I V Replenishing THE AGING BODY'S Defenses

By Laurie Barclay, MD

One of the most important ways to protect against premature aging is maintaining the integrity of the cell's lipid membrane and DNA. Maintaining these vital cellular structures enhances the body's ability to guard against age-related disease, including the well-known destructive effects inflicted by free radicals.''^ A critical defense against free-radical damage is the body's own internally generated antioxidant enzyme known as (SOD).This powerful enzyme, which functions both within and outside of cell membranes, greatly reduces and inflammation that can lead to atherosclerosis, arthritis, cognitive impairment, and other age-related afflictions.'"^ Unfortunately, levels of SOD dramatically decrease with advancing age, thereby limiting our natural ability to ward off degenerative disease. Intriguing new research suggests that a Chinese herb known as wolfberry can enhance the activity of superoxide dismutase throughout the body.'''' Combined with other proven SOD-boosting nutrients, wolfberry, an edible fruit, can help restore youthful SOD levels and optimal antioxidant defenses. In this article, we reveal how to supercharge the production of powerful internal (like SOD) to help you guard against oxidative stress and inflammation, while enhancing strength, vigor, and longevity. > > >

January 2007 LIFE EXTENSION 73 SOD Disarms Dangerous The SOD-gliadin combination and wheat. "^'^ In an open-label study, Superoxide Radicals was shown to exert beneficial effects 12 middle-aged volunteers given 2000 in cancer prevention as well. In an mg of SODzyme" daily for two weeks While essential to life, oxygen also experimental model of tumor devel- had a 30% increase in serum SOD generates toxic byproducts known as opment, about 80% of laboratory levels and a 47% decrease in blood , or free radicals. animals given oral gliadin alone levels of hydrogen peroxide, a com- Both normal aging and chronic dis- developed cancer, compared to only pound that aggravates inflammation ease dramatically increase the pro- 40% of those given an oral SOD-glia- associated with arthritis. These vol- duction of free radicals,""^ which can din compound. Moreover, cancer unteers not only experienced a resto- severely damage DNA, proteins, and cells from subjects given SOD-glia- ration of SOD to levels typically seen lipids needed for cell growth, repro- din were much less likely to spread in much younger adults, but also duction, metabolism, and repair.' (metastasize) than were cancer cells had a 47% increase in the activity of The result of all this cellular damage from those given gliadin alone. The a vital antioxidant enzyme known as can range from atherosclerosis to researchers attributed the SOD-glia- catalase.^*' cancer and even Alzheimer's.'"" din combination's remarkable anti- In the second pilot study, 30 cancer effects to SOD's ability to Each day, our bodies fight off adults with arthritis or other scavenge the inflammatory superox- these damaging free radicals with the inflammatory conditions received ide radical.'^ help of superoxide dismutase (SOD), placebo or SODzyme'" for four which helps break down free radicals weeks. A validated test designed to so that they are eventually converted Clinical Studies Confirm evaluate pain showed an impres- into harmless water and oxygen. '^ Benefits of sive 71% decrease in pain in the SOD-Boosting Supplements SODzyme'" group and no change Improved Bioavailability in the placebo group. Interestingly, Enhances SOD's Effectiveness In clinical as well as laboratory patients who had the most pain studies, supplements that boost SOD when the study began achieved the Until recently, supplementing activity in the body show tremendous greatest pain relief with SODzyme'". with SOD from food sources has therapeutic potential. Several patients with various forms been almost impossible. Digestive Two studies sponsored by Life of painful arthritis or joint injury enzymes in the stomach quickly Extension examined SOD's benefits in reported dramatic improvements break down and deactivate orally humans using SODzyme™, an extract in (and even absence of) pain ingested SOD. To create a more bio- derived from the sprouts of corn, soy. within one to two weeks of starting available form of SOD, researchers have coupled the SOD protein mol- ecule to a carrier protein known as gliadin, derived from plant sources. Like a protective convoy, gliadin ush- ers SOD past the destructive stom- ach enzymes and delivers it to the intestines, where it is then absorbed directly into the bloodstream.'^ Scientists began experiments with this new form of SOD coupled with gliadin (GhSODin*) to mea- sure its absorption and utilization in the body. In one study, GliSODin^ was associated with significantly increased activity of circulating antioxidant enzymes. Additionally, researchers noted that GliSODin*^"' enhanced anti-inflammatory activ- ity and improved the resistance of red blood cells to rupture induced by oxidative stress. This led scientists to conclude that supplementation with GliSODin'*' improves cellular antioxidant status while protecting against cell death induced by oxida- tive stress.'^'^

74 LIFE EXTENSION January 2007 SODzyme'", with no return in pain against the oxidative stress of hyper- at the three-month follow-up and baric oxygen. an improved ability to return to In a randomized, double-blind, usual activities.''^ placebo-controlled study, 20 volun- SODzyme'" also demonstrates teers each received an hour of hyper- an impressive safety record. Unlike baric oxygen treatment. Those who conventional nonsteroidal anti- supplemented with SOD-gliadin inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or had significantly decreased oxida- COX-2 inhibitors such as Celebrex' tive damage and fewer DNA breaks, that are used to treat arthritis and as well as less elevation of isopros- inflammatory pain, SOD-boost- tane levels. SOD thus appears to have ing supplements have no adverse great therapeutic value for people gastrointestinal or cardiovascular exposed to extreme oxidative stress.-' effects, due to their different mech- Since other antioxidants did not pro- anism of action.'" tect against the damage induced by SOD's versatility is demonstrated hyperbaric oxygen, researchers have by its ability to protect the skin proposed that SOD's beneficial effects against damage caused by ultraviolet are specific and not related solely to light. In a randomized, double-blind, its antioxidant activity.-" placebo-controlled study, scientists These studies offer powerful evi- exposed the forearms of 50 volun- dence that supplements that boost teers to ultraviolet light once a week SOD levels and activity in the body for four weeks. Starting two to three confer significant protection against days before the first exposure, the damageto DNA, lipids, and skin, while participants took a daily supple- relieving pain and inflammation. ment containing either GliSODin® or placebo. Individuals receiving Wolfberry Boosts SOD Activity SOD and Wolfberry: GliSODin''^ even those with fair skin, to Fight Biological Aging Wbal You Need to Know were able to withstand eight times more ultraviolet light exposure Laboratory analysis has shown before they developed sunburn com- that an exotic fruit known as wolf- • The antioxidant superoxide dismutase pared to those who received placebo. berry is one of nature's most con- (SOD) works at the molecular level Other benefits of GliSODin "^' were less centrated sources of antioxidants. to disarm the superoxide radical and skin inflammation and more rapid Moreover, emerging research sug- protect against cellular damage. healing of redness after burning gests that wolfberry's antioxidant • Although SOD was previously unavail- occurred. The scientists concluded properties may be attributable to its able as dietary supplement, scientists that GliSODin® effectively prevents ability to increase the availability of have recently developed an orally bio- the consequences of oxidative SOD throughout the body. availabie SOD formulation that boosts stress resulting from excessive sun blood levels of SOD. exposure, and that this effect is par- For nearly 2,000 years, wolfberry ticularly important for fair-skinned has been used in traditional Chinese • Potential benefits of orally available individuals.''' medicine to improve immune sys- SOD include relieving inflammation and tem function, vision, circulation, pain, enhancing cellular life span, and For many patients suffering from and sperm production, as well as protecting against conditions ranging burns or diabetic wounds, hyper- to detoxify and protect the liver. from diabetes and cancer to cardiovas- baric (high-pressure) oxygen can sig- Traditional Chinese medicine holds cular and neurodegenerative disorders. nificantly contribute to faster healing. that wolfberry may also improve • The Chinese herbal remedy wolf- However, such treatment with high- life span, sexual energy, vigor, and berry is rich in potent antioxidants and pressure oxygen can result in breaks muscular strength, while reducing enhances SOD activity in the body. in DNA strands while increasing lev- pain and protecting against cancer, • Wolfberry's therapeutic applications els of isoprostanes, which reflect oxi- inflammation, and viral infection.'' include relieving fatigue, promoting dative damage to cellular membranes. The abundance of nutrients and visual health, protecting against dia- Studies show that oral antioxidants antioxidants packed into the tiny wolf- betes, enhancing male sexual function, such as vitamin E and N-acetylcyste- berry include plant-derived polyphe- and supporting a healthy life span. ine do not protect against the unique nolic antioxidants; carotenoids such • Combining orally available SOD with type of oxidative damage associated as beta-carotene, zeaxanthin, lutein, wolfberry is an effective way to boost with hyperbaric oxygen treatment.^" beta-cryptoxanthin, and lycopene; the body's SOD levels and activity, with The combination of'SOD and gliadin, vitamins C, Bl, B2, and niacin; more benefits for disease protection, youthful however, offers effective protection than 30 essential and trace minerals. energy, and longevity. including zinc, iron, copper, calcium, wolfberry dietary supplements rep- against diabetes, sexual dysfunc- selenium, and phosphorus; polysac- resent an important source of daily tion, and the effects of aging. charides; and 18 amino acids such as antioxidant intake.^^ One research team tested wolfber- isoleucine, tryptophan, leucine, and Wolfberry's powerful antioxidant ry's effects in oxygen-deprived sub- arginine. effects, however, may also arise from jects. Those who received wolfberry Wolfberry's antioxidant activity its ability to boost SOD's activity in demonstrated higher SOD activ- is likely attributable in part to its the body. Wolfberry accelerates the ity and antioxidant capacity than carotenoids, phenolics, and vita- rate of biochemical reactions that did those deprived of oxygen in the min C.^^ Compared to other highly enable SOD to carry out its essen- absence of wolfberry.'^ Wolfberry thus potent antioxidants derived from tial function of quenching oxidative appears to protect against the dam- traditional Chinese herbs, wolfberry stress. Since SOD disarms the dan- aging effects of ischemia (insufficient is even more effective in scavenging gerous superoxide radical to fight oxygen supply). superoxide radicals and prevent- inflammation and degenerative Wolfberry's capacity to boost ing their formation. Based on these diseases, wolfberry may have simi- SOD activity may benefit the pan- observations, scientists believe that lar therapeutic effects, protecting creas, the insulin-producing organ

SOD PROTECTS AGAINST A HOST OF DEGENERATIVE DISEASES

While SOD has been linked to youthfulness, longevity, and protec- is associated with pain relief,^^ with potential benefits for numerous tion against chronic illnesses, the body's production of SOD drops dra- conditions, including fibromyalgia, a chronic source of muscle pain.^^ matically with advancing age.^ Conditions associated with free-radical • Superoxide radicals also underlie the pain and inflammation of arthri- damage that may benefit from increased SOD levels include a host of tis. Research demonstrates that patients with rheumatoid arthritis inflammatory and degenerative diseases: have lower dietary levels and reduced activity of SOD and giutathione peroxidase [a related antioxidant enzyme) than do healthy subjects." • Nowhere are the signs of aging more visible than in the skin, where Rheumatoid arthritis sufferers also exhibit lower levels of SOD in joint- the effects of free-radical damage accumulate and produce visible cushioning cartilage cells known as chondrocytes, leaving these cells signs of skin aging. SOD may help to protect against age-related skin vulnerable to the damaging effects of nitric oxide and oxygen radi- wrinkling by arresting the breakdown of collagen, an essential protein cals.-'^^^ These findings suggest that depleted levels of critical anfioxi- that tones and strengthens the skin.^^ dants such as SOD perpetuate crippling rheumatoid arthritis, • A chronic illness with many serious complications, diabetes is associ- • Scientists have linked inflammation to many chronic diseases that ated with increased oxidative stress. Increasing SOD levels may help accompany aging. Both in cells grown in the laboratory and in live fight the onset and progression of diabetes.^^ animals, SOD improved the function of white blood cells of the immune • SOD's powerful antioxidant properties could have important therapeutic system known as macrophages. Although macrophages subjected to applications in preventing and managing cancer.^''-^^ Scientists now oxidative stress release the inflammatory compound called tumor believe that genetically based deficiencies of SOD are linked to an necrosis factor, those treated with SOD release the anti-inflammatory increased susceptibility of certain people to breast and pancreatic cytokine interieui

76 LIFE EXTENSION January 2007 that malfunctions in diabetes. When pancreatic cells were exposed to alloxan {a drug that instigates dia- betes by generating superoxide radi- cals), their protective SOD activity declined dramatically. Adding wolf- berry polysaccharides to the oxida- tive stress-damaged pancreatic cells helped to preserve the cells' essential SOD activity, thus conferring protec- tion against damaging agents that may contribute to the development of diabetes."*^ Scientific studies have confirmed that wolfberry offers a weaith of health-enhancing hen- efits: promoting youthfui energy, preserving vision, optimizing brain health, increasing iongevity, Wolfberry's effects in neutralizing and protecting against conditions related to oxidative stress. oxidative stress may offer additional benefits for diabetes management. Scientists induced diabetes and • All too many people suffer from waning energy ieveis as they grow older. New evidence suggests high cholesterol in test animals by that wolfberty extract may help aging aduits restore youthful energy levels. When test subjects exposing them to alloxan. After the consumed wolfberry, they became highiy resistant to fatigue and were able to endure a greater subjects were treated with wolfberry exercise ioad. When the subjects did become fatigued, they recovered much more quickly. Scien- juice or polysaccharides for 10 days, tists determined that this greater resilience was reiated to an increased ability to store glycogen they demonstrated several beneficial (a form of giucose energy) in the muscles and liver. Glycogen helps provide the energy required changes in blood chemistry mark- for exercise and strenuous activity, and supports the eiimination of metaboiic wastes following ers, including reductions in blood exercise. Woifberry thus helps the body to fuel itseif for high-energy activity.^^ sugar, serum total cholesterol, and • As a rich source of the nutrients known to support eye health, wolfberry may offer powerful triglycerides, and marked increases protection for heaithy vision. People seeking to maintain healthy visual function with aging in beneficial high-density lipopro- often suppiement with zinc and other minerais, carotenoids, and vitamin C, aii of which are tein (HDL).'*' In this study, wolfberry found in naturally high concentrations in wolfberry. Compared to other plant foods thought polysaccharides and amino acids to help prevent age-related vision ioss, wolfberry has the highest concentration of the dietary had the greatest effect on blood sugar, carotenoid zeaxanthln.''^Mong with lutein, zeaxanthin accumuiates in the macula, the region whereas wolfberry polysaccharides of the eye's retina responsibie for detailed vision. Zeaxanthin is believed to protect against and antioxidams showed the most oxidative damage caused by exposure to ultravioiet iight. This photoexposure is a major culprit benefit on hlood lipids.''" Previous in age-reiated macular degeneration, one of the most common causes of irreversible vision studies have shown that wolfherry loss with aging. When 14 voiunteers consumed 15 grams of wolfberry daily for 28 days, they polysaccharides produce beneficial demonstrated dramatically increased blood ieveis of zeaxanthin, about 2.5-fold higher.^^ reductions in potentially dangerous Scientists believe that increased intake of foods containing zeaxanthin may be effective low-density lipoprotein (LDL),"' and in preventing age-reiated macuiar degeneration. Woifberry may be an ideai choice, since a that wolfberry fiavonoids help limit modest daiiy intake provides bioavailabie zeaxanthin that markediy increases plasma zea- Iipid peroxidation caused by ox)'gen xanthin ieveis. radicals.^-' These studies suggest that wolfberry provides a host of protec- • In addition to its benefits for the body, woifberry may help keep the mind young. In a research tive benefits against biochemical model of cognitive aging, treatment with wolfberry was associated with enhanced iearn- agents that instigate diabetes and ingabiiityand improved memory capacity.^^ Wolfberry may also protect against Aizheimer's contrihute to its damaging effects in disease, the most common cause of memory-robbing dementia. Using a laboratory model of the body Alzheimer's, scientists found that woifberry protected brain cells from the harmful effects of amyloid beta peptides, damaging agents that are iinked to the pathologicai changes seen in To assess whether wolfberry the brains of Alzheimer's patients. These findings suggest that woifberry may hold vaiue in enhances male sexual performance preventive or therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease." and fertility, Chinese scientists • Preliminary laboratory studies suggest other heaith-promoting appiications of woifberry. Uti- administered wolfberry extract to iizing a model of aging, researchers found that wolfberry increased the rate at which cells partially castrated male rats and produced the genetic materiai DNA, whiie proionging the cells' life span. Agents that extend mouse testicular cells in the labora- the iives of cells could one day find applications in iengthening human iife spans.^^ tory. Compared to control animals, • Evidence from the laboratory and early clinical studies suggests a potential therapeutic role the partially castrated male rats for wolfberry in preventing and managing diseases associated with oxidative stress. Since treated with wolfberry demonstrated oxidative stress plays a role in a vast array of iiinesses, this suggests possible applications higher SOD activity, enhanced secre- for woifberry in averting heart disease, arthritis and other infiammatory diseases, some types tion of sex hormones, increased tes- of cancer, and premature aging, among other disorders.^'''' ticular weight, and improved sperm quantity and quality. Wolfberry

January 2007 LIFE EXTENSION 77 Conclusion 9. de Magalhaes IP. Church C;M. Cells discover fire: employing reactive oxygen species in development and consequences for aging. Scientists and aging adults Exp GeronloL 2006 |an:41 (1 ]:MO. increasingly recognize that opti- 10. MaierCM, Chan PH. Role iif superoxide mizing the body's antioxidant dismutases in oxidative damage and [leurodegenerative disorders. Neuroscientist. defenses is critical to fighting dis- 2002Aug;8{4):323-4. ease and avoiding the effects of 11. Shin SG. Kim JY, t:hung HY, Jeong IC. hiological aging. Superoxide dis- Zingerone as an antioxidant against peroxynitrite. JAgn'c Food Chem. 2005 Sep mutase (SOD) is one of the most 21;53('l9):7617 22. powerful antioxidants for fighting 12. Availahle at: http://pnhs.acs.org/cgi-bin/ inflammation, disease, pain, and ahstract.cgi/achre4/1972/5/ilO/f-pdf/ the effects of aging. By quenching f_arr)0058a001.pdf?sessid=600Bl3. 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Combining orally available SOD Prevention of inflammation-mediated with wolfljerry offers a highly effec- acquisition of metastaric properties of benign mouse fibrosarcoma ceils by tive strategy to boost SOD levels administration of an orally availahle and activity in the body. This novel superoxide distnutase. Brj Cancer. 2006 Mar boosted their sexual performance combination protects against pain 27;94(6):854-62. and inflammation, helps prevent 16. Life Extension-sponsored study #1. Changes and reproductive function, and also in semm levels of superoxide dismutase and protected the DNA of mouse testicu- a host of degenerative diseases, catalase in humans after dietary SODzyme'" lar cells against oxidative damage restores youthful energy and supplementation. vitality, and promotes a long and 17. Life Extension-sponsored study #2. Effects caused by hydrogen peroxide, with of oral SODzyme'^' administration on pain higher doses proportionately more healthy life span. 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January 2007 LIFE EXTENSION 79