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Epic of Saltpetre to Gunpowder
Indian Journal of History of Science, 40.4 (2005) 539-57 1 EPIC OF SALTPETRE TO GUNPOWDER (Received 17 March 2005) The article provides a very tentative contour of an epic which is yet to be written in completeness, even several details of which may not have been yet discovered. Whereas the development of the nuclear weapons has taken only a few decades of the 20th century, the epic of the development of saltpetre to gunpowder, and the associated knowledge proliferation across many countries, spanned over many centuries, in fact more than a millen- nium. The Chinese origin of this epic (with a faint Indian link) is more or less established. The story of guns and other firearms is outside the scope of this article. This dissertation highlights the contributions of eminent scholars like Needham, Sarton, Gode and lqtidar Alam Khan, and also emphasizes the cross-currents of the progress and clash of civilizations, as the grand saga went on unfolding itself over the ages. History of armament research and development inevitably ushers in the philosophical issue of ends and means in the human civilization. Key Words: Chinese gunpowder tradition, Firearms, Gunpowder, Indian gunpowder tradition, Pyrotechnics, Saltpetre, Transmission, Technical terms - Arabic, Persian, Sanskrit, Turkish, Urdu. The spirit of human civilization has never endorsed 'violence', and yet has encountered violence from the Nature, the animal world and diverse and hostile human traditions as facts of life, to be resisted by scientific knowledge and technological innovations. The knowledge regarding fire and its applica- tions, some of them catastrophic, cannot be unlearnt, even for the sake of the high ideals of peace and non-violence. -
Number of Soldiers That Joined the Army from Registered Address in Scotland for Financial Years 2014 to 2017
Army Secretariat Army Headquarters IDL 24 Blenheim Building Marlborough Lines Andover Hampshire, SP11 8HJ United Kingdom Ref: FOI2017/10087/13/04/79464 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.army.mod.uk XXX XXXXXXXXXXX 5 December 2017 XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Dear XXXXXX, Thank you for your email of 14 October in which you clarified your request of 6 October to the following : ‘In particular please clarify what you mean by ‘people from Scotland’. Are you seeking information regarding individuals who identify themselves as being Scottish regardless of where they live now, or people who currently have a Scottish address regardless of their background or country of origin? Please note that for the MOD Joint Personnel Administration, some of the nationality options an individual can record themselves as include ‘British’, ‘Scottish’ or ‘British Scottish’. I was mainly looking for those having joined the Army from a Scottish address as I’m looking at how many people located in Scotland join the Army. Further clarification is required concerning the second part of your request - please clarify if you want Corps and Infantry Regiment (In essence Cap badge) or Corps and Infantry totals. Please note that a proportion of those who joined the untrained strength in 2016 may still be in training. Yes please, looking for Cap Badge of entrants from Scotland should this information exist. Finally please confirm that you require the information for both parts of your request by Financial Years 2014, 2015 & 2016. Yes please, If the information exists for each year then I would be grateful for this. If this is significantly time consuming then 2016 would be sufficient.’ I am treating your correspondence as a request for information under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) 2000. -
The Fusilier Origins in Tower Hamlets the Tower Was the Seat of Royal
The Fusilier Origins in Tower Hamlets The Tower was the seat of Royal power, in addition to being the Sovereign’s oldest palace, it was the holding prison for competitors and threats, and the custodian of the Sovereign’s monopoly of armed force until the consolidation of the Royal Arsenal at Woolwich in 1805. As such, the Tower Hamlets’ traditional provision of its citizens as a loyal garrison to the Tower was strategically significant, as its possession and protection influenced national history. Possession of the Tower conserved a foothold in the capital, even for a sovereign who had lost control of the City or Westminster. As such, the loyalty of the Constable and his garrison throughout the medieval, Tudor and Stuart eras was critical to a sovereign’s (and from 1642 to 1660, Parliament’s) power-base. The ancient Ossulstone Hundred of the County of Middlesex was that bordering the City to the north and east. With the expansion of the City in the later Medieval period, Ossulstone was divided into four divisions; the Tower Division, also known as Tower Hamlets. The Tower Hamlets were the military jurisdiction of the Constable of the Tower, separate from the lieutenancy powers of the remainder of Middlesex. Accordingly, the Tower Hamlets were sometimes referred to as a county-within-a-county. The Constable, with the ex- officio appointment of Lord Lieutenant of Tower Hamlets, held the right to call upon citizens of the Tower Hamlets to fulfil garrison guard duty at the Tower. Early references of the unique responsibility of the Tower Hamlets during the reign of Bloody Mary show that in 1554 the Privy Council ordered Sir Richard Southwell and Sir Arthur Darcye to muster the men of the Tower Hamlets "whiche owe their service to the Towre, and to give commaundement that they may be in aredynes for the defence of the same”1. -
Regimental Associations
Regimental Associations Organisation Website AGC Regimental Association www.rhqagc.com A&SH Regimental Association https://www.argylls.co.uk/regimental-family/regimental-association-3 Army Air Corps Association www.army.mod.uk/aviation/ Airborne Forces Security Fund No Website information held Army Physical Training Corps Assoc No Website information held The Black Watch Association www.theblackwatch.co.uk The Coldstream Guards Association www.rhqcoldmgds.co.uk Corps of Army Music Trust No Website information held Duke of Lancaster’ Regiment www.army.mod.uk/infantry/regiments/3477.aspx The Gordon Highlanders www.gordonhighlanders.com Grenadier Guards Association www.grengds.com Gurkha Brigade Association www.army.mod.uk/gurkhas/7544.aspx Gurkha Welfare Trust www.gwt.org.uk The Highlanders Association No Website information held Intelligence Corps Association www.army.mod.uk/intelligence/association/ Irish Guards Association No Website information held KOSB Association www.kosb.co.uk The King's Royal Hussars www.krh.org.uk The Life Guards Association No website – Contact [email protected]> The Blues And Royals Association No website. Contact through [email protected]> Home HQ the Household Cavalry No website. Contact [email protected] Household Cavalry Associations www.army.mod.uk/armoured/regiments/4622.aspx The Light Dragoons www.lightdragoons.org.uk 9th/12th Lancers www.delhispearman.org.uk The Mercian Regiment No Website information held Military Provost Staff Corps http://www.mpsca.org.uk -
Flyer Informationen Zum Studium 27-11-2019.Indd
Succeed in your studies and enjoy your time in Ansbach Why choose Ansbach? Ansbach University of Applied Sciences Become part of Ansbach University’s vibrant student community! A Residenzstrasse 8 warm welcome awaits you and plenty of support to help you succeed. 91522 Ansbach Germany Ansbach University of Applied Sciences Phone: +49 981 4877 – 0 Ansbach University of Applied Sciences offers a wide range of study Fax: +49 981 4877 – 188 programmes with a focus on practical training and employability www.hs-ansbach.de/en without tuition fees. Teaching in small groups, close mentoring by dedicated staff, high-tech laboratories, and a green campus in International Offi ce friendly surroundings all combine to make Ansbach University an Bettina Huhn, M.A. (Head) ideal place to study. Phone: +49 981 48 77 – 145 Sandra Sauter Ansbach Phone: +49 981 48 77 – 545 Ansbach is a beautiful town in Bavaria with lots of leisure activities, [email protected] safe surroundings and a low cost of living. Located in the heart of Germany, close to Nuremberg, it allows easy access to the major cities www.hs-ansbach.de of Germany and Europe. The campus lies within walking distance of www.facebook.com/studieren.in.franken Studying in Ansbach – the old town centre with its historic architecture and landmarks and hs.ansbach its multitude of shops and cafés. Information for Services Frankfurt international students Berlin International students receive a wide range of personal support from the International Offi ce. This includes an orientation week Strasbourg . Business – Engineering – Media at the start of semester, German language courses available 2 hours both pre-semester and during the regular semester studies, and Stuttgart. -
Flyer Informationen Zum Studium 08-2020 EN.Indd
Succeed in your studies and enjoy your time in Ansbach Why choose Ansbach? Ansbach University of Applied Sciences Become part of Ansbach University’s vibrant student community! A Residenzstrasse 8 warm welcome awaits you and plenty of support to help you succeed. 91522 Ansbach Germany Ansbach University of Applied Sciences Phone: +49 981 4877 – 0 Ansbach University of Applied Sciences off ers a wide range of study Fax: +49 981 4877 – 188 programmes with a focus on practical training and employability www.hs-ansbach.de/en without tuition fees. Teaching in small groups, close mentoring by dedicated staff , high-tech laboratories, and a green campus in International Offi ce friendly surroundings all combine to make Ansbach University an Bettina Huhn, M.A. (Head) ideal place to study. Phone: +49 981 48 77 – 145 Sandra Sauter Ansbach Phone: +49 981 48 77 – 545 Ansbach is a beautiful town in Bavaria with lots of leisure activities, [email protected] safe surroundings and a low cost of living. Located in the heart of Germany, close to Nuremberg, it allows easy access to the major www.hs-ansbach.de cities of Germany and Europe. The campus lies within walking www.facebook.com/studieren.in.franken Studying in Ansbach – distance of the old town centre with its historic architecture and hs.ansbach landmarks and its multitude of shops and cafés. Information for Services Frankfurt international students Berlin International students receive a wide range of personal support from the International Offi ce. This includes an orientation week Strasbourg . Business – Engineering – Media at the start of semester, German language courses available 2 hours both pre-semester and during the regular semester studies, and Stuttgart. -
Maryland Historical Magazine, 1946, Volume 41, Issue No. 4
MHRYMnD CWAQAZIU^j MARYLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY BALTIMORE DECEMBER • 1946 t. IN 1900 Hutzler Brothers Co. annexed the building at 210 N. Howard Street. Most of the additional space was used for the expansion of existing de- partments, but a new shoe shop was installed on the third floor. It is interesting to note that the shoe department has now returned to its original location ... in a greatly expanded form. HUTZLER BPOTHERSe N\S/Vsc5S8M-lW MARYLAND HISTORICAL MAGAZINE A Quarterly Volume XLI DECEMBER, 1946 Number 4 BALTIMORE AND THE CRISIS OF 1861 Introduction by CHARLES MCHENRY HOWARD » HE following letters, copies of letters, and other documents are from the papers of General Isaac Ridgeway Trimble (b. 1805, d. 1888). They are confined to a brief period of great excitement in Baltimore, viz, after the riot of April 19, 1861, when Federal troops were attacked by the mob while being marched through the City streets, up to May 13th of that year, when General Butler, with a large body of troops occupied Federal Hill, after which Baltimore was substantially under control of the 1 Some months before his death in 1942 the late Charles McHenry Howard (a grandson of Charles Howard, president of the Board of Police in 1861) placed the papers here printed in the Editor's hands for examination, and offered to write an introduction if the Committee on Publications found them acceptable for the Magazine. Owing to the extraordinary events related and the revelation of an episode unknown in Baltimore history, Mr. Howard's proposal was promptly accepted. -
Continental Forces, Return for January 1779
Continental Forces Return for January 1779 Commanding Officer: General George Washington North Carolina Brigade: (New Jersey) 1st North Carolina Regiment (Clark)(17/37/4/298)1 2nd North Carolina Regiment (Patten)(13/385/250) Woodford's Brigade: (New Jersey) 2nd (old 2nd & 6th) Virginia Regiment (Febiger)(10/13/2/102) 3rd (old 3rd & 5th) Virginia Regiment (Heth)(10/19/4/110) 5th (old 7th) Virginia Regiment (Webb)(6/9/3/105) 7th & 11th (old 11th & 15th) Virginia Regiment (Morgan)(2/10/4/43) Muhlenberg Brigade: (New Jersey) 1st (old 1st & 9th) Virginia Regiment (Parker)(9/33/5/100) 1st Virginia State (Gibson)(14/35/4/159) 2nd Virginia State (Smith)(6/26/1/118) 10th (old 14th) Virginia State (Davies)(7/18/5/88) Scott's Brigade: (New Jersey) 4th (old 4th & 8th) Virginia Regiment (Neville)(6/25/4/109) Delaware Regiment (Hall)(6/26/3/142) 6th (old 10th) Virginia Regiment (Russell)(9/25/2/112) 8th (old 12th) Virginia Regiment (Wood)(9/12/4/131) Additional Regiment (Grayson)(1/18/4/82) Smallwood's (former 1st Maryland) Brigade: (New Jersey) 1st Maryland Regiment (Stone)(4/17/4/141) 3rd Maryland Regiment (Gist)(4/30/4/306) 5th Maryland Regiment (Richardson)(6/25/3/135) 7th Maryland Regiment (Gunby)(8/35/2/246) 2nd Maryland Brigade: (New Jersey) 2nd Maryland Regiment (Price)(5/38/3/300) 4th Maryland Regiment (Hall)(7/30/3/246) 6th Maryland Regiment (Williams)(5/26/2/231) Wayne's (former 1st Pennsylvania) Brigade: (New Jersey) 1st Pennsylvania Regiment (Chambers)(8/28/4/154) 2nd Pennsylvania Regiment (Stewart)(9/34/2/253) 7th Pennsylvania Regiment -
SUPPLEMENT to the LONDON GAZETTE, I MARCH, 1945
Il82 SUPPLEMENT TO THE LONDON GAZETTE, i MARCH, 1945 No..' 6100031 (Lance-Sergeant Eric Francis Aubrey No. 6977405 Private Thomas Dawson, The King's Upperton, The Green Howards (Alexandra, Own Scottish Borderers (Kells, Co. Meath). Princess of Wales's Own Yorkshire Regiment) No. 14244985 Private (acting Corporal) Mathew (High Wycombe). Lawrence Morgan, The Cameromans (Scottish No. 14655457 Lance-Corporal John Wilks, The Green Rifles). Howards (Alexandra, Princess of Wales's Own No. 5182405 Corporal (acting Sergeant) Albert Victor Yorkshire Regiment) (Scunthorpe). Walker, The Gloucestershire Regiment (Water- No. 58189820 Private Harold Gmntham Birch, The moore, Glos). Green Howards (Alexandra, Princess of Wales's No. 5258245 Sergeant John Isaac Gue'st, The Own Yorkshire Regiment). Worcestershire Regiment (Worcester). No. 144274180 Private James Alfred Reddington, No. 4982401 Sergeant William Francis Jennings, The The Green Howards (Alexandra, 'Princess of Worcestershire Regiment (London, £.14). Wales's Own Yorkshire Regiment) (Deal). No. 5257827 Lance-Corporal Alfred Henry Palmer, No. 5388512 Private Frederick James Riddle, The The Worcestershire Regiment (Redditch). Green Howards (Alexandra, Princess of Wales's No. 5257681 Private George Bromwich, The ' Own "Yorkshire Regiment) (ChaMont-St.-Giles). Worcestershire Regiment (Rugby). No. 3772811 Sergeant George Bannerman, The Royal No. 5436899 Private Reginald Lugg, The Worcester- Scots Fusiliers (Nottingham). shire Regiment (Reading). No. 3125986 Sergeant Albert Shires, The Royal No. 14419045 Private Arthur Edwin Stacey, The Scots Fusiliers (iHartlepool). Worcestershire Regiment (Shaftesbury). No. 3775276 Corporal (acting Sergeant) William No. 3380*595 Warrant Officer Class I Ernest William Beagan, The Royal Scots Fusiliers (Liverpool 4). Churchill, The East Lancashire Regiment No. 3134048 Corporal (acting Sergeant) William John (tAlnwick). -
Recasting Russia
georgi derluguian RECASTING RUSSIA midst the clouds of apocalyptic farrago surrounding the attacks of September 11, the most significant immediate Achange in world politics has been largely obscured. The American bombardment of Afghanistan has relocated Russia within the international geopolitical order. Putin’s accession to power on the last day of 1999 was welcomed by Western capitals from the start. Blair sped to embrace him on Clinton’s behalf before he had even been installed by the manipulated popular vote of spring 2000, while relations between Moscow and its creditors in Berlin and Washington were held on an even keel throughout. But the operation that secured Putin’s domestic victory at the polls—the unleashing of a murderous second war in Chechnya—remained something of a foreign embarrass- ment. Although Clinton could freely hail the ‘liberation of Grozny’, for European sensibilities—at any rate on the continent—the mass killings and torture of Chechens was a troubling spectacle. Germany did its best to smooth over such misgivings, pentito Foreign Minister Fischer acting in the best traditions of the Wilhelmstrasse during the Armenian massacres. But public opinion—even occasionally the European Parliament—remained uneasy. Republican victory in the Presidential elections of 2000 promised fur- ther difficulties. Where Clinton and Gore had been intimately connected to Yeltsin and protective of his successor, Bush’s programme was critical of American complicity with the kleptocracy in Russia, and dismissive of the need to save Moscow’s face, pressing ahead regardless with the new version of Star Wars on which Washington had already embarked. Between European humanitarian hand-wringing and American real- politiker cold-shouldering, Russia under its former KGB operative was little more than an uncomfortable guest at the banquets of the G7. -
Prussian Infantry 1808-1840
PRUSSIAN INFANTRY 1808-1840 VOLUME 1 LINE & GUARD 1808-1814 by Dr Stephen Summerfield Published by Partizan Press 2009 100 Baker Road, Newthorpe, Nottingham, NG16 2DP Ph/Fx: +44 (0) 1159 382111 Email: [email protected] www.caliverbooks.com Copyright Stephen Summerfield 2009 Stephen Summerfield has asserted his right under the Copyright Designs and Patent Act 1988 to be identified as the author of this work All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without the permission in writing from the publishers. First published in Great Britain in 2009 by Partizan Press ISBN: 978-1-85818-583-5 Printed in the UK by the MPG Books Group Jacket design by Jay Forster Front Page: Fusilier of the 1 company Fus/IR4 (3. East Prussian) in 1813 by Bob Marrion (© Bob Marrion) Previous Page: Musketeers of I-III/IR12 (Brandenburg) [After Herbert Knötel] Back Page: Musketeer NCO of IR9 (Colberg) in parade dress loading a Schutzengewehr by Bob Marrion ( © Bob Marrion) CONTENTS CONTENTS 3 Tables 5 Figures 5 Maps 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 6 PREFACE 7 1.0 Introduction 9 Invasion of Russia 1812 17 War of Liberation 1813-1814 18 Spring 1813 Campaign 22 Armistice 4 June – 18 August 1813 27 The Autumn 1813 Campaign 28 1814 Campaign 30 2.0 Rebirth of the Army (1807-11) 33 Military Reorganisation Commission 35 Ministry of War (Kreigsdepartment) 40 The General -
B.R.P.A. Journal
November 2008 BRPA Annual Volume #11 Issue #1 French & Indian War Seminar Send registration form and fees to: B.R.P.A. Jumonville History Seminar 887 Jumonville Rd., Hopwood, PA 15445 or sign up on line @ www.braddockroadpa.org Journal Name: E-Mail: Fall 2008 Address: Phone: home ( ) work ( ) A Little of What’s Going On... Please reserve places for the seminar. An Occasional Publication of News ____ reservations @ $55/person (includes Friday program and/or Saturday) from the... ____ reservations @ $20/student (includes Friday night and/or Saturday) *Please contact the Jumonville office if you are in need of lodging for Friday evening. I would like to make reservations for Saturday lunch. ($7.50/person) Jumonville 887 Jumonville Rd. Hopwood, PA 15445-9901 Please reserve ___ 2009 BRPA calendar(s) for me. $10/calendar is enclosed. (724) 439-4912 phone (724) 439-1415 fax www.braddockroadpa.org Please reserve ___ 2008 BRPA calendar(s) for me. $5/calendar is enclosed. Please reserve ___ 2007 BRPA calendar(s) for me. $5/calendar is enclosed. Please reserve ___ BRPA travel mug(s) for me. $8/mug is enclosed. Remembering the Forbes Campaign Please reserve ___ BRPA lapel pin(s) for me. $6/pin is enclosed. A quarter of a Millennium ago, a British army cut its way west across Please reserve ___ BRPA Polo shirts(s) for me. $30/shirt is enclosed. Pennsylvania, over brutal terrain, fighting increasingly hostile weather. Please reserve ___ BRPA briefcase(s) for me. $30/briefcase is enclosed. The army led by Gen. John Forbes and Col.