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ISLAMIC POTTERY from JERBA (7Th-10Th CENTURY)

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S. PIO X - B1: CRESSI - cap. 10 - (1ª bozza) RENATA HOLOD AND ENRICO CIRELLI ISLAMIC POTTERY FROM JERBA (7th-10th CENTURY) ASPECTS OF CONTINUITY? The aim of this paper is to discuss some have called the early medieval period (also aspects of the ceramic evidence discovered known as the early Islamic period), ending in during the Jerba Survey Project (1995-2000). the first half of the eleventh century. This is an The project, directed by Ali Drine of the important epoch for understanding the «Institut National du Patrimoine», Elizabeth cultural and technical changes and Fentress of the American Academy of Rome transformations that took place on the island and Renata Holod of the University of specifically, and in southern Tunisia generally, Pennsylvania, was aimed not only at the a process often neglected by archaeological understanding of the history of settlement on studies of this territory. A recent comparative the island, but also at recuperating the review of ARS production considers archaeological evidence that has been distribution of products from various disappearing steadily under the impact of production centres in North Africa and the increased tourism and urban development settlement histories of their regions, in light of over the last twenty-five years. Through this their imports and total number of sites for the project, Jerba’s archaeological past has thus entire Roman period. We are concerned here been recorded, at least in part. The pottery with the end of this complex network of described here derives both from the field relations, and with the beginning of another survey and from limited test trenches system arising on the same territories as a conducted at Roman, late antique and early result of the Islamic conquest of North Africa3. medieval period sites1 identified on the island2. Some 17 percent of the island’s surface In this paper we will review the data was explored during the survey project using concerning the periods from the Vandal ageometric sampling strategy divided occupation of the island beginning in the into rectangular transects measuring 1 km middle of the sixth century through what we wide each and spaced at 4 km intervals4. 1 During the duration of survey we utilized the 2 DRINE, 2000; FENTRESS, 2000; CIRELLI, 2002; ID. appellation Late Antique 2 to characterize materials 2003. dating from 500-700, and Early Medieval to identify 3 FENTRESS, FONTANA, HITCHNER and PERKINS, 2004, material from 700-1050. We did not use the term Early p. 147-162. Islamic precisely because it was not clear to us how and 4 This approach grows out of the experience of the when the change in material culture and settlement Albegna Valley Survey and other classical projects pattern, in fact, took place. For further discussion of this conducted around the Mediterranean (ATTOLINI et al., problematic see DRINE, FENTRESS and HOLOD, vol. II, 1991; BARKER, 1991). For a full discussion of our survey forthcoming. methods see DRINE, FENTRESS and HOLOD, vol. I, 2008. S. PIO X - B1: CRESSI - cap. 10 - (1ª bozza) 166 RENATA HOLOD AND ENRICO CIRELLI «Background noise» was recorded based on The island and its products : pottery, one hectare units, each of which occupies a arboriculture and textiles single cell on the G.I.S. map of the island. Identification of the sites is based on Although Jerba endured substantial qualitative and quantitative information political and cultural changes, a fact that is collected in the field walking5. For town sites manifest in the many different settlement such as Meninx we used a 50 m grid typologies identified on the island (fig. 1), its supplemented by magnetometry, while other strategic geographic position as a preferred areas, particularly those where a late antique terminus for the trans-Saharan caravan routes and medieval presence was notes, were and for Mediterranean trade gave rise to the additionally designated for review and micro- development of a great number of artisan study. All feature sherds found on the surface activities, first of all the production of pottery, were collected, with no chronological attested since the Punic Period. Pottery distinctions. Diagnostic sherds and any fabrics production is also well known during the not represented among the diagnostic sherds Roman and Islamic periods. The most recent were then saved6. In that way we could evidence for this production comes from the represent a comprehensive and diachronic village of Galla¯la (wich means, in Arabic, picture of Jerban material culture. Further «village of the potters») that has a long chronological evidence comes from the ceramic tradition dating perhaps to the stratigraphic sequence revealed in various beginning of the Ottoman period on the trenches in selected sites excavated island10, i.e. the last years of the sixteenth throughout the island7. These trenches were century : its ethnography and techniques have fundamental for the creation of a chrono- been well studied in during the first part of the typological seriation. The results of this twentieth century11. Closely connected to this seriation have also been applied to the pottery production is the specialization of the island found during the surface survey, a method in olive oil production and export, especially that is not unusual for this type of survey from the eleventh century onward, but project8. probably earlier as well. We shall return to this The classified pottery was then put into a aspect below. relational database linked to the G.I.S project, Another production whose importance along with all the sites and features of the cannot be undervalued is that of textiles. Jerban territory9. Pottery was used for This production has left evidence on chronological information and for the the surface of the island in the form of settlement dating. We also investigated the huge mounds of shells, while excavations evolution and transformation of the island have revealed a processing plant close to the production techniques from the Punic through centre of the city, which flourished during the the end of Ottoman occupation in the context Vandal period12. Notably, although murex of the commercial dynamics that involved manufacture in the late empire on the island Jerba in different periods. In this way, it has (known as Girba) was mentioned in the Notitia been possible to refine our diachronic Dignitatum13, thus far there had been no knowledge of settlement system of the island. evidence for its production throughout the fifth 5 FENTRESS, 2000. 10 BESCHAOUCH, 1986, p. 538-545. See also DRINE, 6 Ibid. FENTRESS and HOLOD, vol. II, forthcoming. For the 7 CIRELLI, 2006. purposes of the survey we designated the period 1550-1700 8 MCMANAMON, 1984, p. 223-292. as Early Modern I. 9 For similar data-platforms in landscape archaeology 11 See COMBÈS and LOUIS, 1967; PEACOCK, 1982. GILLINGS, MATTINGLY and VAN DALEN, 1999; CAMPANA and 12 FONTANA, 2000, p. 97. FRANCOVICH, 2003. 13 BALDINI LIPPOLIS, 2006, p. 136 S. PIO X - B1: CRESSI - cap. 10 - (1ª bozza) ISLAMIC POTTERY FROM JERBA 167 Fig. 1 – Map of Jerba with the main centers and routes. S. PIO X - B1: CRESSI - cap. 10 - (1ª bozza) 168 RENATA HOLOD AND ENRICO CIRELLI century. By end of the sixth century, however, on the island and its economic system within the site of Meninx was largely deserted, and the framework of the late antique and murex production effectively discontinued14. medieval Mediterranean landscape. Nonetheless, wool processing and textile At Meninx, wide swaths of the city were production as such may not have been abandoned in this period, and the settlement discontinued, or was again reprised in the began to look like many other urban following periods. There are indications that settlements of North Africa and elsewhere in the island maintained close ties with its the Mediterranean towns between the Late hinterland on the mainland, processing the Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages19. After wool produced there, even though the dyeing the 6th century the area once occupied by the technology would no longer have been based on city was characterized by scattered habitation, murex but on entirely different raw materials, mostly on its outskirts, and a periodic usage of among them indigo15. The most abundant the site itself as a marketplace. This moment evidence comes in the Ottoman period, also saw the construction of two forts of although there are earlier indications as well16. identical plan guarding further access to the The excavation conducted in Meninx interior of the island20. Excavation at one of demonstrates that the purple production plant them, a ruin today called Tala, some 2 km was active during the late 5th and the first half distance from the city, showed that occupation of the 6th century (fig. 2). It was abandoned in continued there for a short while, and that it the second half of the 6th century, some was presumably still occupied during the decades after the Byzantine reoccupation of Early Medieval Period. This site yielded a the island17. This is important recent evidence number of ceramics that show both a change for the late use of prestige textiles during the in material culture and a connection with the period of the Vandal occupation, and can be Late Roman pottery. linked with the new Germanic élite’s attempt The quantitative graph found below (fig. 3) at self-representation utilizing the established shows the different percentages of the pottery clothing patterns of Roman aristocracy, a classes formed from the overall ensemble21. continuity that is well-attested in recent This gives an image of the overall context as scholarship18. In the second half of the 6th related to articles of wide consumption and century, after the Justinian reconquest of the food supply on the island in the 6th century. island, the purple installations at Meninx were Here the incidence of different quantification abandoned and filled with debris to level the systems for the pottery can be evaluated, in ground, creating a closed context with a particular between the EVE system (Estimated chronological range between the 550 and the Vessel Equivalent), found on the first column, 600.
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