, more and more attention has turned to the contents of the texts from the eleven caves ill the vicinity of Khirbet Qumran as a collection. Several things may be said about this collection.