foods Perspective Could Global Intensification of Nitrogen Fertilisation Increase Immunogenic Proteins and Favour the Spread of Coeliac Pathology? Josep Penuelas 1,2,3,* , Albert Gargallo-Garriga 1,2,3 , Ivan A. Janssens 4, Philippe Ciais 5, Michael Obersteiner 6, Karel Klem 3 , Otmar Urban 3, Yong-Guan Zhu 7,8 and Jordi Sardans 1,2,3 1 CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Catalonia, Spain;
[email protected] (A.G.-G.);
[email protected] (J.S.) 2 CREAF, Cerdanyola del Valles, 08193 Catalonia, Spain 3 Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, CZ-60300 Brno, Czech Republic;
[email protected] (K.K.);
[email protected] (O.U.) 4 Research Group Plants and Ecosystems (PLECO), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium;
[email protected] 5 Laboratory of Climate and Environmental Sciences, Institute Pierre Simon Laplace (PSL), 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France;
[email protected] 6 Ecosystems Services and Management, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), A-2361 Laxenburg, Austria;
[email protected] 7 Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China;
[email protected] 8 State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China * Correspondence:
[email protected] Received: 9 October 2020; Accepted: 2 November 2020; Published: 4 November 2020 Abstract: Fertilisation of cereal crops with nitrogen (N) has increased in the last five decades. In particular, the fertilisation of wheat crops increased by nearly one order of magnitude from 1961 to 1 1 2010, from 9.84 to 93.8 kg N ha− y− .