national trail stu dy

and

environm ental asses sm ent

march 1 992

CORONADO E"PED IT IO N Arizona/New Mexico/Texas/Oklahoma/Kansas

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE

SUMMARY

h e ues of on ress the a ona a e e has s ud ed the US . o on of the At t e r q t C g , N ti l P rk S rvic t i p rti historic route of Francisco Vazquez de Coronado for possible inclusion in the National Trails — d led the s u do u men ed u o ean und e a n to ex s em. In 1540 42 o ona o Sy t , C r fir t f lly c t E r p rt ki g The s o a s n i an plore what wou ld later form the greater United States Sou thwest . hi t ric lly ig if c t

n a e ed ou the e esen - d a a es of ona New e o e as expeditio tr v l thr gh fiv pr t y st t Ariz , M xic , T x , — wa f a oma and an as a ou ne of a o ma e m es . The e ed on s o Okl h , K s j r y ppr xi t ly il xp iti F r the u o maj or significance to Ame rican Indian and European peoples and cu ltu res . o E r eans the e ed on on u ed n o ma on a ou e ou s un no n me an nd an p , xp iti c trib t i f r ti b t pr vi ly k w A ric I i u es eo a da a on o t me a and d es r ons of o me an o a and cult r , g gr phic t N r h A ric , c ipti N rth A ric fl r

“

F r the nd ans ma ed the e nn n of an in as on and on ues of e and s . auna . o f I i , it rk b gi i g v i c q t th ir l

e es e i on and u u e e e o e e an ed . The s o of the e ed on and its Th ir liv , r l gi , c lt r w r f r v r ch g t ry xp iti esu s is one of u m and a e d and was s n an as a sem na e en in s a n r lt tri ph tr g y, it ig ific t i l v t h pi g the multicu ltu ral d evelopment of the area throu gh which it passed .

e e ens e s o a and a eo o i a es ea and a se es of u s o n mee n s Aft r xt iv hi t ric l rch l g c l r rch ri p blic c pi g ti g , a a s u d e w a ed t a u i mmen eri d e s ons e e made a d o as e . e o o r ft tr il t y r p rt pr p r Af r p bl c c t p , r vi i w r to odu e s na e o esen s the esu t of an ana s s of the e i of the pr c thi fi l r p rt, which pr t r l s ly i ligibil ty The ou e was evalu rou te taken by Coronado as a national historic or national scenic trail . r t a ed in a o dan e e a s et o in the a ona a s s em of 1 968 as t cc r c with crit ri f rth N ti l Tr il Sy t Act , n f he act n a ns m nima e a for ame d ed or na ona s o a d es na on . e ause t o , ti l hi t ric tr il ig ti B c c t i i l crit ri e a ua n na ona s en a d es na on a set of e a was d e e o ed ased on the v l ti g ti l c ic tr il ig ti , crit ri v l p (b " Th a na act) and approved by the secretaries of the inte rior and agr icu lture in 1 969 . e N tio l " Trail Eligibility section of this d ocument provides a comple te list of the criteria for b oth national his toric and national scenic trail designation and an analysis of the Coronado rou te e a e to ea e n r l tiv ch crit rio .

As de e m ned ou the ana s s is summa ed in s do umen the o onado t r i thr gh ly i , which riz thi c t, C r expedition rou te does not mee t the crite ria requ ired for national his to ric or scenic trail d esig

na on . o e e e au se the e ed on is of na ona and in e na ona n an e o e ti H w v r, b c xp iti ti l t r ti l sig ific c , th r o ons for ommemo a n the e ed n n pti c r ti g xp itio shou ld be co sid ered .

e a e na i es were d eveIO ed to esen d s n o ions to the u and on es s but Fiv lt r t v p pr t i ti ct pt p blic C gr , ’ e men s om ar ou s i ns u d n ed a en a a n a in the le t fr v i opt o co l be combi e d . F er l ag cy p rticip tio v ries a e na es om a ma o o e to n e a n n th as f m n an lt r tiv fr j r r l o f der l i vo lvement . O e b is o this d ocu e t d the u es onse on r ess m a oose to ena e is a on to m emen one or mo e of p blic r p , C g y ch ct l g l ti i pl t r the a e na i es or a om na on f th a l e m o e e na e s or to a e no a t on . The e a t a lt r t v c bi ti lt r tiv , t k c i fiv tives d s ussed and ana ed in s s ud are summa ed e No a e na e is identi i c lyz thi t y riz b low . lt r tiv ed as e e ed o e the o e fi pr f rr v r th rs .

Alte rnative A: Coronado Exp e d ition Re se arch Commis s ion Congress wou ld es tab s a omm ss on om osed of e e s in f e ds su as a eo o s o ethno ra li h c i i c p xp rt i l ch rch l gy, hi t ry, g nd u a u a eo ra . Its u ose ou d be to oo d na e ana e s n es e phy, c lt r l g g phy p rp w l c r i t , lyz , y th iz , and publish additional in - depth research to identify the rou te of Coronad o and his a m as a u a e as oss Th r y cc r t ly p ible . e commission also wou ld coordinate a limited public edu a on and n e e e o am on a a ne s as s s a e o a a and c ti i t rpr tiv pr gr p rt r hip b i with t t , l c l, trib l r a e en t es The p iv t ti i . commission wou ld be re quired to comple te its research in five

iii ea s . On the a s s of the add ona esea a ee a u a on of the na ona s or y r b i iti l r rch, r v l ti ti l hi t ic a e ou d b u n tr il ligibility c l e d ertake n .

A te na e B : Na ona e ta e o do s a s ed on es the na ona l r tiv ti l H ri g C rri r E t bli h by C gr s, ti l corrid or would prese rve and interpre t significant cultu ral and national resources and s es in a n - it broad area . A e twork o f road s wou ld be id entifi ed to connect sev eral exi st ing and fu ture commemorative and archeo logical sites associated with the Coronado e ed t on and e a ed es u es The m n f n a ne s s w xp i i r l t r o rc . develop e t o exte sive p rt r hip ith o e ed e a s a e and o a o am s and rass oo s n a es ou d be ne essa th r f r l, t t , l c l pr gr g r t i iti tiv w l c ry to o e nd n e d n m n d e im ed . pr t ct a i t rpret thes e s ites . Fe eral i volve e t woul b l it

Alte rna tive C: Incre a se d NPS Inte rpre ta ti on and Comme m o ra ti on Inte rpre tation w ou ld be enh anced at existing national park system units and re lated sites to tell a mOre om e e f h nad a ona emo a s a c pl t story o t e Coronado expediti on . Coro o N ti l M ri l t ff The wou ld have a major role in coordinating this comprehensive inte rpre tiv e program . p otential for adding - a new u nit or units to the system cou ld be explored to more fully comm emorate and interpret the expedition and its e ffect s on 1 6th centu ry Ame rican n I dian cu ltu re s .

' Alte rnative D: Sta te - Coordinate d Commemoration The five states would develop a program of coordinate d commemoration and inte rpre tation of the Coronado expedi m n n m Th u e ma ed ou d be on . o ou e wou d be d e ed a d a ed e o ti A sy b lic r t l i tifi rk , r t rk w l one tha t genera lly paralle ls the corrid or thou ght to have been traveled by Coronado The and tha t provid es acces s to and in terpre tation of related 1 6th centu ry Indian sites . ' ~ e d e a o e nmen s o e ou d be l m ed a se a a e a en omm ss on or a e f r l g v r t r l w l i it ; p r t g cy, c i i , priv t r u d d n g o p w oul coo r i ate activities .

Alte rn ative E : No Action Existing commemorative and inte rpre tiv e programs and s nn No add ona e o s to tho e pla ed by othe rs wou ld continu e to be implemented . iti l ff rt commemorate the Co ronad o expedition would be taken by Congr ess or the National

a e e e e as a of o e e s n or u u e o rams en a o a e . P rk S rvic xc pt p rt th r xi ti g f t r pr g , wh ppr pri t

iv C ONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 1 STUDY PURPOSE 1 NATIONAL TRAILS SYSTEM 1

THE CORONADO E"PEDITION 5 DESCRIPTION 5 SIGNIFICANCE 9

SUMMARY OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH 1 1

DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA 14 NATURAL RESOURCES 14 Physical Environment 1 4 Climate 1 7 Flora and Fau na 1 8 CULTURAL RESOURCES 1 9 Archeological Sites 1 9 National Historic Landmarks 20 SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT 21 Scenic Highways and Au to Tour Routes 21 National Park System Units 22 National Forests and National Grassland s 23 Indian Land s 24 Wilderness Areas 24 Trails 25 Monumen s Memo a s and o a Mu seu ms Not Mana ed B the Na ona e e t , ri l , L c l g y ti l S rvic Other Resource Areas 26 Landownership and Land Use 28

N ATIONAL TRAIL ELIGIBILITY 30 NATIONAL HISTORIC TRAIL CRITERIA 30 NATIONAL SCENIC TRAIL CRITERIA 31 ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL TRAIL FEASIBILITY AND DESIRABILITY 34

CORONADO E"PEDITION COMMEMORATION ALTERNATIVES 35 ALTERNATIVE A : CORONADO E"PEDITION RESEARCH COMMISSION 35 ALTERNATIVE B : NATIONAL HERITAG E CORRIDOR 37 ALTERNATIVE C: INCREASED NATIONAL PARK SERVICE INTERPRETATION AND COMMEMORATION 38 ALTERNATIVE D: STATE - COORDINATED COMMEMORATION 40 ALTERNATIVE E : NO ACTION 41

ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES 42 ALTERNATIVE A : CORONADO E"PEDITION RESEARCH COMMISSION 42 ALTERNATIVE B : NATIONAL HERITAGE CORRIDOR 43

" ALTERNATIVE C: INCREASED NATIONAL PARK SERVICE INTERPRETATION AND COMMEMORATION 44 ALTERNATIVE D: STATE - COORDINATED COMMEMORATION 45 ALTERNATIVE E : NO ACTION 45 CONSULTATION AND COORDINATION 47

APPENDI"ES A : CORONADO NATIONAL TRAIL STUDY ACT 51 B: POSSIBLE CORONADO E"PEDITION ROUTE MAPS 53 C: CULTURAL SITES 6 3

SELECTED REFERENCES 71

STUDY P ARTICIPANTS 75

National Trails System 3 Nat ona a e e ud ea Co onado x ed on 1 5 i l P rk S rvic St y Ar , r E p iti INTRODUCTIO N

STUDY PURPOSE

In 1 988 n f th hi o r ess d e ed the se e a of the n e o to s u d the US . o on o e s , C g ir ct cr t ry i t ri r t y p rti toric rou te of Franci sco Vazqu e z d e Coronado for potential inclu sion as a component of the a ona a s s e m e in A na ona a s u d asses ses the N ti l Tr il Sy t (s e le gislation appendix ) . A ti l tr il t y e and e e the eas and d es a of au o n a ou e in s ligibility , if ligibl , f ibility ir bility th rizi g r t , which thi ase n ud es a s a of a o ma e m es ou ona New e o e as c i cl w th ppr xi t ly il thr gh Ariz , M xic , T x , a oma and an a The s ud has een a ed out s s as a na ona s or or s en a . Okl h , K , ti l hi t ic c ic tr il t y b c rri ’ by an interdisciplinary team with representatives from the Nati onal Park Se rvice s D enver e e en e and ou es e ona e in an a Fe ass s ed e sonne om the S rvic C t r S thw t R gi l Offic S t , i t by p r l fr es e n and i W t r Midwest reg onal office s .

s do umen a e o on the esu s of the s ud a so on a ns a e na es to na ona Thi c t, r p rt r lt t y, l c t i lt r tiv ti l a au a n The a e na e s e e a in the Co onad o e e d on tr il thoriz tio . lt r tiv off r oth r w ys which r xp iti ou d be mm m The d u men was a e d n the as s of e ens e s o and c l co e orated . oc t prep r o b i xt iv hi t ry a e n The d a t rch ology research and inpu t received at a se ri es of public scoping mee ti gs . r f study report was available for public review du ri ng a 60 - d ay pe riod in Au gus t and Se ptem

‘ ber 1 9 1 Th men e n n n s f r na na a n r d oes n ud e 9 . e d o u do s ot o a a o o a o a o o c t c t i pr p l ti l tr il, it i cl a e omm n n Th na a e e has onsu ed r c e d atio to implement any alternative . e Natio l P rk S rvic c lt s a with t te his tori c preserv ation officers d u rin g prep aration of the stu dy .

This d ocument includ es a general environmental as sess men t prepare d in compliance with the a ona n onmen a o on a ns ana s s of the en onmen a e e s N ti l E vir t l P licy Act, which c t i ly i vir t l ff ct of the on e u a a na e d e a ed en onmen a ana ses c c pt l lter tiv es d escribed be low . Mor t il vir t l ly will

’ be om e ed if n m men ed c pl t Co gress directs that one of the alternatives be i ple t .

NATIONAL TRAILS SYSTEM

The a ona a s s em of 1 968 as amend ed ns u es a na ona s s em of rec N ti l Tr il Sy t Act , , i tit t ti l y t reation s en n de a a e of ou doo a d s o a s . a ona e eat on a s o , c ic, hi t ric tr il N ti l r cr i tr il pr vi v ri ty t r e ea on u ses in r na e are d es na ed the se e r cr ti o reaso bly acces sible to u rban areas . Th y ig t by cr a f h e r n s are e end ed ou es o t e n o o e se e a f a r u u e . a na s e a t ry i t ri r th cr t ry o g ic lt r N ti o l c ic tr il xt r t , au o e d on r e ss a o de e ea on and the ons e a on and en o men of the th riz by C g , th t pr vi r cr ti c rv ti j y t na onall s n an s en na u a or u u a ua es of the a eas ou e ti y ig ific t c ic, t r l, c lt r l q liti r thr gh which th y a p ss . Scenic trails are pri marily intend e d for hiking and oth er nonmotorized u ses d eter m ne d to be a o a e for ea nd d u a ase for e am e o se a r d n n i ppr pri t ch i ivi l c ; x pl , h r b ck i i g, bicycli g, os s oun s n and na f s en a s end s to be a mo e u e stu d . e ea ona u se o cr c try kii g, t r y R cr ti l c ic tr il t r m o an mana m n a n n ess i p rt t ge e t emphasis than natu ral and cultural history inte rpre t tio . Co gr has es a s e d e na ona s en a s: the a a an a es on nen a t bli h ight ti l c ic tr il App l chi , P cific Cr t, C ti t l vd e o oun Ice A e o oma e a e a e a e and o d a a s . Di i , N rth C try, g , P t c H rit g , N tch z Tr c , Fl ri tr il

“ a iona histo ic a s are e ended ou es au o ed on ess a o o na ona N t l r tr il xt r t , th riz by C gr , th t f ll w ti lly s n an or ina u f e u ose is to d en and ig ific t ig l ro tes o travel as closely a s possible . Th ir p rp i tify o e n pr t ct the historic rou te and its remnants and artifacts for public use and enjoyment . Co ress has es a s ed n ne na onal s o a s : the e s and C a e on o mon g t bli h i ti hi t ric tr il L wi l rk, Or g , M r , d a od Ov ermountain o a of ea Ne z e e an a Fe and u an au is a I it r , Vict ry, Tr il T rs, P rc , S t , J B t t de T ua a a na na n n a a s . o s o s o a the a mu s amo o e n s me A z tr il q lify ti l hi t ric tr il, tr il t, g th r thi g , et three special criteria in the National Trail Systems A ct : (1 ) It mu st be a trail or route estab lished s o u se its o a n mus be su en no n and s ou d ene a o o by hi t ric , l c tio t ffici tly k w , it h l g r lly f ll w

' the historic rou te accurately; (2) it mu st be of national significance with respect to any of J several qroad facets of American hi s tory; and (3) it mu s t have significant potential for public n n re creational u se or hi storic interes t based on his toric interpre tatio a d appreciation . If Con

e ss au o es - a na ona s o or s en a a mana emen an is d e e o ed to d e ne gr th riz ti l hi t ric c ic tr il, g t pl v l p fi the d e signate d rou te more accu rately and to specify actions nece ssa ry to provid e for public u s e and resou rce protection .

The a ona T a s s em de end s on ass - oo u Su o to o e n e e N ti l r il Sy t p gr r ts p blic pp rt pr t ct, i t rpr t,

a ui e d e e o and ma n a n the a s . Un e na ona e ea on a s na ona s en cq r , v l p, i t i tr il lik ti l r cr ti tr il , ti l c ic a s and nati nal hi t ri a n ud e an n n ed e a adm n s a e es ons tr il o s o c tr ils i cl o goi g f r l i i tr tiv r p ibility .

' The role of the fed eral agency w1 th primary res p onsibility for administe ring a trail is one of oo d na n and s mu a n e o s of o e ed e a a en es s a e and o a o e nmen s c r i ti g ti l ti g ff rt th r f r l g ci , t t l c l g v r t , dm a e s s ede a s end n a e o an a ons and nd d ua s . e an a n s o on priv t rg iz ti , i ivi l Oth r th i i tr tiv c t , f r l p i g su ch trails will usually consist of limited fi nancial assis tance on a cos t - share basi s to l ocally

ee me and a for a - e a ed a es su as on - the n a ed ro e s . o a o un o i iti t p j ct L c l v l t r ti l b r tr il r l t ctiviti , ch f i n a Th adm n s e n a en a so can r ound a u d n or scemc a s s esse . e o gr tr il b il i g tr il , ti l i i t ri g g cy l p

' d e e n a ass s an e on a oad an e of a - e a ed a ons n u d n a u s on vi t ch ic l i t c br r g tr il r l t cti , i cl i g cq i iti ,

d e e o men o e on esou e mana emen n e e a on and ma n enan e . v l p t, pr t cti , r rc g t, i t rpr t ti , i t c DESIGNATE D HISTORIC TRAIL

DE SIGNATE D SCENIC TRAIL

Nationa l Tra ils Sys te m Coronado E x e dition Nationa l ra il p , T Study Uni d S a s D a r m n te t te ep t e t of the Interior Na tiona l Pa rk Se rvic e DSC/JAN 9 1/NTCOR/4 0 000

THE CORONADO E"PEDITI O N

DE SCRIPTION

on e o e n is men and ed on the s o es of in a and the o o a of m u L g b f r E gl h l h r Virg i r cky litt r l Ply o th, Sp anish explore rs had already traversed the A tlantic coast from Labrad or to the Strait of a e an and d e e m ned the e en of o me a rom o da t a n e e M g ll t r i xt t N rth A ric f Fl ri o C lifor ia . B tw en 1 539 and 1543 ee an s e ed ons e , thr Sp i h xp iti xplored the interior and w es t coas t of the present n ed a e — U it St t s . Thes e expeditions one le d by Hernand o d e Soto from Fl orida to the Mis sis s e and e ond ano e an s o a ue d e ippi Riv r b y , th r by Fr ci c V zq z Coronado from the wes t M exican oas to e n a ansa s and the as uan od ue a c t c tr l K , l t by J R rig z C brillo from La Navid ad on the es e an oas to oss the o ue e in e on o e e a e d h an w t M xic c t p ibly R g Riv r Or g , c ll ctiv ly llow t e Sp ish to ass ess the s e of o me i a and su e its en u na u a s n s iz N rth A r c rv y pl tif l t r l re ources . Withi thi as and l ed man me an nd an u u a ou s the an s d e s ed for the v t l iv y A ric I i c lt r l gr p , which Sp i h crib s me in n n the u o en n e f th fir t ti pri t withi E r c tric co t xt o e period .

Francisco Vazquez d e Co ronad o le d the firs t fu lly d ocu mented Eu ropean u nd ertaki ng to e o e a ou d a e m h n 4 xpl r wh t w l l t r for t e greater United States Southwest . Withi 8 years after ' ’ ’ o u m us and n o onad o s men s ood on the ed e of ona s and an on and C l b l i g, C r t g Ariz Gr C y , s ed the nd an u e os at un o oma e os and the a e s a on the Rio vi it I i p bl Z i, H pi, Ac , P c , vill g l g and e e a e s a f Gr . Th y tr v r ed seri es o rou tes from Compostela in western Mexico throu gh

o ons of the e en - a a f w M nd eed one on n en ex s d s es o ona and Ne e o . p rti pr t y t t Ariz xic I , c ti g t lored s d n m New e e e a a d os se d the o o ad o e n o a o n a . o o p w tw r cr C l r Riv r i t C lif r i Fr M xic , th y en eas o a d the ea a ns e e e e o ed a s of e as and saw and w t t t w r Gr t Pl i , wh r th y xpl r p rt T x des ed a a f e e the o onad o e ed on ossed e u o e d s . o n no o crib l rg b ff l h r M vi g rth th r , C r xp iti cr Oklahoma and traversed s ou the rn Kansas as far as the Great Bend of the Arkansas River h ed n e ame one of the e o e ea n nd an V a es in en a ansas . u s t e e o b f r r chi g I i ill g c tr l K Th , xp iti b c e s f h n pic tories o t e Age of Eu ropean Exploratio .

To a e the o onad o e ed on in the on e of o d s o e esen s a on nu a pl c C r xp iti c t xt w rl hi t ry, it r pr t c ti tion of European expansion th at d ates from the 13th centu ry when M arco Polo sparked the d e ous ma ina ons of his oun men to d e e o a ou e to the en . a s an i g ti c try v l p r t Ori t W r , b itry, r ligi an mos es and ea d s an e did not d e e u o ean om e u es to es a s a i iti , gr t i t c s t r E r p s fr th ir q t t bli h

ade ou e to the Far as e e e m o ta n s e s o d and u u ems . tr r t E t, wh r th y ight b i pic , g l , l x ry it

Spu rred by the Eu ropean d esire to find a route to the Orient and encouraged by knowledge as e as e end s and m s om the an en o d s of ee e and ome a ans o u w ll l g yth fr ci t w rl Gr c R , It li , P rt uese and an a d s oo the ead in the 1 5th en u e o n the ed e anean and the g , Sp i r t k l c t ry, xpl ri g M it rr Atlantic se acoas t of Africa in an e ffort to es tablish a water rou te to Cathay (China) and ’ Ci an n u e s f u o ean e o a on led to s o e o u m us o a e p gu (Japan) . Ce t ri o E r p xpl r ti Chri t ph r C l b v y g a ss t His d s e f a and mass e een u o e and the en e ame an cro he Atlantic . i cov ry o l b tw E r p Ori t b c obj e ct of European cu ri osity and expansionist visions .

Explora tion of the wes tern hemisphere b ecame a pri ority among the leading p owers of

" a n n d The n ues of the e n d om e nand o a e o u a and n an . o Sp i , Fr c , P rt g l, E gl c q t Azt c ki g by H r d Cort"s reinforced the Europ ean qu e st for legend ary civilizations men ti oned in Roman an

ee m me an nd an e end s e ame n e ned u o ean m o o . Gr k ythology . A ric I i l g b c i t rtwi with E r p yth l gy a ed n an name s e u a and the s o of n F bl cities of gold and silver took on I di lik Q ivir , t ry Ki g das his o d en ou soon a e wa to the e end f d Not n di n Mi with g l t ch g v y l g o El D ora o . o ly d Spa ish and o u u ese e o e s sea for em so too did the en and n s P rt g xpl r r rch th ; , , Fr ch E gli h like nd a a ues a e a e a e . na as a of h s mass e e t ea n m J cq C rti r W lt r R l igh Fi lly, p rt t i iv ffort o l r ore

' a ou the Americas the an s own au o ed the e a n f b t , Sp i h cr th riz xplor tio o North Ame rica with a

ee- on ed e o : De o o in o d a a o a on the a o n a oas and o onad thr pr g ff rt S t Fl ri , C brill l g C lif r i c t, C r o ’ n nen s n e in the c o ti t i t rior .

T unde s and the e e d t on ne mu s at i de an s a u e d e nad o o oo ts ea o o o o . r t xp i i , t l k l r, Fr ci c V zq z C r He was o n in 15 1 0 in a aman a a n to the no eman uan Va u e d e o onad o and b r S l c , Sp i , bl J zq z C r d w ona sa e e u an . In 1512 uan a ue as a on e d corre idor ma i s a e a nd al D I b l L j , J V zq z pp i t g ( g tr t de ma f u s in n n n f e a n n m n h a r a a o o o o e a . e au se O e a e e s t e e e e d c l y r) B rg rth r Sp i B c l g l t gl t , f th cr t a ma oraz o or a e d es a e in 1520 in he ass ned his e s a e to on a o a u e d e y g , t il t t , , which ig t t G z l V zq z ’ n n Th m r o o ado a s o s e d es o e . e a o az o es ed a the es a e ou d be C r , Fr ci c l t br th r y g pr crib th t t t w l ’ ' ed d n u n a s n m ass o o o s o a e des endan s . e an s o on a o s p w thro gh G z l fir tb r l c t Lik Fr ci c , G z l oun e o e s o named u an a u e d e o onado ou d a e to see e own y g r br th r , b th J V zq z C r , w l h v k th ir os ons in e : one e ame an adelantado in os a a the o e a comendador of the o d e p iti lif b c C t Ric ; th r, r r f the n mi nd f h f . n his s a a e d e d ed t e o o o e co e a o u as . ean e o St J h C bill M whil , with ci l f t ci by raz n In 1 en ma o o a o a u e d e o onad o d e d his me or an o o u n . 535 y g , Fr cisc V zq z C r bi ti f pp rt ity , wh the ne a o n ed e o to e o n on o d e endo a sa ed f om a n to his os wly pp i t vic r y M xic , A t i M z , il r Sp i p i

' on he oo a on his court a o e 25 - ea - old an s o a ue d e o onado as a ti , t k l g f v rit , y r Fr ci c V zq z C r , f hi n member o s re ti ue .

’ ’ e o end o a s o a end s and a ona e V a u e d e o onad o s om With Vic r y M z p litic l fri hip p tr g , zq z C r pr i ' n n s in mme 1 8 F n a u e the e o s o e e had e ce o e e o . su 53 a s o r M xic City By r , r ci c V zq z, vic r y pr t g , ' ’ beenappointe d a memb e r of M exico City s city council and was m ad e an organizer and a e mem e of the o e ood of the essed a amen for a a h ar a e so e ch rt r b r Br th rh Bl S cr t Ch rity, c it bl ci ty

' n d t ai h n n h ma ie d the ea ou de o d t e eed and ed u a e o an i s . oo a e e f y c t rph g rl S ft r, rr w lthy e es s ea d e s ad a dau e of the d e eased o a easu e onso d e s ada who h ir B triz E tr , ght r c r y l tr r r, Al E tr , ’ w d s m e - in- law ona Ma as umo ed to be a son of the a e n e d nand . o ona o o r r l t Ki g F r i C r th r , D — dd n V az na esen ed the ne wed s a a e oun es a e a of a a . In a o ri , pr t wly with l rg c try t t h lf T lp iti , ue had his Own a u e d the ands of uan d e u os who had e u ned to q z by right cq ir l J B rg , r t r

a n . us, an s o a u e had , in a few s o ea s, m ed the o a a nd s o a Sp i Th Fr ci c V zq z _ h rt y r cli b p litic l ci l

’ dd e f n a w n D h m s nmen f u ri o d e u man o e n o of a o o o Ne a . u e to t e o o l r c l i l Sp i i pri t N G z , g v r r ue a a a no of e o e o end o a a o n ed a u e d e o onad o to N v G lici , rth M xic City, Vic r y M z pp i t V zq z C r

h His s a a ea ed to be in on nua as en . t e vacant gove rnors hip in 1 539 . t r pp r c ti l c t

“ ean e a u ne a e a d e a and his e e om an ons s u o s of the M whil , Alv r N z C b z Vac thr c p i , rviv r ill fated Panfilo d e Na rv ae z expe d ition to Florid a had b een re scu e d in S onora in 1 536 an e e e o ed on e s e in the u of e o and d taken to M exic o City . Th re th y r p rt th ir hipwr ck G lf M xic n h as n n what they had seen in their eight years of wand ering be twee t e Tex coast a d So ora . e s o es ns e d a se es of e ed ons no a d one led o e no an s o Th ir t ri i pir ri xp iti rthw r , by G v r r Fr ci c a u e d n 1 9 a a os d e a and a s ma a om osed e Co na d o . s 53 V zq z ro By pri g , Fr y M rc Niz ll p rty c p ma n of nd an u d es and s e an o an es a so no n as s e an t he oo e an i ly I i g i E t v D r t , l k w E t v M r, b g trav eling north on an explori ng v entu re to v erify storie s ab ou t pos sible rich civiliza tions ’ d ne s of s n su a In au umn 1 539 a e u ne e a s d ea . s u a and To ira . ch Q ivir p t , Niz r t r with w E t v th

His a oun s a u o a he ma or ma not a e seen firs t- and e e a e u cc t bo t Cib l , which y y h v h , w r c r f lly H e d es i e d the s o f the un a e written and do no t s eem particu larly mis leading . cr b fir t Z i vill g s in su perlativ e terms and style : ro eede d on m ourne unti omin wit in si t of Ci o a w i is si uate d on a I p c y j y l c g h gh b l , h ch t ain at the base of a roun i pl d h ll . The ueb o has a fine a earance the Th are es a e seen in t ese re ions . e ouses p l pp , b t I h v h g h as t e had een des ri ed to me the ndians all of s one wi erra es and flat oo s as it h y b c b by I , t th t c r f , seemed to me rom a w e e s ood to ew The is a e an the of Mexi o. f hill h r I t vi it . city l rg r th city c W en o d the C e tains who were wit me how we im ressed was wit Ci o a h I t l hi f h ll p I h b l , e to d me t a it was the sma est of se en i ies and t a Totonteac is mu ar er and th y l h t ll v c t , h t ch l g e e r ll t an a se en . a it has so man ou n l a i n n i b tt h v Th t y h ses a d peop e th t there s o e d to t.

’ e in s n su e s s a of o d o e e a s o a e o a a en was a Littl thi writi g gg t city g l ; h w v r, Niz r l r p rt pp r tly " " d e en s o . e o end o a on d en of the e s en e of ano e e o o d e e d iff r t t ry Vic r y M z , c fi t xi t c th r M xic , r r " that a large expedition be organized to explore and verify the existence of the Sev en Cities " of o d in the n dom of u a ss n f hi o us e d a . e au se s a G l ki g Q ivir , p ibly j t b yo Cib ol B c o riv lry with e nand o o "s who had e oned to ead the e ed on e o end o a was an ous H r C rt , p titi l xp iti , Vic r y M z xi to a o n one of his own u s ed F r he se e ed an s o a ue o o e s . o a eason pp i t tr t f ll w r th t r , l ct Fr ci c V zq z d e o onad o to ead the e e d n f n ead the ex e C r l xp itio to Cib ola . Royal approval o Coro ad o to l p d n d n n o a e o a u a 6 1 540 as he and the e o o ee d e d to an the e ed on . iti rriv J ry , , vic r y pr c pl xp iti

a e e ua 1540 e o end o a e e ed the e ed on at om os e a sou of By l t F br ry , Vic r y M z r vi w xp iti C p t l , th u i a h C l acan . More th n 230 mou nted men and 62 foo t soldiers formed the main b ody of t e an s s d an e oo o e s s edu ed to o n em on the wa . ean e an a Sp i h tr p , with th r ch l j i th y M whil , v c ua d und e e o a a e ed n h the end of e u a the g r r M lchi r Di z tr v l orthward to scou t t e trail . By F br ry ma n od mo e an 800 nd an a e s the nu m e ou d a e r o to u s o e i b y, with r th I i lli ( b r w l l t r g w j t v r ’ The e ed on s e a ed to ea e om os e a for Cu a an the ne s a n a ea . pr p r l v C p t l li c , xt t gi g r xp iti e sonne n u d d a ee an s omen p r l i cl e number of colonial and international travelers . Thr Sp i h w s ed as es f ou the mu s e o does not li t wiv o foot soldiers accompanied the troops . Alth gh t r r ll s his name a su e n a h n a a d e m a os d e a o e ed t e e ed o . s s o li t , rg tr v l with xp iti Six fri r , i fr M rc Niz , a a ed in h The mu s e a s s s the names of five o u u ese ee t e e ed on . o p rticip t xp iti t r r ll l o li t P rt g , thr f h e ed ion a ans ee en men a e man a on and a em n . se a n o t e It li , thr Fr ch , G r , Brit , Fl i g A wi g xp it ommand ed n d n n n f w s oad ed a t e c by Her an o d e Alarcon a d co sisti g o t o ship l with r ill ry, o s ons and mun ons a e e d no in the Se a of al o n a to the mou of the C0 10 pr vi i , iti tr v l rth C if r i th h m s s ma a e had e n s bu t the e ed ad o R e . e e sons on t e u e o r iv r Oth r p r t r li t y h v f r ig birth , xp i ’ tion s d ocumentation does not establish their cases .

The ma om om os e a to u a an the as an s on e ou os in the no oo rch fr C p t l C li c , l t Sp i h fr ti r tp t rth, t k a m a m m m n f the a e un e d e ed on was s o ed as o on . The n a d o e e o l st th orthw r v t l rg , wi l y xp iti l w it p assed through thickly fores ted mountains while guarding against confrontations with de nd an ou s who had e the o s of the an s on ues . Not on did a u e I i gr p , f lt bl w Sp i h c q t ly V zq z ’ o onad o s men a e to e d ead of o ses e had to end to 600 a an ma s C r h v h r h h r , th y t p ck i l l a an a ue d e and o e s o a n u d ed s ee oa s and a e . te ea n u th r t ck th t i cl h p, g t , c ttl Af r r chi g C i c , V zq z na m semen and 25 oo so d e s some Coro d o d ecid ed to advance with approxi ately 75 hor f t l i r , nd d e una e ano oo a e of the ma n an al es and a sma e d of a e . s an I i li , ll h r c ttl Tri t L y Ar ll t k ch rg i m a ad an ed to o a at a s o e a e . r y, which v c Cib l l w r p c

ean e led na e d es and accom anied a a os de a a ue de M whil , by tiv gui by Fr y M rc Niz , V zq z ‘ p Coronado and his exp edition crossed one river valley after another through Sonora as they o o ed old nd an a The d iona a e e d ou e is a a e ea n f ll w I i tr ils to Cibola . tra it lly cc pt r t th t ft r l vi g

u a an. the e ed on assed nea e os an an en se emen in oun a o ens C li c , xp iti p r P ric , ci t ttl t c try th t p n o oad flat d e os the u d e s led em ou a se es of oas a a ns . o t e on i t br , c t l pl i N r h b y P ric , g i th thr gh ri e s and n o a na o an on e o o ed for s ome d s an e e o e ea n riv r i t rr w c y , which th y f ll w i t c b f r r chi g a Cor zones . om o a ones the e ed on en no a d a e ea n Chichilticalli the a u ed Fr C r z , xp iti w t rthw r ; ft r r chi g , f tig men and an ma s e s ed for two d a s to re are for e ma ou the moun a nou s i l r t y p p th ir rch thr gh t i , ’ un o u a ed n Th p p l t cou try ah ead . e expedition moved northward u ntil they w ere a d ay s m m the a o s un a e . On u 6 1 540 u n a o s a a ed an en am ed rch fr fir t Z i vill g J ly , , Z i w rri r tt ck c p ad an e u a d of the e ed on led a a e de a d ena The ne d a at o a v c g r xp iti by G rci Lop z C r s . xt y Cib l ’ or anad a oss od a s Hawikku a ue d e o onad o e e n he and his men ( Gr ), p ibly t y , V zq z C r , b li vi g m ht e s om a f d and o oo a e de d ed to a a the a e . u n the a a ig p ri h fr l ck f w t r, ci tt ck vill g D ri g tt ck, oonad o was a s n h m a C r hit by to e as e atte pted to scale a ladder at one of the houses . G rcia o e d e r n h h a d e as ame to his es u e . e t e a e t e uns e ea ed e m in the L p z C c r c Aft r b ttl , Z i r tr t , p r itt g n Th n a s to en e . Sp i h t r e adva ce guard camp ed th e re during the su mmer of 1 540 .

C1bola se ed a a a f n ona d s en e e s ma e n a es rv s b se o Operatio s . Cor o t forth thr ll xplori g p rti

' fr m th r ll w an d e : d d e o e e a led nd an u d e s . a e o ed ne u o e s o e s e o , by I i g i E ch r p rt E r p i c v ri P r ‘ ‘ a ea ed usa an one of the o a es a o e d e a d enas ea ed the Tov r r ch T y , H pi vill g ; G rcia L p z C r r ch and an on and ee ed n o its d e s see n the olo ado R e e o and e nando Gr C y p r i t pth , i g C r iv r b l w; H r de a ad o ea ed the ed e of the ea a ns a e ass n s n an andma s in Alv r r ch g Gr t Pl i ft r p i g ig ific t l rk , u d n oma Ti uex the no a e of e sen d a u u e u e the Rio and e and cl i g Ac , g ( rth v ll y pr t y Alb q rq ), Gr ,

“ the a s e and G li t o Pecos pueblos .

ome me e een e em e 1540 and anu a 1 541 s an de una e ano ou S ti b tw S pt b r J ry , Tri t L y Ar ll br ght h ' t e main force u from Corazones and rend ezvoused with Vazqu ez d e Corona do at Cib ola . ' p Coronad o and a p ortion of his army moved toward the Rio Grand e vall ey of New M exico wa of the o n e of Tu tahaco es a s n a n e am for the e ed on t by y pr vi c , t bli hi g wi t r c p xp iti a Ti

ue n - The s u a on at Ti ex o a ea esen d a e na o no of u u e ue . u g x, pr b bly r pr t y B r lill , rth Alb q rq it ti g , e at s end soon u ne d an a on s a e the na es a d en a ed s ome whil fir t fri ly, t r t g i tic ft r tiv cci t lly kill

an s n - h winter the an s ou the o ses a d a fu l s a e war o e ou t. u n t e Sp i h h r , l c l br k D ri g , Sp i h f ght ~ nd an ion s at se e a Ti uex ueblos and the nd ans fle d to the moun a ns . e se e a I i v r l g p , I i t i Lik wi , r l t s f h s o t e e o e s o e u e os name e os a so sou e d . hip xpl r r with th r p bl , ly P c l r

In the a o f 1 540 e o a in ommand of a sma on n en of men at o a ones f ll , M lchi r Di z, c ll c ti g t C r z , ’ rece ive d instru ctions from Vazque z d e Corona d o to rend ezv ou s with Alarcon s ship s in

- m n d d o d e to n u the mu need e d su e s and a m amen s . 25 e a o ee e r r bri g p ch ppli r t With , Di z pr c

to the u of a o n a en no ard bu t he was u na e to end e ou s a on . G lf C lif r i , th rthw , bl r zv with Al rc nd ans nea e e o d of s an e men wh had b u ed a messa e und e a ee and e I i r th r t l tr g o ri g r tr , th ir " d n : e e are e e s at the oo of boats . Diaz discovered a tree with these word s carve o it Th r l tt r f t " d s ee . n u the u ed messa e a on had e t a ea ne a a on a e thi tr Diggi g p b ri g Al rc l f , Di z l r th t Al rc , ft r

a n in a n for a e od of me had d e a ed e au se the s s e e o in . a and w iti g v i p ri ti , p rt b c hip w r r tt g Di z his men ossed the n and e a e d e a a to o a ones bu t a on the cr river o rafts r tr c th ir tr il b ck C r z , l g

ou e a d ed on anua 1 8 1541 . r t Di z i J ry ,

As the n e of 1 54 1 a e wa to s n V a u e d e o onad o e a e d to d e a for wi t r g v y . pri g, zq z C r pr p r p rt H ad e an uneas ea e e o e ea n for the u a . e o ee d ed to e os e e he m Q ivir pr c P c , wh r y p c b f r l vi g ea a n The n n e ed a u d e om the an a d s name d u o the Gr t Pl i s . Pecos I dia s o ff r g i wh Sp i r El T rc ( d to ea d the an a d s a far u . u o a Plains lndian ma a e e en ns u e s a s T rk) El T rc , , y h v b i tr ct l Sp i r oss e and s e em in the ea a ns o r he ma a e een u d n em to the a e p ibl lo th Gr t Pl i , y h v b g i i g th l rg se d e w as u o e a as - o n e e o e ttleme nts along the Mis si s sippi Riv er . A bri g b ilt v r f t fl wi g riv r b f r e ea ead n a oss the a ns o onad o and his a m encoun th y r ched the B u ffalo Plains . H i g cr pl i , C r r y e e Co ona d o d e d e d tere d b arrancas (canyons) and se e mingly limitle s s flatland s . Th r r ci that he and 30 horsemen and a few foot soldiers would proceed to Q uivira; the rest retu rned to the Rio and e a e to a a u e ns u ons . n e ou t of the an ns Gr v ll y w it f rth r i tr cti O c c yo , Corona do and his " " os en o o e s ead ed no a d . In s se men of the u h ch f ll w r h rthw r thi g t ro te, t e expedition crossed n o k a m d i t O l ho a an finally arrived at what is believed to be the Great B end of the Arkansas

e . e e the a Riv r Th r Sp nish executed El Turco for lying abou t the route and the exi stence of u a Q ivir .

o onado o eed ed some d s an e e ond the ea end oss ea n n C r pr c i t c b y Gr t B , p ibly r chi g ce tral Kan a nd th s s a e large Quiviran Indian villages near the Arkansas River b efore he tu rned back to the Rio and e via a s e m o o e d e ou e . e e u n n to Ti uex e e e s en Gr h rt r, r ir ct r t Aft r r t r i g g , wh r th y p t the w n e of 1 541 —42 he su e ed a ead n u e n i t r , ff r h i j ry whil raci g his horse with Captain Rod

o d e a donad o . a en his sadd e o e and he e a e n rig M l App r tly l girth br k , f ll f c first a d su ffered a ’ on u s s on w en am e d a d onad o s c c i h tr pl by M l horse . Later he w ou ld report to his su periors a he had u ne d a e au s e of his n u e s a ou his m en e e ed h h m a th t t r b ck b c i j ri , lth gh b li v e ad si u l ted his n u e s in o d e to o e the e u n of the en In 1 42 h i j ri r r f rc r t r tire expedition . 5 t e grou p retraced e a a to e o C e e d V e e o e to e o end a . th ir tr il b ck M xic ity, wh r th y r p rt ic r y M oz

In the end the e ed on of a ue de nad h , xp iti V zq z Coro o ad raised more questions abou t the no ou n . Its e a is a ns e d u e e o a on and e en u a se emen of rth c try l g cy th t it i pir f rth r xpl r ti , v t lly ttl t, the n Th orth . e e pic jou rney led to the es tabli shment of a Spanish rou te directly north from ‘ e o a esu e d in the d e e m n f E l m n h a o e o a o ea t e o a o d . e M xic City th t r lt v l p t C i R l, R y l R (Oth r oad s ou ou the an s e o es a so e e a ed Cam no ea nd a n a r thr gh t Sp i h t rrit ri l w r c ll El i R l, i ic ti g th t

e e e u d the e nm n s - m e - n u e a e onne ed Me o th y w r b il by gov r e t . ) Thi il lo g ro t l t r c ct xic City in the sou an a F e in th n n 50 ea s of the e onna ssan e mad e th with S t e orth . Withi y r r c i c by

“

a u e de o onad uan. na e l w o d e ed se e s n o Ne e o . V zq z C r , J O t ttl r i t M xic

’ Vazqu ez d e Coronado s entrada had great economic and political implica ti ons for the In ' d an h F r m n nad n e am was es a s ed at one s e en ou n e ed . o e a e e o o o s i c t r x pl , wh C r wi t r c p t bli h f h Ri Th an s as u ed e o t e o and e ue os its o ne s fle d to o e ue os . e Gr p bl , w r th r p bl Sp i h p t r th ir es o on the o and s a on the Rio and e and demand ed ood s om the a liv t ck rich cr pl l g Gr , g fr v ri ous pu eblos to su pport the hu ge army .

o o n os i es e een the an a d s and the nd ans a num e of the nd ans e e F ll wi g h til ti b tw Sp i r I i , b r I i w r d n a ed und e s e e and eventu se e a d u ne d a i e r s a e d . e s s n u e os e e iz b r l v o pe r R i ti g p bl w r pl c r i g , ll h i x n fled t the moun a ns s end n a a t e T ue u e os e e u ned . e o u a s o lly g p bl w r b r Th ir ‘cc p t t i , p i g the in n the su mme of 154 1 the nd ans e e e . em n t ese e the a ea du w t r th r Att pti g o r ttl r ri g r , I i ' a a n fled en Co onad s ou e u ned om the a ns u s the nd ans os e g i wh r o gr p r t r fr pl i ; th , I i l t th ir ood su f th m n n f pply or e co i g wi ter .

’ 1581 en amu s ad o s e ed on e a ed Ti uex the a ea had e un to e o e bu t By , wh Ch c xp iti r ch g , r b g r c v r, o u a ons had d e ned and Ti u ex ne e e a ned its o me e onom and ol a p p l ti cli , g v r r g i f r r c ic p itic l m o an i p rt ce .

SIG N IFICA NCE

is on a a in the 1 6 en u a e nad o was ons d e ed a a u e for It ir ic th t b ck th c t ry V zquez d Coro c i r f il r , in the 20th centu ry the enormou s significan ce of this early explora tion has clearly e merged . e o e onee n e o s the o onad o e e d on se ed as a of a s o a o e ss Lik th r pi ri g ff rt , C r xp iti rv p rt hi t ric l pr c The s n an e that marked the New World with its d istinct cu ltu rally plu ralis tic chara cter . ig ific c of the e ed on is a e man o e s of the A e of u o ean o a on a re xp iti th t, lik y th r g E r p Expl r ti , ( ) it p p ared the way for the eventual Europ ean settlement by documenting existing Indian trails a led no a d om e o b es a ed a d o umen a e o d om a o n a to th t rthw r fr M xic ; _ ( ) it t blish c t ry r c r fr C lif r i ’ ansas a ed on the mem e s e onna ssan e o e onden e e o and a oun K b s b r r c i c , c rr sp c , r p rts, cc ts; (c) it contribute d geogr aphical knowledge of North Ame rica by d etermining the width of the on inen o o n t he o onad o e e d on a on a of uan od i u e a o c t t (f ll wi g C r xp iti , l g with th t J R r g z C brill and e n and o De o o an s o a s e s ima ed the d of the on inen to be H r S t , Sp i h ffici l t t wi th c t t ’ miles from s ea to sea in the la titu d e of C oronado s trave ls); (d) it contribu ted new informa

‘ on a u me i n nd n e an s h Am ri n a n auna ti bo t A r ca I ia cultu r s; d (e) it de cribed Nort e ca flor a d f .

The Coronado exp edition was sign ificant in the initi ation of the cultu ral conv ergence be

‘ '

w n - American t ee E uropean a nd American Indian cultu res in the Sou thwes t and the Plains . nd an rou s a d o e d new d eas and ma e ia ood s and the an s and a e e o e s I i g p pt i t r l g , Sp i h l t r xpl r r an' d se t e s e a ned mu om the na es in man a ea s s u as ne w ood s un n and t l r l r ch fr tiv y r , ch f , h ti g ' u Th nad d n ma ed the s me the s va n u es and a r u u e . e o o o e e o rvi l tech iq , g ic lt r C r xp iti rk fir t ti m de n n d ed a e h e a ns nd ans s an ma o o se a e d a os s the a s . o r h r w lk cr pl i A pt l t r y th Pl i I i , thi i l v F r the nd ans the o o e o u on ed un n traVel and war for ese nomad es . o r l ti iz h ti g, , th ic trib I i , C r

nado en ad a ma ed the e nn n of an n as on and on u e s of e and s . e es tr rk b gi i g i v i c q t th ir l Th ir liv , t un and Ti u ex e on and u u e ou d e o e e an ed . a es su as ose a r ligi , c lt r w l b f r v r ch g B ttl ch th Z i g e n The s o of the e ed w re significant as the start of intern a tional warfare and co qu est . t ry xp i on and its esu s is one of u m and a ed and was s n an as a sem na e en ti r lt tri ph tr g y, it ig ific t i l v t i n shaping the mu lticultural d eve lopment of the area throu gh which it pas se d .

1 0 the research u nd ertaken for the study and an extensive bibliography can be found in that u m d oc e nt .

Archeological research was fru strated by several factors : with the exception of winters sp ent in the Rio ande a e the o ona d o e ed n en m in n n o s e e a o e a ea . e se Gr v ll y, C r xp iti p t littl ti y r Th e o e s ou on ne es s e s o u n mu of e ood o n and o a e a on xpl r r br ght ly c iti , pr c ri g ch th ir f , cl thi g, f r g l g f m the u e . u s ew a e a a es f e a n 1 6 h n o ss e e e e nd . e t e u ro t Th , t ri l tr c th ir p i g w r l ft b hi Oth r c t ry ’ an sh a e s a e o s u ed the a eo o a e o d of o onad o s m e and as ar Sp i ctiviti h v b c r rch l gic l r c r C r ti , p t cheolo ical ha n g w ork s focu sed o prehistoric or Spani sh C ol onial p eriod sites .

In mos ases a eo o i a s e and a a e d en e is e ene a and d oe s n t o d e t c , rch l g c l it rtif ct vi c v ry g r l o pr vi the e d e a need ed to d en me a ead s as s e am s or o e a a s a ma s p cific t il i tify t l, b , gl , c r ic , th r rtif ct th t y ’ a e n d nad e d n T n 1 th n ee e e n o o o s e o . oo o e 6 e u a a s a o h v b l ft b hi by C r xp iti ft , c t ry rtif ct l ck pr v enance t a i h t wou ld t e them to a s pecific site on the grou nd or to a particu l ar gr oup .

' Althou gh th ere is no incontrovertible arch eological evid ence of Coronad o s entrad a in the

e sen - d a Un ed a e s Se e a e e s of on d en e c an be d en ed for ese s o a pr t y it St t , v r l l v l c fi c i tifi th hi t ric l n n 1 n d nd a d archeological d ata . Whe 6th ce tu ry artifacts like glass b ea s a crossb ow b olts from Zu ni and Pe cos are examined within the historical context of the expe diti on narrativ es ’ and e no a a oun s u n eo e s o a s a r e e a o onad o s e ed on vis th gr phic cc t by Z i p pl , ch l r g th t C r xp iti it d e m ned a e a and s o a e d e n e a so s on su es s a e th se areas . Co bi rch ol ogic l hi t ric l vi c l tr gly gg t th t ’ m me n s a s e s nea e na o New e o e es en o onado s n e en a s . o it ( ) r B r lill , M xic , r pr t C r wi t r c p t( ) Hi t ric l d escriptions of the Q uiv iran villages are mirrored in the archeolo gical remains at Great B end s e e in n ese e s s es a s ea S o e d en e of an s es A p ct sit s Ka sas . Th pr hi toric it l o cl rly h w vi c Sp i h pr en e and of on nu n t ad e and on the e os New e o a ea ons s en c c ti i g r c tact with P c , M xic , r c i t t with h n t e arrativ es .

Top ographic and cu ltu ral featu res and grou p s mentioned by the Sp aniard s provid e anothe r ' f n N a a d en e f nad o s en ad a has e en ound at level o i formation . o rcheologic l evi c o Coro tr b f oma bu t an s d e s ions of the r ea o u o a e s a o its a mos na Ac , Sp i h cript g t r ck Ac c , with vill g t p l t i c Th n s a ess e s ea e no d ou a the an a d s s ed a ue o . e a a e so c ibl cliff , l v bt th t Sp i r vi it th t p bl rr tiv l indica te th at Corona d o and his grou p expl ored the Rio Grand e fr om p erhap s the Socorro a ea no a d to aos and e d es e u e os in ha is o a the al s e o as n r rthw r T , th y crib p bl w t pr b bly G i t B i ' and a n m is a e a r ee d a o onado s lo g so e o f the tribu ta ri es of the Rio Grande . It f irly w ll g th t C r party m arch ed a long a p ortion of the Arkansas River in Kansas .

i m e s ea au f D e finition of oth e r fe atu re s and the rou tes be tween the sites s u ch l s cl r . Bec se o am u e s and a s in the na a es few s o a s are a eed on the ou e ou Ari big iti g p rr tiv , ch l r gr r t thr gh ona e a r w D n th u e ou k a oma and no eas e n s o eas e n Ne e o . a a o e o z , T x , t r M xic t r t thr gh O l h rth t r New e r me n s for ou e s in e se a e as and e e en ke s es in New M xico a e lacking . Argu t r t th r b tw y it e o are ase d on a nu m e of a a es n u d n s e i eo ra ea u e s ar an M xic b b r v ri bl , i cl i g p c fic g g phic f t r (b r cas like th ose of C olima); fauna and flora; pre sence of ab o rigi nal trails and the u s e of Indian u d e s o o a m a ns a o s ee an ons ma a s me a su emen s o f g i ; t p gr phic li it tio c pr ck, t p c y , lp i ); r t - me d s an e and d e i n d e s i e d in the na a i es eas e of a e for a mou n ed a m ti , i t c , ir ct o cr b rr t v ; tr v l t r y d n e s o the e sen e of ood a e and o a e and d e s ions of m e i an rivi g liv t ck; pr c w , w t r, f r g ; cript A r c nd an r u I i g o ps .

m a n the u n u e os o ona d o en a oss Fro th ese d ata it appears that u pon le vi g Z i p bl , C r w t cr ou n in a sou eas e d e on ea n the Rio and e some e e in the n o f c try th t rly ir cti , r chi g Gr wh r vici ity

1 2 w o o o, Ne e o . om the un a ea the a m n S c rr M xic Fr Z i r , r y we t the direct route in a generally eas a d d e on ou ne and un e oun s n tw r ir cti thr gh pi j ip r c try, vi iti g Acoma en rou te to th eir n er am on th Ri t e o and e . o e e is not e wi c p Gr H w v r, it cl ar whether the army went by the and u ns of o o e wen u cliffs r i El M rr , if th y t thro gh Zuni Pass or around the south end of the u n ou n a ns e e e s ed the ma a s to the n r th m Z i M t i , wh th r th y kirt lp i orth o e s ou th . So e w ould argue that they took the old Zuni - Acoma Trail acros s the malpais; oth ers insis t thi s w ou ld be m oss e for a moun ed a m d n es n i p ibl t r y rivi g liv tock . O ly a few draina ges le ad into the o e n mesas eas of the ma a s the ou e rou or a ound ese a e as i a ua t w ri g t lp i ; r t th gh r th r s rg bl e . The narratives d o not make it clear whether the army went d ue east from Acoma to the Rio ande a e or cu t no eas a d to the n of Be na a a h Gr v ll y rth tw r vici ity r lillo . It ppears th t t e an a d s en oun e ed a an as in no e n e as o a in the a o u o an on Sp i r c t r b rr c rth r T x , pr b bly P l D r C y and or anad an e s s m / C i Riv r y te s .

In on u s on the e e on of some e a e s o e es of the ou e in New e o c cl i , with xc pti r l tiv ly h rt pi c r t M xic and ansas the s o a e no a and a eo o i a e d en e is at esen too a K , hi t ric l, th gr phic, rch l g c l vi c pr t fr g ' men a and a Th t ry v gue to confid ently identify Coronado s rou te between known sites . e u d ea ma d a The na r se ons St y Ar p i spl ys a zone of uncertainty ov er mu ch of the route . r ow cti nd a e ne n The one re i ic t zo s where the rou te is more accu rately d e fined and a gree d u po . z flects a range of p ossibilities for interpreting the evidence and a lack of agreement among n the one c an be recognize d experts on the corridor for the Coronad o exp editi on . Withi z n h ome me s ese ou s a fou d t e line of march followe d by C oronad o and his army . S ti th gr p tr v l n An e en oade a a of os e ed together; at other time s they followed differe t rou tes . v br r rr y p s e ou es as su es ed se e a s o a s is d s a ed on a se es of ma s in a end ibl r t , gg t by v r l ch l r , i pl y ri p pp ix n u s ns d a n in d u men are ased on the a a of ou es and the one of B . Co cl io r w this oc t b rr y r t z uncertainty and on the inability to d e fine a more precise rou te that is agreed u p on by the man s o a s in the e d not on the ou e a w as n u d ed in the s o esea s u d y ch l r fi l , r t th t i cl hi t ry r rch t y submitted for scholarly review .

1 3 DE S CRIPTION OF THE STUDY A REA

NATURAL RE SOURCE S

' e the e a r ou e o o ed a ue d e o onado s e ed on is unkno n is Whil x ct t f ll w by V zq z C r xp iti w , it ene a a ed a the on u s ad o s a e ed ou a is now ona New Mex g r lly ccept th t c q i t r tr v l thr gh wh t Ariz , i e as a oma and ans a f s m co as ou n e o o e mi e s . s is a e n f n , T x , Okl h , K , j r y l Thi r gi o o co trasts— d es e moun a ns a nd en flat a n m e f h ea n O s . on a ns so o t e s o u a ed a d rts, t i , p pl i It c t i l t p p l t e o ed e in the n e n he Ri n n de o U d a e s . o t o a d e and a sas e s e s v l p t rrit ry it St t Al g Gr A rk riv r , pr ent- v d a a s or a oad s o a a a e - or a o ma e the ou e bu t ene a y highw y r ilr pr b bly p r ll l ppr xi t r t , g r lly mu ch of the area thou ght to h ave been explored by Coronad o is accessible only on foot or

l w - o se a a af or on o s and a d oa d s . h r b ck, by ircr t, t r r

Phys ica l Environm e nt

The Coronado stu dy rou te crosses five physi ographic provinces of the western half of the Un ed a es : t e Basin and an e o n e the o o ad o a eau the o ou n a ns it St t h R g pr vi c , C l r Pl t , R cky M t i , c ' h a a n n m un a n and a ns t e e s a d the en a o and s . ou ea s e n ona s o s Gr t Pl i , C tr l L wl S th t r Ariz t i pl i are part of the B asin a nd Range province (inclu ding the Sonoran Des ert and Mexican High and se ons on nu es e as a d a oss the on nen a d d e ihto sou e n New l cti ) , which c ti tw r cr c ti t l ivi th r e o e d the Ri and au n and u are es ons e in a e a for the M xic b yon o Gr e . F lti g plift r p ibl l rg p rt ’ o ma on of the o n e s n e m en no - s ou o en ed moun a n an es h se f r ti pr vi c i t r itt t, rth th ri t t i r g , whic ri The an a u an d a and a e s d a n a os s s u e n a o e d ese a ns . S e o o b v rt pl i S t Cr z, P r , Gil , S lt riv r r i cr th r n h n l Arizo a as t e la d s opes grad ually toward the G ulf of California .

on the no e n. e d e of the e an and se on the u ed o o on Rim an Al g rth r g M xic Highl cti , r gg M g ll , e and ed orses oe - s a ed mou n a n e s a men s om e ee in e e a on o m s the xp h h h p t i c rp t f t l v ti , f r sou e n ed e of the o o ado a eau s o a o n e n u d es the and th r g C l r Pl t phy i gr phic pr vi c , which i cl Gr

. Th n n m u s eas f o oo a mos to Canyon and D atil sections. e D atil sectio exte d s fro j t t o H lbr k l t i m the Rio and e a e on nu n as far no as a u New e o . s se on s c o Gr V ll y, c ti i g rth G ll p , M xic Thi cti

osed of o o u o an ne s mesas and ones - 1n a i ou s s a es of d e ada on and p c l rf l v lc ic ck , , c v r t g gr ti d eposition; the top o graphy is often rou gh and broken with broad valleys and d e se rt plains ‘ a are a e e e r n n th t l rg ly l v l o ge tly ro lli g .

o ea s of the o o on Rim the e o o ado e d a ns the sou e n o t o n o f the N rth t M g ll , Littl C l r Riv r r i th r p r i a a se n f h s as u i e d a ea has e n o d ed or ne a N v j o ctio o t e Colorad o Plateau . Thi v t pl ft r g tly f l rly n a and s one and s a e a eau s of all s es and ele h orizo t l strata cu t through by streams . S t h l pl t iz va i n t o s o e oo a d a ns an ons and d r as es . v rl k ri pl i , c y , y w h

In es e n New e o the u n u is an e on a e d e a d ome a s e es s ome w t r M xic , Z i plift l g t lliptic l th t tr tch 7 m su ess on of e os on a e s and low 0 iles s ou th and east from the vicinity of G allup . A cc i r i v ll y mesas d ese s and on a en s o es and the sou es - flowin un i e and its , rt cliff l g b rr l p , thw t g Z i R v r

- r u a es can be seen om s 9 200 oo dome . t ib t ri fr thi , f t high

as a d a oss the on nen a d d e the a se on n u d es - oo - ou n E tw r cr c ti t l ivi , D til cti i cl f t high M t n n n a s th m l s Taylor and the geologically recent lava flow s and cind e r co es k ow e a pais . Thi

1 4

as ano ama of m o en a o is un ua ed s and s of een e e v t p r lt bl ck r ck p ct t by i l gr v g tation, brightly o o ed so s and emnan sand s one mesa c l r il , r t t s .

e ond the ma a s the e an B y lp i , M xic Highland s section of the Basin and Range province e ends s ou n xt th i to Mexico and east to includ e the Rio Grande Valley and its b orde ri ng m u n a n o an es . s as a ea n udes n t i r g Thi v t r , which i cl b ols o s (undrained intermountain basins)

amon a e na n a d as ns and no - sou o en ed moun a n an e g lt r ti g ri b i rth th ri t t i r g s, grad es into the ou e n end of the ou e n o oun a n n s th r S th r R cky M t i provi ce .

n e en n e een the e an and s and the ea a ns is the a amen se n I t rv i g b tw M xic Highl Gr t Pl i S cr to ctio ,

a na o 300 - m e - on a eau - e a ea mm d rr w il l g, pl t lik r ri e on the eas t by the ca rved divide of Glori eta esa . The en a ea u e of the a amen o se on is the s an a a e r and a M c tr l f t r S cr t cti E t ci V ll y, o S ov l s n B ol o .

Sou theas t of Glorie ta Mesa is a long trough known as the Pecos section that forms the far es e n o on of the ea a ns n The w t r p rti Gr t Pl i provi ce . topography of thi s section varies from flat plains to rocky canyon land s and embraces the Pecos Riv er V alley and part of the Canadian e as n an a e a of mesas d an s e a es an ons . Riv r B i , r , cliff , t rr c , c y

The High Plains section of the Great Plains province extend s from the border of South Da o a a mos t h Ri e k t l t o t e o Grande . This s ction is the remnant of a single gr eat alluvial slope a s ead s eas wa d r m th M The sur th t pr t r f o e Rocky ountains almost to the Central Lowland s . " " a e f th d o or o e a ns is m es s e flat. s is es e a l ue of the ano s a a f c High Pl i i pr iv ly Thi p ci l y tr Ll E t c ,

a ed a n of New e o and e as a - s ua e - m e a ea ound ed on the eas St k Pl i , M xic T x , q r il r b t by the a Du an n m n n h P lo ro C yo syste a d o t e north by the Canadian River .

The a ns se ion of a oma and es e n ansas ons s s of o l n a ns o en High Pl i ct Okl h w t r K c i t r l i g pl i , br k

b ' n n n a u ses i e the Cana o as ona stee s o ou o s a o s a d a e s . e o cc i lly y p hill , r ck tcr p , c y , v ll y W t rc r l k

d an ma on ansas and mo r e s o o eas - sou eas o n d a na es i , Ci rr , Ark , S ky Hill iv r f ll w t th t fl wi g r i g

a ss the n In es - en a ansas the eas e n ma n of the a ns ades n o cro plai s . w t c tr l K t r rgi High Pl i gr i t

the sse ed a ns se on an a ea of s a nden e d eas - a n es a men s and Di ct High Pl i cti , r h rply i t t f ci g c rp t n n n n n f the ansas e cov co spicu ou s ou tcrops that overlook rolli g lowla d plai s orth o Ark riv r,

e n - ri g mos t of north central Kansas .

’ " Coronado s Quivira is thought to lie in the Arkansas River Lowland s section of the Central i a na u ndu a n s of and m ed e e o and ov n e . s se on s o L wl pr i c Thi cti rr w, l ti g trip l with li it r li f, a ou 25 to 40 m es d e a o de s the ansas e on the sou and eas om b t il wi , th t b r r Ark Riv r th t fr a ou d b t Do ge City to Wichita .

Climate

The substantial climatic variation among the physio graphic provinces in the five - state region Ne is cau sed d e en es in a ud e e e a on and o m and the et s eam . The e a by iff r c l tit , l v ti , l f r , j tr Si rr

ad a and o oun a n an es odu e a ain - s ad o e fe and s o m on s movm v R cky M t i r g pr c r h w f ct, t r fr t g

up from the Gulf of M exico s trongly influence wea th er pattern s throu ghou t the region . ’ A rizonas wide variations in temperatu re and precipitati on are directly relate d to its top og n ra h . a es om low d ese t m na a o un a ns . u u o e p y, which r g fr rt high o t i Thro gh o t Ariz gr t e emes o u e een d a and n em e a u xtr cc r b tw y ight t p r t res .

' o o a and o a on n ud n u edness and direction of S o e a so a e a ma o T p gr phy l c ti , i cl i g r gg l p , l h v j r ’ e e on New Mex ic m d m d t a d m l w e a i o s se a o a e . e a on o a s o e ff ct il , i ri ri cli t Light pr cipit ti t t l , r l t v _ u m d es a und an suns ne and a e e emes in em e atu e annu a and d u na h i iti , b t hi , l rg xtr t p r r lly i r lly are a a ma e in e m un a n u f h un ch r cteri stic . Cli t high r o t i o s areas is characteri stic o t e Rocky Mo a ns the s u e n a f h a ha m ar a ns in annua e a t i ; o th r p rt o t e s t te s a ild climate . Wid e v i tio l pr cipit n ar mm The eas e n a n r n n l a d tio e co on . t r pl i s a e ope to cold continental air masses a d b izz r s mo n ou t of anad a du n n e mon s and s on nd s ma a om an s o ms vi g C ri g wi t r th , tr g wi y cc p y t r , esp ecially in the eas tern plains .

The a ns— westem ans as the k a om a and e as an an d es and eas e n New High Pl i K , O l h T x p h l , t r

' M exico— share a distinctly con tinen tal climate with characteris tically chan geabl e temp era tu re and precipitation strongly influ enc e d by the Rocky M ou ntains to the w es t and the Gulf of

' e t th This d r s e e or sem a d ma e an es t a mo s su um d cli M xico o e sou th . y t pp i ri cli t ch g o i t bh i m in a ns u mm r n n a na l e hot n e s are ate central Kansas . Pl i s ers a e lo g a d occ sio l y v ry ; wi t r s e and s a n in n n n The a ns are su e to a d hort r le s h rsh tha orther plai s states . High Pl i bj ct r pi and d e an es in em e a u e e s e a du n n e en masses of o d air ene wi ch g t p r t r , p ci lly ri g wi t r, wh c l g r ate o e the o e n P a ns and anad a mo n a d s ou a d a oss the uns e e ed v r N rth r l i C , vi g r pi ly thw r cr h lt r a n pl i s with little to imp e d e their flow .

F l ora and Fau na

Diffe rence s in ' biotic communities across eastern A rizona are correl ated to the grad ual in eas in an of the sou e nmos a eas of cr e e levation and variations in climate and soils . M y th r t r h n an and the s a e lie n the o e ono an e one, n ud es o t ons of t e o o t t withi L w r . S r lif z which i cl p r i S r hihuahu n V f e se d es e s n u d es ass es a and a os of C a d ese s . e a on a o rt get ti typic l th rt i cl gr , c cti, h t

ma me a d e s are a . s u s ees and dese an s . e o cli x hr b , tr , rt pl t Eph r l wil fl w r typic l

The U e ono an e one es in s e area s of s e i on n ud n the moun pp r S r lif z li lightly high r thi r g , i cl i g a ns and oo s o d e n the San e d o a e e e an en e e een ood and t i f thill b r ri g P r v ll y, wh r Op v rgr w l

o s in a sso o n n u me ou s s e es of asses d r - o s u s su u en s and gr w ciati with r p ci gr , y tr pic hr b , cc l t , s m The D n h e een ood and s or a a a and o e cacti . e se rt Gra ssla d li es b e tw een t e ev rgr w l ch p rr l h a e n a d the d e s . n f t e o ert . Chaparral o ccu rs in central A riz ona from the vici ity o Gil Riv r rthw r to the d n d m na e the asso m en of mamma s in the foothill s of the M ogollon Rim . Ro e ts o i t rt t l

sou e n ona d ese s bu t auna a so n u d e e es and d s . th r Ariz rt , f l i cl r ptil bir

Fir fores t stand s of mixed species and spru ce - alpine fir fores ts typical of the Canadian and ma and H ud sonian life zones occupy higher el evati ons of sou thern and central Arizona . S ll m d u e m mamm a s n ud n e d a o s n a s one . i l , i cl i g pr t r , i h bit thi z

Parts of A ri zona and New Mexico are covere d by ju niper - pinon wo odland and a sso ciated grasses; small areas of d ecid u ou s (ripa ri an) woodland s extend along w atercou rses in the mmun n u d es a a o e e e a ons es e a nea the o o on Rim . s o o l w r l v ti , p ci lly r M g ll Thi bi tic c ity i cl ch r c teristic a u a sem a u a and e e s ia an ma s d s and e e s . q tic, i q tic, t rr tr l i l , bir , r ptil

1 8

’ 2 ose esem e the uiviran a es d d in n n f s e nad na a es . a a s o cl ly r bl Q vill g e crib . C oro o s rr tiv I h bit t s a ea e e e a ed to or a of the s o i a m es e thi r w r r l t p rt hi t ric Wichita tr bal gr oup . Artif cts fro th s e s n u d e 1 6th and 1 7 en u o s e d s o a ad e e s se s f om the Rio and e it i cl th c t ry p t h r (pr b bly tr v l ) r Gr , e os and a s eo a e and a ous o e of uro ean manu a u e e ass ead s P c , G li t v ll ys v ri bj cts E p f ct r lik gl b , on e es o ed e s s and a n m o a . ir pi c , r ll c pp r trip , ch i il

’ The maj or sites th ou ght to h ave been associated with C oronado s Q u ivira are along Cow eek es of ons ansa s a one s e 1 4RC5 a man si e 1 4RC301 the e an Cr , w t Ly , K (M l it , ; S x t , ); Littl Ark

sas e no eas of ns a s s e 14R 2 . 1 14R 3 a s s e o o C e m a e s no . C o Riv r, rth t Ly (M j r it , ; K r it H y , ; T bi it , 14R m n 1 4R C8 . . o so 9 au om n 1 4R 1 n 2 14R 1 and C so C 2 e m a es o . C 3 ; C F Th p , ; P l Th p , ; K r it H y , ; a o 1 4RC14 and u a es a on the sou e n a e of mo e e s of T yl r, ); trib t ri l g th r v ll y S ky Hill Riv r, w t

nd s n . 4MP o a C ee e 1 1 a s e e or ensen s e 14MP30 1 . e se s es Li b rg (P i t r k Sit , ; Sh rp Cr k Sw it , ) Th it ’ are s e d On the a ona e i s e nd d u a a s C ee a n C ee a one and li t N ti l R g t r i ivi lly (Sh rp r k, P i t r k, M l , a an s es or as a of the e e eo o a s a so kno n as the o as S xm it ) p rt Littl Riv r Arch l gic l Di trict, l w T bi om s n m m 1 and 2 the a s e the a s s e the o o e e a es s es nos . o o Th p c pl x (K r it H y it , T yl r it , M j r it ,

d m n - i an C . an a The as m son m e s F u o so s es and the o as s e . o o o P l Th p it , T bi it ) T bi Th p c pl x See a e nd f r m n m a n n NHL . pp ix C o ore i for tio o the se sites .

Na ti ona l Hi s toric L a ndm arks

National hi storic landm arks in Arizona tha t lie within the stu dy area bu t are not p ertinent ’ to o onad o s e ed on are as o o s: the m o an e o a ou os of o ua u a C r xp iti f ll w i p rt t t rrit ri l tp t F rt H ch c , ' Which w as central to the ca mpaign to captu re Geronim o (near Sierra Vista); the ou tstanding

- year - old Lehner Mammoth - Kill site (Here ford vicinity); the large A nasazi ru in of

Casa a a s bu in a d e e ns e os on on . a e n a a nea n e e Kinishiba M lp i , ilt f iv p iti f ll l v ( r Spri g rvill );

‘ u n a o me u e o a a e of ou s n a ou ose u u e e ese n ed a end of R i , f r r p bl c p bl h i g b t wh c lt r r pr t bl o o on and nasa an es e e n o n of nes s es a ons d e M g ll A zi c try (Whit riv r vici ity); P i t Pi it , with c i r able nu mber of ru ins re pre senting a long p e ri od of o ccu p ati on (M orenci vicinity); and the e a on a an the s a e an in ona to su e a e a a s sou e Si rr B it R ch, fir t c ttl r ch Ariz rviv Ap ch tt ck ( thw st of n B o ita) .

The un m i n is om osed of an e s a u n ueb Z i Cib ola co plex in New M ex co 18 a NHL . It c p c tr l Z i p los no n as the a e of the ea as Ye o ou se Kechiba:wa and H awikku un k w Vill g Gr t Kiv , ll w H , , (Z i n Th n l R ss n u at oma are a so vici ity) . e Pu eblo Of Acoma and San E s teva d e ey Mi io Ch rch Ac l NHL NH n e f and a a e e na i o s . Ls l n central New M exico inclu d e the Early Ma sit o S i C v (B r l ll vicinity); Ku au a L azaro Pu eblo Ruin (G a li steo B asin); Rabbit Ears (Clayton n a a s and a on vici ity); Wagon M ound (Wagon M ou nd ); and Watrou s (Wa trou s) . R bbit E r W g ou nd e e ma o an dma s on the C ma on ou e of the an a Fe a and a ou s or M w r j r l rk i rr r t S t Tr il, W tr La e d s u s s n Junta was the p oin t at which the M ou ntain and Cimarron rou tes divid ed . S e i c io " " of nati onal park sys te m unit s in the Socioe conomic Environmen t se ction for the Glori e ta ass a P B ttle field (Santa Fe vicinity) and Pecos Pu eblo (Pecos) .

The m s men s of onee a e . an a o J A . R ch (Pal o D u ro Canyon) in Texas re cognize s cc pli h t pi r c ttl man a es n e m se a a e We - stratifie d Pan Ch rl G ood ight; the Land e rgi n M esa sit s co pri l rg , ll and e u u h l c lt re ru in (Ve ga vicinity) .

There app ears to have be e n an astronomic al re lationship a mong the cou ncil circles involving obse r a v tion of the winte r and su mme r solstic e s .

20 is ne f the f The Stamper site in Oklahoma (Optima vicinity) is an NHL . It o o ew excavated am sites of the North Canadian Riv er branch of the Panhandle cultu re . C p Nichols (Wheele ss a n a ns on the an a Fe vicinity) was established by Kit Carson to protect w go tr i S t Trail .

NHL sites in Kansas along the Coronado study rou te inclu d e the we ll - prese rved Santa Fe a u s es of od e on U 50 and a on Bed n s an oas s on the d r 60 Tr il r t (w t D g City S ) W g Spri g , i y am ed a ona mile s tre tch of the Cimarron rou te (Ulysse s vicinity) . Fort L N ti l Historic Site ' " (Larned) is an NHL (see d escription und er na tional park system units in the Socioeconomic " n nd dua s es in the o as - om son om e an Environment secti o ) . I ivi l it T bi Th p c pl x ( NHL) were discu ss ed previou s ly .

SO CI OEC ONOMIC E NV IRONME NT

Scenic Highways and Auto Tou r Route s

in a 666 . e nn n sem The Coronado Trail Scenic Byw ay covers 123 mil es of US . Highw y B gi i g i d ese e ra n the a nds u the o o on Rim om u e o en m nes ne a l on rt t r i , byw y wi p M g ll fr h g p i r C ift and o en to n e e ou s u e and ne of the a e - Sit reaves a on M r ci Spri g rvill thr gh pr c , fir, pi Ap ch g N ti l mmem a e a m e ed in 1 926 has een ou to a al e a o es . s o o o F r t Thi c r tiv highw y, c pl t , b th ght p r l l ’ m n seg e ts of Coronado s rou te .

d e The Old an s a a on e n ed o d a a o n a an o . ou Sp i h Tr il highw y c li k Fl ri , C lif r i , M xic Thr gh n southeaste rn Arizona this highway ran along the corridor now occu pied by I terstate 10 .

The Cibol a National Fores t has e stabli she d a 60 - mile auto tou r rou te throu gh the Zuni oun a ns f w The s o a ou n u d es o a ons e a e d to a es M t i o western Ne Mexico . hi t ric l t r i cl l c ti r l t ctiviti

asso a ed w a oad o in in the u n s rom 1892 ou 1 942 . s o s us n the ci t ith . r ilr l gg g Z i f thr gh Vi it r i g ' ou e a s e m h n r t l o s e a sa ple of t e area s colorful sce e ry .

The congre ssionally established M asau Trail is an au to tour rou te administered by the National Park S e rvice that will link a nu mb er of New Mexico (and some northeastern Ari

ona nd an u e os a eo o a s e s and s a e and na ona a s . z ) I i p bl , rch l gic l it , t t ti l p rk

’ on ess e n 6 me a s a n ee and oss e au o e d a s ud of US . ou e 6 C gr r c tly th riz t y R t , A ric M i Str t p ibly its mos am u In en a New and the e as an and e old ou e 66 o s a . e o t f highw y c tr l M xic T x p h l , R t ’ ma a e n y h v followed the same general corridor as did Coronado s exp editio .

The Panhandle Plains Highway in Texas is a state - designated au to tour rou tethat rou ghly a a e s the nad m p r ll l Coro o rou te from the Palo D u ro C anyon area north to Oklah o a .

Kansas scenic rou te 1 6 begins in the town of Cimarron in Gray Cou nty and follows US 50 and U 1 54 ou od e e m na n in a a n f n e es o d ans s . s o o o S thr gh D g City, t r i ti g F r , K Hi t ric l p i ts i t r t a on the ou e are e a ed to the an a Fe a as e as to the a e d e ra s and l g r t r l t S t Tr il, w ll c ttl riv t il m a o s and su d e s a n n ilit ry f rt pply pot th t typify the Wes tern fro tier in wester Kansas .

no erKansas s en d ou e no . 1 8 e ins in ead e u nn n ou a r u u a an A th c ic r t ( ) b g M , r i g thr gh g ic lt r l an n and e o e en e n the oo e d ee a e and a e ead e a e a an a ea r chi g l b f r t ri g Cr k Cr k V ll y L k M St t P rk, r

no n for its man w l - a es an e ls towerin cottonw ood s and s n fe d a e . k w y rt i , g , pri g l k

21 l Nationa l Pa rk Syste m Un its

a na m ia n o ona d o o e o t of e e o d o e ou nt ona . o onad o C r N ti l M r l (vici i y H r f r , C chis C y ), Ariz C r National M emorial commemorates the first maj or exploration of the Ame rican S ou thwest by u o eans is the su e of s e o and om o es u e u nd e s and n of the E r p , which bj ct thi r p rt, it pr t f rth r r t i g u tu a ie s a l n u r un a e d in en ak e s n c l r l t th t i k o c o try with M exico and Sp ain . Situ t op o for st o th e an o d e on the sou eas e n s o e of the u a u a ou n a ns s a ona e M xic b r r th t r l p H ch c M t i , thi N ti l e is e o e o e s the San e d n a f e o e s R g t r pr p rty v rlook P ro River valley a d a ru ral are o M xico . It ff r n e e am i ni r e o r s a c c a ea s en o e oo s and i n a s . o onado a ona i t rpr tiv pr g , p , c ic v rl k , h ki g tr il C r N ti l emo al wa s o ina anne d as a oun e a to a s s e a in e o bu t no a on M ri rig lly pl c t rp rt i t r p rk M xic , cti was a en th n nm n m t k by e M exica gove r e t to i plement an adj oining park .

E l o o a ona onu me n n t o f ama M cKinle Count Ne w Me o . Pif M rr N ti l M t (vici i y R h , y y), xic

' een ea s e o e r ms and ed at mou o Don u an d e ia e e the s an t y r b f r p ilg i l Ply th R ck, J Or t l ft fir t Sp i h ' n “ n d s f s i scription on the soft sand stone cliffs of El M orro (Inscripti on Rock) . Hu dre o ns ons and e o s ne the a s of s s n e ad and andma e o d n i cripti p tr glyph li w ll thi triki g h l l rk, r c r i g ’ visits of prehis toric Indian s and later trav ele rs who campe d among El M orro s s h e ltered is e a o o cove s or sou ght ou t its large natural basin of rain and m elted snow . It lik ly th t C r ' " nad o s a assed s an u e d el eno the Ool the ea o on e wa to p rty p by El E t q P l, p by gr t r ck, th ir y m A co a .

E l a a a ona Monu m e n Sou of ants V a e n a Cou nt Ne w e o . u M lp is N ti l t ( th Gr , l ci y) , M xic M ch of the reat a a flow sou of an s New e o w as s e t as d e as a a s a ona g l v th Gr t , M xic , i El M lp i N ti l onu men in 1 987 on an ad a en na ona conse a on a ea mana ed the M t , al g with j c t ti l rv ti r g by " " u a f n a a — h ad and s in an s — is a s e a u a vol B re u o La d M anagem ent . El M lp is t e b l Sp i h p ct c l r

Canic a ea a a o med as e en as ea s a o ea u n s a e ones a 1 7 - m e r , p rti lly f r r c tly y r g , f t ri g p tt r c , il n a m na a a an i a s ed a na u a a e to o a u e s e u es d ce a es . o o l g l v t b sy t , t r l rch , c v It pr b bly p t r l b rri r h Th a a t e Co ona doen ad a; The a ea in nd an s o ea u es d e se e os s ems . e r tr r , rich I i hi t ry, f t r iv r c y t l v he un o s on a n u as ou o s of o d e o su ou nd ed a e a a o s . T fl w c t i kip k , tcr p l r r ck rr by l t r l v fl w Z i

’ Acoma Trail and the D omin gue z - E scalante Trail crossed the malpais; the 35th parallel rou te

cu t a os s its no e n e d e as did the old o Twin ate m a oad . cr rth r g , F rt g ilit ry r

Pe tro a ona onume n u u e u e B e m alillo Cou n Ne w e o . The glyph N ti l M t (Alb q rq , ty), M xic a ona a e e the of Albu u er u e and the s a e of New e o o oo e a N ti l P rk S rvic , city q q , . t t M xic w rk c p r tivel to mana e e o a ona Monumen a new a ea e s a s e d in 1 990 u s es y g P tr glyph N ti l t, r t bli h j t w t f the da a na of ou d e s o u u e u e . e e e o s a e een n sed ou Alb q rq H r , p tr glyph h v b i ci thr gh rk p ti b l r

- - s f the e o fall en from a 1 5 mile l ong s tre tch of b asalt cliffs of We st Mesa . M o t o p tr s e es en Rio and e s e o art on e the ad en of Kachinaism in the glyph , which r pr t Gr tyl r ck , chr icl v t u m a the a e od e o e e e o es . o e e o s ma d a e as ea s S thw t S p tr glyph y t rly Arch ic p ri , whil th rs r fl ct

os - n a p t co t ct Hi spanic cu ltu re .

F o Un ion Natid na l onu me n e e e n a on ou nd and a ou s o a Count rt M t (b tw W g M W tr , M r y ) , Ne w M e m u n s s e a ke d e ens e o n o n the o . ee S . o s e e o xic Thr U Ar y f rt w r b ilt thi it , y f iv p i t a F n o f the a s was the n a e a and e e o u ed om 1851 to 1 891 . u s o S t Tr il, w r cc pi fr R i l t f rt, which m s s a ned at the a es m a os in the ou es a e een s a e d . oo o l rg t ilit ry p t S thw t, h v b t biliz Ar y tr p t ti ad obe ou tpos t of Fort Union once protected the wagon caravans traveling b e twe en Missou ri and an a F S t e along the Santa Fe Trail .

22 a ona s o a a n of e o San u e ou n Ne w e o . e os Pe cos N ti l Hi t ric l P rk (vici ity P c s, Mig l C ty), M xic P c Puebl o reach ed its zenith in the 1 5th centu ry as a maj or trading cen ter strate gically locate d In 1 4 h between the nomadic bu ffalo hunters of the plains and the Rio Grand e . 5 0 t e C oro nado e ed on ed the ue o o owed o e an s e o e and se e s n ud xp iti visit p bl , f ll by th r Sp i h xpl r rs ttl r , i cl ‘ u and on en o es a s ed at the u e o the an s ans ing Juan d e Oriate . A ch rch c v t t bli h p bl by Fr ci c 1 The m ss n was early in the 1 7th centu ry w ere d es troyed du ring the Pu eblo Rev olt of 680 . i io m n d in ees a s ed in 1 693 and a u and on en o e e e u 1 707 . o a e a s r t bli h , ch rch c v t w r r b ilt by C ch r i the mid - 1 7005 a on a d nd n o u a on and d s u ed e onom au se d the , l g with wi li g p p l ti i r pt c y, c eventual abandonment of the pu eblo by 1838 .

The se e a of the n e o d es na ed the s e an in 1 960 and on e ss es a s ed cr t ry i t ri r ig t it NHL , C gr t bli h Th m nu men wa en a ed and d es n a ed a na ona Pecos National M onu ment in 1965 . e o t s l rg ig t ti l 800 t s a a in 1 esou es n u d e u ns of na e me an s es rom AD . o hi to ric l p rk 990 . R rc i cl r i tiv A ric it f 1 800 1 7 and 18th en u an s o on a m ss ons u s of the an a Fe a a an a Fe , th c t ry Sp i h c l i l i i , r t S t Tr il, S t a s a e s o se e a m es of the e os e and s u u es and andma s asso a e d Tr il t g t p, v r l il P c Riv r, tr ct r l rk ci t the War a f a with Civil B ttl e o Glorie t .

Lake M e re dith R e cre ati on Are a and Alib ate s Flin t Q u arrie s Nationa l M onu men t (Vicin ity

of tc Hut nso n oo e ot e and Ca on Cou n ie e a s . a e e e d a ona Fri h, chi , M r , P t r, rs t s), T x L k M r ith N ti l e ea on a ea o na an o d a ona e ea on ea es on the d r nds e R cr ti r ( rigi lly S f r N ti l R cr ti Ar ) li y, wi w pt a ns f h n d arn u in the 1 9605 m ound ed the a e s of o t e e as a and e . an o pl i T x p h l S f r D , b ilt , i p w t r

- - - The the Canadian Riv er in its 200 foot d e ep canyons to create this 20 mile strip of wa ter .

Nationa l Park S e rvice administers this nearly - acre area u nd e r a cooperative agree men th u a f m n 9 - a e o on of the e ea ion a ea is s et as d e as t with e B re u o Recla atio . A 3 cr p rti r cr t r i the Alibates n u a a na n m n F r m e an ea s the u s and es o o u e . o o Fli t Q rri N ti l M t r th y r , bl ff ridges of the Canadian River breaks were quarried for raw materi als to make s tone tools and Th nd a s h weapons . e distinctive agatized dolomite was wid ely trad ed a used cro s t e es and e s ori a ls n e d the ua e s d s an a eas . W t, pr hi t c tr i li k q rri with i t t r

m ort a e d a ona H s ori e am e d a ne e Cou n Kansa . m a ou os F L N ti l i t c Sit (L , P w ty), s A ilit ry tp t was es a s ed m d n h h t bli h i way alo g t e Santa Fe Trail in 1 859 to protect t e mail and trav elers . Fort Lam ed serv ed as a b u reau for the Indian Agency d u rin g mu ch of the 1 860 5 and was a ke m a as f n - The wa d ea a ed y ilit ry b e o op eratio s d u ring the Indian War of 1 868 69 . fort s ctiv t in 1 878 and s o d at u n in The ne u d n s are am n the es re l p blic auctio 1 884 . sto b il i g o g b t p se ed es f h n n rv v tiges o t e I dia War era .

Nationa l Fore s ts and Nati onal Gra s sl an d s

In r ona the s tu d ou e oss es the nad an - r A iz y r t cr Coro o d Ap ache Sitg eaves National F ores t . a s of the un a and a na s m oun a ns of es e n New e o lie in the C a P rt Z i, D til, G lli t i w t r M xic ibol a ona F o es as do the and a oun a n eas f u u u o e a esa and the N ti l r t, S i M t i s t o Alb q erq e . Gl ri t M oun no eas of aneue a a e a are a f th an F high c try rth t Vill v St t P rk p rt o e S ta e National Forest .

ea the a oma an and e the s u d ou e ass es nea K a a na a s and in N r Okl h p h l , t y r t p r iow N tio l Gr s l New e o and ma on a ona as an i n f an e M xic Ci rr N ti l Gr sl d n Kansas . Arou d acres o r g and s l n no eas e n New e o ad d ama ed nd e s n d u n the 1 0 5 u s l rth t r M xic , b ly g by wi ro io ri g 93 D t o a e een e a med as o a a ona a an The as s and is u sed for r a n B wl, h v b r cl i Ki w N ti l Gr ssl d . gr l g zi g and o e s o o un f es or e ea n su as u n n s n n and am n . ff r pp rt iti r cr tio ch h ti g, fi hi g, hiki g, c pi g

23 Cimarron National Grassland in Kansas is an u ninterru pted strip of land abou t 25 miles on 4 m es d e the ma on R e n d re d n ou the m dd e . s an l g by il wi , with Ci rr iv r wi i g thr gh i l Thi l , a med and es eed ed a e the u s o now su o s a e a n and oil and na u a cl i r ft r D t B wl, pp rt c ttl gr zi g t r l u n m n h as od io . se e of t e an a F e a na g pr ct A g t S t N tio l Hi storic Trail cross es this gr assland .

I nd ian Lands

The o e m nou s o a e and San a os nd an es e a ons on a n a nu m e c t r i F rt Ap ch C rl I i r rv ti , which c t i b r of m o an e is o and s o u u a s e s s e a os s the o o on Rim sou i p rt t pr h t ric hi t ric c lt r l it , tr tch cr M g ll th Wa d n o the a e d a na in n nad a a e ed ou s r i t Gil Riv r r i ge Ariz o a . Coro o prob bly tr v l thr gh thi His ou e ou es e n New n n a i area . r t thr gh w t r Mexico certai ly wou ld hav e go e throu gh wh t s tod ay the Zu ni Indi an Re s erva ti on and probably went throu gh land s now occu pi ed by the ma n ama Ramah Navaj o . S ll gr ou p s of Nav ajo we re living in the immediate vici ity of R h

n h mi 1 . in 1 8 s e en d u t e 8005 e o e e a at o u mne . te e e ease 86 ri g d b f r th ir c ptivity F rt S r A f r th ir r l , v of the or na am l es e u ned to the ama a ea and m the 1 9305 the ama a e of igi l f i i r t r R h r , R h Ch pt r the a a a n w a m n N v j o N tio sfor ally reco g iz ed .

In New Mex ico s rin s at San a ae and O o Ca ene are m o an to a nu m e of m e , p g R f l j li t i p rt t b r A ri Th n e a e a ha s el iou s can nd an ou s es e a the un om a an d a a o . e e I i gr p , p ci lly Z i, Ac , N v j tir r r ig m o an e to se e a on em o a me an nd an ou s n u d n the oma un i p rt c v r l c t p r ry A ric I i gr p , i cl i g Ac , Z i, n Th m an a na e se a ns d a o e the e n a a u na a d ama a a o . e o a d u o o L g , R h N v j Ac L g r rv ti t y c v r c tr l ’ a of the Zuni- to - u ue u e o ido a on o onad o s e ed on o a p rt Alb q rq c rr r, l g which C r xp iti pr b bly d a na e n ud a e ed . e e a d e en u e o nd an rou s e a on the Rio and e tr v l S v r l iff r t P bl I i g p liv l g Gr r i g , i cl in s e a Sand n n Ana Zia and e me u eb a Sa e e an o om n o and o . a a g I l t , i , F lip , S t D i g , C chiti S t , , J z p ’

10 5 on d a na es e s of the Rio and e o a e e s ed o onad o s e e d on . , r i g w t Gr , pr b bly w r vi it by C r xp iti

Wild e m e ssAreas

’ Three wild erness areas 1n A rizona s Coronad o National Forest are along the stu dy rou te . Miller Peak Wild erness Area takes in the upp er el evations o f the H uachu ca M ou ntains a dja en t nad The aliu r d e nes s ea en om asses the en a c t o Coro o National M emorial . G o Wil r Ar c p c tr l o ion f the li r e e e a ns of the an a e esa oun a ns a e a p rt o G a u o M ountains . High r l v tio S t T r M t i h v d e n ss a f wil r e rea o the s ame na me .

The - a e B ue an e m e a ea in the a e - Sit reav e s a ona Fo e s Ari cr l R g pri itiv r Ap ch g N ti l r t, n is th Th ea a o d e ness o a e as im e a ea in the na ona o es s s em . e z , l t pr itiv r ti l f r t y t B r W ll w Wil r Area inclu d es a portion of the M ogoll on Rim; the Mount B aldy Wild e rnes s Area inclu d es a of oun a d p rt M t B l y .

The Cib ol a Wild ernes s Area encompas se s acres of fores te d rimro ck cou ntry eas t o f

‘ New e f u n ad 42 is the es a a s d e ne ss ea M xico Highway 1 1 7 . North o co ty ro W t M lp i Wil r Ar , " n u d e s the o e in the a a a e ond e osa ne a k and su ou nd ed a a . which i cl H l W ll, l rg p r pi p r l rr by l v The a n of a e s a ne f 0 nd e ones in a on the e s e n e d e of a a s Ch i Cr t r , li o 3 ci r c ly g l g w t r g El M lp i , is u nd e s u d a s a d n a a r t y wil e r e ss re .

Als o al ong the s tu dy rou te are seve ral wild ernes s area s manage d by the B ureau of Land ana em n d a n ea on the sou is Red field an on M g e t . A j cent to the G aliu ro Wild er e ss Ar th C y

24 de ness a es en om ass n the an on and the G aliuro es a men as e as a Wil r , cr c p i g c y c rp t, w ll n s s d e n s variety of small canyons containi g p erennial streams . Fi hhook Wil r es occupies n f h n n f n n e e a acres in an i solated se ctio o t e Gila Mou tai s north o the Gila River . It co tai s s v r l an on and a ea w u o s a o e of o de non ne ound on in ou c y s Gil P k, hich s pp rt f r st b r r pi pi , f ly s th n a o and a son oun a n are in the an a e esa d e easte rn Arizo a . Bl ck R ck J ck M t i North S t T r Wil r ’ ness a es ad o n n the o es e e s an a e esa d e ness ea on the no , cr j i i g F r t S rvic S t T r Wil r Ar rth

d n n m n 1 - m a a a eas . a a a an on e es s e o ass es a es n u d the 1 e t Ar v ip C y Wil r c p cr , i cl i g il Ar v ip an on and su ound n a e and s as e as n ne s d e an ons of a a a ee a o e C y rr i g t bl l , w ll i i c y Ar v ip Cr k b v ’ d e E e d n s n h d e the San ed o e . ee s e es a es o t e a e e o oo P r Riv r N l y Wil r , cr Gil Riv r b l w C li g

Dam on a ns ee an n men - a o se s oo s . , c t i thr c y g t with f t w ll

Trails

The G eneral G eorge Crook Trail in Arizona was part of a long- distance military supply in n h o o ou e es o to New e o o s in the 1870 5 . s a os ses t e es o r t l ki g Pr c tt M xic f rt Thi tr il cr Pr c tt, C c

- n no and a e Sit reav es na ona o es s en ou e om o e to o a e . i , Ap ch g ti l f r t r t fr F rt Whippl F rt Ap ch h men of A ricul T e ene a oo a is e n s ud ed the o es e e US . e a G r l Cr k Tr il b i g t i by F r t S rvic , D p rt t g u f r d es a n na n Th u des ea a n e o oss e n o as a o a s o a . e o e o t r , p ibl ig ti ti l hi t ric tr il r t pr vi br tht ki g

on - d s an e e s of sou - en a ona rom the o o on Rim a viewshed a ma l g i t c vi w th c tr l Ariz f M g ll , th t y n ud th i cl e e rou te chosen by Coronad o .

The eas - es Several American explorers and su rveyors crossed Arizona in the 18505 . t w t ’ rou tes includ e those of Whipple s su rvey for a trans continental railroad along the 35th par ’ a e Sit reaves sea f r a a n ad es r m un t al o n a and o e s l e o o . o o o ll l, g rch w g r w t f Z i C if r i , th r ik m ssed or in o a a and a e who e o ed sou e n ona . ese ou es o E ry, P rk, Gr y, B rtl tt, xpl r th r Ariz Th r t cr , m d h na so e ases a a e e t e Co o d o ou e . c p r ll l , r r t

The state- sp onsored Arizona Trail b egins at Montezuma Pass in the Coronado National m n n ou Me orial and follows the crest of the Huachu ca M ountains northward . Swi gi g thr gh the an a a n on and an a a a na moun a ns os ses the a e e een S t Rit , Ri c , S t C t li t i , it cr Gil Riv r b tw Winkelman and Florence before cu rving north east to Su perior and the Superstition Moun a ns n and t i . From the Roose velt Dam thi s hiking and horseb ack riding corrid or wind s orth eas a oss i ona a e s n the and Can on before end s at e ass nea edon a . t cr Ar z , tr v r i g Gr y k it Wir P r Fr i

The Zuni - Acoma Trail was a maj or Pueblo Indi an trad e and pilgrimage rou te that linked ose ue s in w se a na nu men and onse a on th p blo Ne Mexico . It cros s El M lpais Natio l M o t C rv ti

ea a ou 1 8 m e s The a ha n ma a e r na na des na on . Ar b t il s outh of Grants . tr il s o for l st t o tio l ig ti

am n F The El C i o Real followed the Rio Grande valley corrid or from El Paso to Santa e . ’ G oodnight - Loving Trail may have paralleled Coronado s rou te along the Pecos River for a s o d s an h rt i t ce .

' ’ one of a oma s n m n The an a Fe o o e a d na u e a s oss the s ud a ea . N Okl h hiki g, t rcycl , t r tr il cr t y r S t a ona N ti l Historic Trail bise cts the far northweste rn corner of the Oklahoma panhandle .

Major his toric trails in Kansas that approximate or parallel the Coronado s tu dy rou te in ’ clud e the an a Fe a ona s o a Ca a n e u on e s 1 806 ou e and the a e S t N ti l Hi t ric Tr il, pt i Z b l Pik r t , c ttl

a t d - a an e o o e 1 875 1 885 . The o onad o u e ma a e een os sed tr il D g City, C r ro t y h v b cr by N th i l

25 ’ oone s 1 843 rou e ran no - sou n o the ea end - ons a ea and the s o B t , which rth th i t Gr t B Ly r , h rt

ed s o a e a 1 872 - 1 874 a so a no - sou a e end n to s o om liv Ell w rth C ttl Tr il, , l rth th tr il xt i g Ell w rth fr the Texas cattle country

onu m e n s M e m o a s an d o a u s e u m s Not ana e d B th e a on a a Se r e M t , ri l , L c l M M g y N ti l P rk vic

A nu mber Of monu me nts and hi storica l markers have b een erecte d by p rivate organizati ons and state and loca l histo ric grou ps to commem orate the Coronado expedition and relate d eo e and n m p pl eve ts. S ev eral u seu ms al so d edicate a portion of th eir pro grams to C oronado .

' In 1 928 a adonna of the a m onumen was e e ed in n e e ona to e M Tr il t r ct Spri g rvill , Ariz , h lp omm emora e the a na ld a a e o n on f the o onad o e e d on was c t N tio l O Tr ils Ro d . R c g iti o C r xp iti en r ed n h The a f m n m en was a f a na n g av o t e b ase of the monu ment . pl cing o this o u t p rt o ti o w d e e o h e a ona Old a s s so a on the au e s of the m e an Revolu i ff rt y , th N ti l Tr il A ci ti , D ght r A ric " " on and u s nesses a on the old ou e o e our mot e s ame in os s n 12 s a es ti , b i l g r t v r which h r c cr i g t t om enns an a and n The m nu men was a ed at the fr P ylv i Maryla d we stw ard to California . o t pl c a m n u e 70 and the Co o pproxi ate i ters ection of the Na ti onal Old Trails Highway (US . Ro t ) r nad o Trail

‘ u on a l z m es eas of o od e ansas the Co onad o oss and a c ommemo B ilt hill / il t F rt D g , K , r cr p rk ’ ’ a e a e u an ad a s m ass of an s n w as e e a ed a e o onad o s r t F th r J P ill th k givi g, which c l br t ft r C r d n h R is a s a e e e and . au the ansas e . e e o xp e itio reach ed t e rive r of St . P t r St P l ( Ark iv r) Th r l cros s commemorating Fath e r Padilla ne ar Lyons; another cros s at coronad o Heights near ’ nd s o mm em a s he n e e are monu men s to the o onad o en ad a Li b rg co or te t exp editi o . Th r t C r tr ou s d e the s u d a ea as e one is in u n on C ansas ma e to ono a e t i t y r w ll; J cti ity, K , A rk r h r F th r ad a is nea u n e P ill r Co cil Grov .

e e a mu seu m s in ansas e sen the o onad o e e d on in e o ams n u d n S v r l K pr t C r xp iti th ir pr gr , i cl i g the Seward Coun ty Mu seu m in Lib eral and the Rice C ou nty Hi storical Mu seu m in Lyons .

Oth e r R e sou rce Areas

amsa an on 7 m les sou of e a s a An zona is a e a - s d ed o e ose e l R y C y , i th Si rr Vi t , , v rtic l i g rg wh w l d efine d microclimatic habitat consists of an exte nsion o f M exican flora and fauna into the

. his n e d a an f a ar u nd on a t e elevations . T U it St tes . M y o these sp eci es norm lly e fo ly high r a e o ne d an on is s ed on the a ona e s of a u a andma s is priv t ly w c y , which li t N ti l R gi try N t r l L rk , ’ a s n an m ig ific t ex a ple of the na tion s na tu ral heritage .

The San e d o a an a ona Conse a on ea on a n n a ou 40 m e s of the u e P r Rip ri N ti l rv ti Ar , c t i i g b t il pp r San e d o R e was d es n a e d b on re ss in 1 988 to o e and en an e the d e se P r iv r, ig t y C g pr t ct h c rt a an s eams d e e os s e m a a e emnan of a w as on e an e ens e ne o of rip ri ( tr i ) c y t , r r r t wh t c xt iv tw rk a an s s e m u ana ed the B u eau of and ana e men rip ri y t s thro ghou t the Sou thwes t . M g by r L M g t

BLM s 50 000 - a e ons e a on a e a s e es e een the n erna iona o d e ( ) , thi , cr c rv ti r tr tch b tw i t t l b r r with

e o and . a d ona . M xic St D vi , A riz

The E LM a so adm n s e s the Em ire Ciene a e sou e Con ser a on ea a o k n l i i t r p / g R rc v ti Ar , w r i g

an o f a e s in u a n ma and no eas e n an a u ou n es ona . r ch cr so th e ste r Pi rth t r S t Cr z c ti , Ariz

26

a o u o an on a e a in the n of an on e as is s e d on the a ona P l D r C y St t P rk, vici ity C y , T x , li t N ti l e s f n Th o a u a a dma s . e u ed s en an on ar e d a mos 800 ee d e e R gi try N t r l L rk r gg c ic c y , c v l t f t p by

a e s of the a e Do o n o of the Red e on a ns oss - se ona e s o f w t r Pr iri g T w F rk Riv r, c t i cr cti l vi w ed men a o e esen n ou eo o a e iod as e as r ass and o ene s i t ry r cks r pr ti g f r g l gic l p r s, w ll T i ic Pli c Th a an n vertebrate fos sil s . e l rger c yo complex of which Palo Du ro is a part form s a dis tinctive and spe ctacu lar se paration b e tween the high caprock escarpm ent of the weste rn

an and e and the o e o n a ns f n - en p h l l w r r lli g pl i o orth c tral Texas .

/ The .H a ns a u i n Thi f r ll ne n n a ea s ea ma o e as . s ed e a o d a u a a d igh Pl i N t r l Ar r A rill , T x y w t r l l ma on a ns a r ama - u a o s o r ass asso a on e esen a e of the a ns rk c t i , g b ff l h rtg ci ti r pr t tiv High Pl i i reg on .

‘ Kansas State fi shing lakes along the stu dy rou te are Clark (Clark Cou nty); Hai n (Ford C ounty); H odge man (H odge man C ounty); Mc Pherson (Mc Pherson Cou nty); and Sali ne a in e se s a e n a a a a n ar a s d e a eas or (S l e C ou nty) . All th t t fi shi g l ke re s exce pt S li e e l o wil lif r ’ am e e and d d e a in an a are the n d e a ea g e refuges . Oth r stat fe e ral wil lif are s K s s M orto wil lif r near Elkhart; Stev ens C ounty near Hu goton; Mead e fish rearing station (M ea d e); Ed ward s un n n ansas s a e a s a on the Co ty ear Kinsl ey; and Ch eyenne B ottom s near Grea t B e d . K t t p rk l g s u d ou e are ano o s and u s oom o s a e a s o ne a a ne o and ead e t y r t K p li M hr R ck t t p rk , b th r C r ir , M

’ a e St t Park near Mead e .

u a a ona d e e u e is o a ed on a esna e ee nea a o d ansas in Q ivir N ti l Wil lif R f g l c t R ttl k Cr k r St ff r , K ,

d R n n n - a a e a is a m a n and es n o for a o e a d e o ou e s . s e r o St ff r , ic , R c ti Thi cr r ig ti r ti g st p d s on the en a a and o d es i a a a for the n e o eas e n and bir C tr l Flyw y, it pr vi cr tic l h bit t i t ri r l t t r th e wh ooping crane .

e en m es e s - n o es of s and ansas in a oun is the a s n e se e Fift il w t rthw t A hl , K , Cl rk C ty Big B i Pr rv ’ an h a na e s of a u a and d St . s s a e e is s ed on t e o J acob s W ell . Thi t t pro p rty li t N ti l R gi try N t r l L marks as an excellent exampl e of a co lla pse featu re formed by gr ou ndwate r geological

oce sse s and of lu es em - ama a e is n ens e a e d e s e e e in the pr b t gr pr iri , which i t iv ly gr z l wh r en a c tr l Great Plains .

ea nd s o ansas an so a e d e no n as Co onado e s ses a o e the su r N r Li b rg, K , i l t b utt k w r H ight ri b v

ound n d a d in 1 24 t - mmemo a e o onad o s o a andma is oun s d e . e e 9 o o r i g c try i D ic t c r t C r , thi l c l l rk topp ed by a lime stone fortress bu ilt in 1 936 by the Works Progr es s Administration .

Land owne rs hip an d Land U s e

The owne rship and u se of land v ary sub stantially in the fiv e sta tes trav e rse d by the Coro nad o u In i n w M and in the s u d a e a is e d ma the o e . o a and Ne e o r t A r z xic , l t y r h l pri rily by ede a 30 —40 of the ou e in ona and o e nmen and s ate o e nm en s . o e e f r l g v r t t g v r t H w v r, % % r t A riz New ana e men is d d e d M exico p asses throu gh Indian res e rvations and priv ate land s . M g t ivi fairly evenly amon g agencies; no one agency manages a large share of the pu blic land s .

In e a s a oma and ansas and in the s u d a ea is a mos en i e o ned a e T x , Okl h , K , l t y r l t t r ly w by priv t

nd d ua a id o s are in u o ne s . i ivi ls . Small p ocke ts of public land s and highw y corr r p blic w r hip

28 n a h n f h u e mu Land u se also vari es co sid er bly over t e le gth o t e ro te . Whil ch of the land in ona and New e o is u nd e e o ed and o ons s o m n ma u man n uen e h Ariz M xic v l p p rti h w i i l h i fl c , t e ou e asses ou e ens e a eas used for a n and s and u a ed a m and s a r t p thr gh xt iv r gr zi g l c ltiv t f r l , s ndu a a eas u as the o onado ene a n s a on in no ea well as i stri l r s ch C r g r ti g t ti rth st Arizona . Land use in the Texas and Oklahoma p anhandle s and in sou thwestern Kansas is predominantly n n m r m an n e a farming; mostly cu ltivated field s co taini g pri a ily ilo d wi t r whe t . Other than

u ue ue and ma o the ou e does not ass ou a e u an a eas . e e ar Alb q rq A rill , r t p thr gh l rg rb r Th r e

me us sma to med um - s e d o ns a on the o do es e a in ansas and th nu ro ll i iz t w l g c rri r, p ci lly K e

panhandl e area .

29 NATION A L TRA IL ELIG IB ILITY

nd e the a na a s em 1 U o S. . 1241 na s and en r N ti l Tr ils yst Act ( 6 U . C et nati o l hi toric sc ic " " a s are e end ed a s means e - The u e s ou d be at ea s 1 00 m es on . o tr il xt tr il , which th y h l l t il l g r t a en the a u e d e na e n t k by V zq z C oro d o xp edition covers approximately miles . Followi g ' is an analysis o f the eligibility of the rou te of that expedition for d esignation a s a national 3 historic or nati onal s cenic trail

N ATIO NA L HIS T O RIC TRA IL CRITERIA

“ D e termination of the eligibility of a rou te as a n a ti onal historic trail is b ased onthe crite ri a s in h f h S. . 1 24 1 e t. e n t e et forth t e National Trail s System Act (1 6 U . C S cti o o a t r d ee e a mu s be met f r a a to u a for d e s c p ovi es three broad criteria . All thr crit ri t o tr il q lify i e a ar a e d e d n ana f the onad ou e f r i nation . ese e s e o o o a s s o o o o g Th cr t ri t t b l w, f ll w by ly i C r r t each criterion .

' It must be a trail or route established by historic use and mu st be historically signifi ' Th u n d n u rr n exis as a d s e ni e trai to cant as a re sult of that use . e ro te ee ot c e tly t i c r bl l ua bu t its o at on mu st be su ent now n to e mit e a ua on of u l q lify, l c i ffici ly k p r v l ti p b ic r r i n n i ri in r n ia d s nated rai s ou d enerall ac ec eat o a d h sto cal te est pote t l . A e ig t l h l g y cu ratel o ow the is or ou e but ma d e ia e somew a on o as on of neces y f ll h t ic r t , y v t h t cc i sit to a oid d u routin ou su se uent de e o men or to ro ide some y v iffic lt g thr gh b q v l p t, p v u de a ions route variations o ffering a more pleasurable recreational expe rience . S ch vi t a e e nts no on er oss e to tr a e trai d u e to shall be so noted on site . Tr il s gm l g p ibl v l by l subseque nt d evelopme nt as motorized transportation routes may be de sign ated and

- marke d on site as se gments which link to the historic trail .

Th The u e was ndeed the esu e Coronad o exp e dition route d oes not meet thi s criterion . ro t i r lt " of s o u se bu t as d s u ssed in the u mma of s o esea se on the o e a hi t ric , i c S ry Hi t ry R rch cti , v r ll e s m e se men s of the a location of the rou te is not su fficiently kn own at this time . Whil o g t tr il

' an e d e ned a easona e d e ee of on de n e e se are e a e s o ons c b fi with r bl gr c fi c , th r l tiv ly h rt, c ti u n on a u 1 f h The u d ea ma d s a s s d u as t ti g ly b o t 0 % o t e total length . St y Ar p i pl y thi iffic lty s n h ow by the broad zone o f uncertainty su rrounding th em .

The o a on of some s e s e s s e d o onad o or his en ad a su a s e os u e o l c ti p cific it vi it by C r tr , ch P c P bl , ~ can be n e e ar n a f w a n the ma n e ed on ou e a can be id e tifi e d . Th r e o ly e sites l o g i xp iti r t th t s e a d t V n n u d a un u e os Ti u ex nea e o s s b o o ad o . ese e o p cific lly ti i it y C r Th i cl Cib l (Z i p bl ) , g ( r esen e na o New e o e os u e o and u a e s o s es in en a pr t B r lill , M xic ) , P c P bl , Q ivir (pr hi t ric it c tr l d in the ansas . en at e se s e s e e e os the s ud eam ou d on u t Co ona o K ) Ev th it ( xc pt P c ) , t y t c l ly p r ene a n F r am e e e is s d e a e as to e e o o not at a s e s e . o e g r l vici ity, p cific it x pl , th r till b t wh th r C r nad o w as a t Hawikku r an u n o other Z i p uebl o .

‘ For ex M embers of the expedition did not always trav el together and by the same rou t e . am e om C o a the u n u e os to Ti u ex on the Rio and e er o onad o and a pl , fr ib l ( Z i p bl ) g Gr Riv , C r

Natio nal re c re atio n trails are d e s ignate d by the se c retary of the inte rio r u pon applic ation by managing e nti i Th mini rati e re s onsibilit no r d o t e re uire stu d t es . e d o no t in olv e an on oin fed e ral ad st y v g g v p y, h y q y

u nd e r the National Trails S s tem Ac t there ore the route is not e aluated for re c reation trail eli ibilit . y ; f , v g y

30 small party took a sou therly rou te while the main b ody of the expedition took a more direct

ou e . e e is e e d en e to a u a e o a e the sou e n ou e o o ed o onad o r t Th r littl vi c cc r t ly l c t th r r t f ll w by C r , and although there is more evid ence on which to base a d eterminati on of the more direct ou e e e are e e a a ea of on en on w de a a a a on in the d n r t , th r still s v r l r s c t ti with i sp ti l v ri ti iffere t ’ The a e s of nad o s eu enan t h n n n possible routes . tr v l Coro li t ts o t e Gra d Ca yo and e l sewhere are even less well known than the main exp ed ition rou te b ecau se there was less d ocu m enta 4 n x tion by the se seco d ary e p edition me mb ers .

(B) It must be of national sign ificance with respect to any of seve ral broad facets of me an s o su as rad e and omme e ex ora ion mi ation and se t e A ric hi t ry, ch t c rc , pl t , gr t l i r To ua i as na ona n ant s or use of the men or m a am a ns . s t, il t y c p ig q l fy ti lly ig ific , hi t ic

- trail must have had a far reaching e ffect on broad patterns of American cultu re .

Trails significant in the history of native Americans may be includ e d .

The na w as n t on f na ona s n an e o o do e ed on ou e m ee s s e on . o o C r xp iti r t t thi crit ri It ly ti l ig ific c , bu t f n n na n The e ed n u o e e u o ean and me i an o i ter atio l significa ce . xp itio bro ght t g th r E r p A r c Indian cultures and began the series of events that shap ed the d ev elopment of much of the " " es e n m e an n n n Th n n f he ed on se on esen ed w t r North A ric co ti e t . e Sig ifica ce o t Exp iti cti pr t n earlier contains more information on the importance of this early exploration by Coro ado .

(C) It mu st have significant potential for public recreational use or historical interest Th te ntia for su use is e ner based on historic interpretation and appreciation . e po l ch g ally gre ater along roadle ss se gments d eveloped as historic trails and at historic sites ia wi i The resen e of re reation o en ia not re ated to istori assoc ted th the tra l . p c c p t t l l h c r appreciation is not su fficient justification for d esignation und er this cate go y .

This criteri on requires evaluation of the p otential for u se of and intere st in the actual re sou es of a o osed a ou e not the d e r ee of u n e es in ene a s o and the rc pr p tr il r t , g p blic i t r t g r l hi t ry " " m an f h n e ann be a u a e d e e m ned e e o e o t e a . e au s e the o ad o ou o i p rt c tr il B c C or r t c t cc r t ly t r i , th r

i n e n is not met. s o s a a es ou e as e a can be e a u a e d . e e o e s o phy ic l tr il r rc b th t v l t Th r f r , thi crit ri

As has een men oned on a few s e s es can be d e asso a ed the e ed b ti , ly p cific it ir ctly ci t with xp i n m a n e ea n and n e e a on o . o e of em a ead o e s n an u edu o o ti S th lr y ff r ig ific t p blic c ti , r cr ti , i t rpr t ti of the n Th nad a na Memo a in ona o e s e e en Coro ad o exp e dition . e Coro o N tio l ri l Ariz ff r xc ll t n e e a on of the e ed on bu t the n e e a on is not ed to esou es at the memor i t rpr t ti xp iti , i t rpr t ti ti r rc ial a ar a k of an a u a e ou e d e n on a o s th t e directly linked to the expedition . L c cc r t r t fi iti ll w gene ral interpre tation and ed u cati on on the Coronad o expe dition story th at is only indi rectl y related to a resource base with historica l integrity .

NATIONAL SCE NIC TRA IL CRITE RIA

While .the Coronad o exp edition is of great historical sign ificance and the primary interest has een in its e as a s o a the as sed on r ess e u es ed an ana s s b ligibility hi t ric tr il, bill p by C g r q t ly i of the fe asibility of au thorizing a trail und er the National Trails System Act; it did not limit ons d e a on on t h am e a u a ed the ou e for o a s o a . e e o e t e s u d e c i r ti ly hi t ric tr il Th r f r , t y t v l t r t na ona s en a d es n e au h fa n a n n m n ma e a to e a u a e ti l c ic tr il ig ation . B c se t e ct co t i s o ly i i l crit ri v l t

Because of time and u ndin re tric ti ns nd an int r re tation of the le islati e inte nt the re searc f g s o a e p g v , h c a rried out by the stu dy team conc entrate d on the route follow e d by Corona d o himself.

3 1 f r a na n n e i o o a s e a , the eam u sed a se t of e a for s en a s ase d on lig bility _ ti l c ic tr il t crit ri c ic tr il b

the act. ese i e a e e a o e d the s e e a e s f the n e o and a u u e Th cr t ri , which w r ppr v by cr t ri o i t ri r gric lt r in 1969 are s a ed e o o o e d an ana f th n u e f r e a e n s s ad . , t t b l w, f ll w by ly i o e Coro o ro t o ch crit ri o

A: Na tiona l Si ni ica nce. Na ona s en a s for t e en or the rea e ort on t ereo g f ti l c ic tr il , h ir l gth g t r p i h f, s ou d n or o a e a maximu m of s ni ant ara te is i s an e and intan i e so t a h l i c p r t ig fic ch c r t c , t gibl g bl , h t se w en ewed o e t w m h e e a e t e a wort of na iona s eni desi na ion . th , h vi c ll c iv ly, ill k tr il hy t l c c g t Na ona s ni an e im ies t at ese ara eris i s t a is the s eni is o r a na ura or ti l ig fic c pl h th ch ct t c ; h t , c c, h t ic l, t l, u ura ua it es of the are as rou W i the trai asses are su erior w en om are d to c lt l q l i th gh h ch l p , p h c p se of o e ra s— not n ud n nat na ni i — h n tho th r t il i cl i g io l sce c tra ls situate d throu ghout t e cou try . Na iona s en c t ai s s ou d w O imum de e o men be a a e of romo in inte res and t l c i r l h l , ith pt v l p t, c p bl p t g t w n w dra i g po er that could extend to any section of the conterminous United States .

’ “ The Co onado e ed on ou e asses ou five s a es and e e are man fine resou r r xp iti r t p thr gh t t , th r y n the d n u n m f n a n fi n f w a ea s ex ce ces a o o o so e o o a s n a e . e s osse s l g c rri r, i cl di g ti l ig i c c A r p p

tional ua e s o e e e se end to be e e s e s es or s o se men s of the ou e . q liti ; h w v r, th t ith r p cific it h rt g t r t e au se of su se u en d e e o men and and use n u s ons the o na na u a and s en B c b q t v l p t l i tr i , rigi l t r l c ic n th r h n n In man a eas is m oss e to character alo g e cor idor as been altered sig ifica tly . y r it i p ibl n a e a d e n n d n r In m as a u e e are fi d o s ot u e o e es o oad s . so e a e o vi w th t i cl p w r li r r , lth gh th r

“ e e n u s ons the es ou e s are not of su e o u a and ou d esu in ou n f w r i tr i , r rc p ri r q lity w l r lt r ti g n n f n n ou ese a e s ome throu gh l o g sectio s o u niform a d u ndistingu i sh ed terrai . Alth gh th h v

a u e in re - ea on o f the e e en e of the o nad o e e d on ou s m a e a n v l cr ti xp ri c C ro xp iti thr gh i il r t rr i , it en com is not felt that thi s wou ld draw or promot e in tere s t from arou nd the country . Wh

a ed to o e on - d s an e t a s in the e on su as the ona a and the o o ad o p r th r l g i t c r il r gi , ch A riz Tr il C l r me a the o e a s n an e of the s en esou es of the a are not su e o . e so Tr il, v r ll ig ific c c ic r rc tr il p ri r Whil a s e men s are d e n e su e o and mee s e on ou d not be oss e to tr il g t fi it ly p ri r t thi crit ri , it w l p ibl

om e e a on nu ou s a see e o a mee s s e on as a o e . e e o e c pl t c ti tr il ( F,b l w) th t t thi crit ri wh l Th r f r , this criterion is not met . .

Th f na i na ni r i u be 5 0 o ate d as to o d e for B : Route Se lection. e routes o t o l sce c t a ls sho ld l c pr vi m aximum outdoor recreation pote ntial and for the conservation and enjoyment of the nationally si ni an s eni istor na ura or u tura ua i es of the areas t rou w i su rai s g fic t c c, h ic, t l, c l l q l ti h gh h ch ch t l m d n r r a i d i wa s motor road s minin a ass . e s ou d a oi so a as a i a e est s e y p Th y h l v , i f p ct c bl , bl h h gh y , , g are as owe ransmission ne s exist n commercial and indus ia d e e o men s an e en es , p r t li , i g tr l v l p t , r g f c

' and m o emen s i a e o erations and an o e a es a wou d be n om a e w t i pr v t , pr v t p , y th r ctiviti th t l i c p tibl i h

the protection of the trail in its natural condition and its use for outdoor recreation .

National scenic trails of major historic significance should adh ere as accurately as possible to t e r main s o i r r h i hi t r c oute o routes .

This crite rion is not met be cau se mu ch of the area throu gh which the C oronado exp e dition a ssed has een n ese n u d e ma o a eas of u p b altered by sub sequ ent d evelopme ts . Th i cl j r r c lti

vated and s m n n s es o e an s ansm s s on nes oad s and ou s n . Su intru l , i i g it , p w r pl t , tr i i li , r , h i g ch s ons are mo e e a on the ea s e n a of the a bu t e are not l m ed to a i r visibl l g t r h lf tr il, th y i it th t a a ne s and e n rea . Most of the land s crossed by any p otentia l rou te are in priv te ow r hip b i g u sed f m or a n r a n and o e mod e n u oses . f r i g, g zi g, th r r p rp

A se c ondary criterion requ ires scenic trail s of historical sign ificance to adhere a s accu rately as possibl e to - their main hi sto ric rou te Thi s criteri on w as established be fore the am end ments to the National Trails Sys tem Act th at created the na tional histo ric trail cate gory in d 1 978 . e o e a d a e e e was no w a to ommemo a e a s o a u n ess ou B f r th t t , th r y c r t hi t ric tr il l it c l

32 ua as a na ona s en a . o e e s e on is s a q lify ti l c ic tr il H w v r, thi crit ri till v lid if a commemorative trail for the Coronado expeditionis to have reasonabl e historical inte grity for public appreci a on and n e e a on of the s o a s n an e f the e As d s o ed on . ussed ea e ti i t rpr t ti hi t ric l ig ific c xp iti i c rli r, over much of its length the Coronado route cannot be identified closely enough to meet this n ou e des a ed at s m criterio . A r t ign t thi ti e wou ld be seriou sly compromised as a vehicle for public edu cation and inte rpre tation of the Coronad o expedition story if later research identi fied a mo e a u a e s o u in n r cc r t hi t ric ro te a differe t location .

In add on the ose an s en a ou n ou d be to the e im na s ud ou e den iti , cl r y c ic tr il r ti g w l pr l i ry t y r t i fied th a n a ti e o a e e the mo e mod e n n u s ons ou d be e e en ed . by N ti l P rk S rvic , r r i tr i w l xp ri c Some sections might also result in conflicts with American Indian sites and trails of religious n an sig ific ce .

C: A ess ibili Na na ni il i w a ou cc ty . tio l sce c tra s should be prov ded ith adequ te public access thr gh establishment of connecting trails or by use of trail systems other than the National Trails in n e a ion System . Access should be provided at reasonable intervals and should take to co sid r t h w t e allo ance for trips of short er duration .

oad a es s t m s a n a n h n u i u e d The e ed t on ou e R cc o o t loc tio s lo g t e e tire ro te s q it goo . xp i i r t potentially connects to or crosses other major trails su ch as the Arizona Trail (state) and on nen a d n n a e a a e ss is os s e e e the o en a C ti t l Divi e Nati o al Sce ic Tr il . Oth r tr il cc p ibl wh r p t ti l e e ou d be nume ou s route passes throu gh fed eral and state forest and park land s . Th r w l r o en a a ess o n s at u oad oss n s on the eas e n a of the ou e e e the p t ti l cc p i t p blic r cr i g t r h lf r t , wh r a i n n tr il rou te s pre domi antly on privately owned la d .

D Na ona en a s a be ma and ased . : P la cement. ti l sc ic tr ils h ll pri rily l b

The o en a ou e ou d be en e and as ed a ou se ons ou d a a e e s p t ti l r t w l tir ly l b , lth gh cti w l p r ll l riv r an d stream s .

mi es or on er E : Len th. Na onal s en trail s s a be ex ended a s usua l se e a und ed g ti c ic h ll t tr il , l y v r l h r l l g in n le gth .

The entire rou te of the Coronado expedition is approximately miles in length .

F: n Na iona en a s s ou d be on nuous for the d u a on of e en t . Conti uity . t l sc ic tr il h l c ti r ti th ir l g h

D evelopment of a continuous trail along the rou te of the Corona do exp edition cou ld pose m The e en a e of r a e a s f an en a ou e is n a e and . j or problems . M o t o y pot ti l r t o priv t l p rc t g p iv t and is ea e on the eas e n a of the ou e bu t e en in ona and New e o e e l gr t r t r h lf r t , v Ariz M xic th r me se ions are a d . In s l rge areas of private and tribal lands that wou ld have to be crosse o ct , public and private land s are s o inters persed that es tablishing any long sections of trail wou ld be difficult withou t at least obtaining easements across the private ly owned s ections . a s on a n s a l s n a on nuou s a ou d Tr il trib l la d s can conflict with re ligious sites . E t b i hi g c ti tr il w l e u e e ens e oo d na on amon f ed e a s a e and o a a en es me an nd an r q ir xt iv c r i ti g r l, t t , l c l g ci , A ric I i r e d ma na en ai s are s an n a e and o ne s . u d u o e na o t ib , y priv t l w r Altho gh iffic lt, th r ti l sc ic tr l being su ccess fu lly establi shed across many miles of land that were in private ownership en the t a was au wh r il thorized by Congress .

In summa the o onad n u n t mee the e a for a na iona s en ry, C r o expeditio ro te doe s o t crit ri t l c ic a K e e i r er a and are not met. tr il, y ligibil ty c it i A , B , F

33 A N ALYSI S OF N ATIONAL TRA IL FEA S IB ILITY AND DE SIRAB ILI TY

If a trail is found to be eligible for designation as a national scenic trail or nati onal historic a unde the a ona a s s em a d e e m na on is a so mad e e a d n the feasi tr il r N ti l Tr il Sy t Act, t r i ti l r g r i g h a au e the bilit and des a of u d es na on as e u ed se ion 5 b of t e ct. e s y ir bility s ch ig ti , r q ir by ct ( ) B c o onado e e d on ou e wa s not ound e e for des na on a eas and d esirabil C r xp iti r t f ligibl ig ti , f ibility it an w n n u u e es ea esu s in dent a ion of the ou e and its y alysis as ot do e . If f t r r rch r lt i ific t r t

nat ona a e i is ee a ua e d su an ana s s need to be om e ed . i l tr il lig bility r v l t , ch ly i will c pl t

34

An e am e w ou d be e d a eo o to d en the o a on of Chichilticalli e e the x pl l fi l rch l gy i tify l c ti , wh r e ed on es e d e o e m o n n t h xp iti r t b f r vi g orth o t e M ogoll on Rim in A rizona .

The commi ssion al so would Consid er support of any research with rea sonable p otential of mo e a u a e d e e m n n h ex i i n u a u r cc r t ly t r i i g t e ped t o rou te in the United States . S ch rese rch co ld n u d e e ans a ion an d n u s ana s s of o na an s d o u men a ion e no r a i cl r tr l t li g i tic ly i rigi l Sp i h c t t , th g phic s ud es of me can nd an o a s o s u d es of the e ed on ou e in Me o or s u d es t i A ri I i r l hi t ry, t i xp iti r t xic , t i of rou es Of o e an s e o e s and me an nd an a na s s o f new and e s t th r Sp i h xpl r r A ric I i tr il s . A ly i xi t ing informati on w ou ld inclu d e a mechanis m by which the commi ssion and sch olars cou ld d e ne n n ir ctly twork a d i teract .

' und n - for the esea ou d be rOvid e d b the o e n m en or the omm ss on ou d F i g r rch w l p y g v r t, c i i w l b a d t a n m h m f h a e u o e o se u d s o t e a e se o . o e e os o t e o o th riz r i f fr priv t ct r H w v r, t w rk pr b bly wou ld be d one throu gh coordination of the e fforts of non fe d eral entities and throu gh is su All ance of con tracts with re cognize d scholars and ind e pend ent arch eol o gical research firms . research e fforts w ould be coordina ted with sta te archeol ogists and s tate hi storic pre s e rvation f he mm n d t mm nd t the se e a of the n e o a o fices . T co i ssi o woul be directed o re co e o cr t ry i t ri r th t ’ the ou e 5 na ona s o a e i eas and d e s a be ee a ua ed r t ti l hi t ric tr il lig bility, f ibility, ir bility r v l t if

- research revealed enou gh new data for a more precise d efinition of the expedition rou te .

In add on to its ma esea o u s - the omm ss on ou d ass s ed e a s a e and iti pri ry r rch f c , c i i w l i t f r l , t t , o a a e n es a e o an a ons and me an nd an es in the n e e a on of l c l g ci , priv t rg iz ti , A ric I i trib i t rpr t ti ’ Coronad o s exp edition and the exch ange and conflict b e tween the Ame rican Indian and an s The mm s s on ou d be d e e d to e a e a d d s u e n e e i e Sp i h cu ltu re s . co i i w l ir ct pr p r n i trib t i t rpr t v m aterials on the Coronad o expe diti on and to recognize confirmed Coronad o expedition s in ann n d es n and od u on for es . a so ou d o d e e n a a ss s an e it It l w l pr vi t ch ic l i t c pl i g, ig , pr cti es en a on on the omm s coope rating institu tions on interpre ting the C oronad o story . Repr t ti c i sion by res pe cted membe rs of A me rican Indian and hi spanic group s cou ld facilitate the inte rpretive program and provid e a brid ge whe re need e d be tween research ers and the trail o ri d o mm n c r r co u ities .

The l egislation establi shin g the commission wou ld sp e cify that its research be compl eted in ’ five ea The mm n na e t n ess ou d n u d e e ommend a ons for y rs . co issi o s fi l r port o Co gr w l i cl r c ti add ona e o s to mm em a e and n e e the e ed on d en a on of a na ona iti l ff rt co or t i t rpr t xp iti , i tific ti ti l s m o to d e s na e Co onad o s es and a e ommend a on e a d n the need to reevalu y b l ig t r it , r c ti r g r i g a te eligibility for d esign ation as a national historic trail on the basis of ad ditional research .

A na lys i s

’ Research condu cte d u nd e r alternative A wou ld increase scho larly knowled ge of Coronad o s expedition and related site s and provide an extensive data base for u se by edu cators and ’ s u d en n t ee a ua e o onado s ou e t ts . This alternative al so would offer an opportu ity o r v l t C r r t u nd er the criteria for a na tional hi storic trail if ne w d ata indicate d th at a new conclu si on was a an d The mm n a is ed und e s a e n a e wou d be u se fu 1n w rr te . co issio to be est bl h r thi lt r tiv l l c oordina tion o f sev eral research proj ects re garding va ri ou s as pe cts of the Coronado expedi on a are und e a nn d u a mm ss on ou d e u e s n an ed e a ti th t rw y or pla e . S ch co i i c l r q ir ig ific t f r l n es men in und n ou d a so be ne ed e d for n e e e i v t t res earch for a limited p e ri od . F i g w l l i t rpr tiv publications and for providing technical as sis tance on interpre tiv e ne e d s for coo perating

36 m emen a n f ns u ons . o o s a e na e ou d os a u 1 m i tit ti I pl t ti thi lt r tiv w l c t bo t $ illion . This es timate is ased on the u nd n au o a on for the DeSoto ed n mm s b f i g th riz ti Exp itio Co i sion .

’ To a om the omm ss on oa a a ne s wou d be ne e a e ween ed cc plish c i i s g ls, p rt r hip l c ss ry b t f eral, a e and o a a en es the a e s e nd m d an o a e an n es . st t , l c l g ci , priv t ct r, A ric I i trib This partnership ou d a e a m ed me rame e s ons t es e n assed on to a w l h v li it ti f , with r p ibili i b i g p st te and local a en es and m e n n n s a na e u n h g ci A rica I dia tribes . Thi lter tiv wo ld retai t e possibility of national s o a d es na i n hi t ric tr il ig t o .

ALTERNATIVE B : NATIONAL H ERITAG E C O RRID O R

Concept

A national heritage corrid or like that prop osed und er alte rnative B is established by Con ress bu t is un a d ona na ona a na i na a or na ona s r e a o o s e . g lik tr iti l ti l p rk, t l tr il, ti l hi t ic it A na ona e a e d i n n n e e u sua is a s on ou sm an ti l h rit g corri or s ot a wid e atio al trail . Th r lly tr g t ri d e onom d e e o men o e e for a na ona er a e o do and esou e es and c ic v l p t bj ctiv ti l h it g c rri r, r rc typ mana emen o e es en d to be mu m o e mu a e ed an for a na ona s or a g t bj ctiv t ch r ltif c t th ti l hi t ic tr il .

Und e s a e na e the na ona e a e o d o ou d be mana ed to ese e and r thi lt r tiv , ti l h rit g c rri r w l g pr rv n e e s n an u u a and na u a esou es and s es in a oad a ea but l m i t rpr t ig ific t c lt r l t r l r rc it br r , with i i ted ed e a n m n e e u d be n ed e a adm n s e n a en and no and f r l i volve e t . Th r wo l o f r l i i t ri g g cy l acquisition by the fe d eral gov ernment; the corrid or wou ld be manage d by state and local o e nmen s and a e and o ne s o a oo d na on an a o n ed omm s g v r t priv t l w r , pr b bly with c r i ti by pp i t c i s n a The mm ss n u d d e ne the d of the o d o a t e io u thoriz ed by Congre s s . co i io wo l fi wi th c rri r f r e s a u a mm s s n a d e e o s a ene a an for the o l gi l tive authorization . S ch co i io typic lly v l p g r l pl c rri d r bu h n n The omm ss on ou d not own or o t as o p ower to compel its implementatio . c i i w l ' man Th es f the mm ss n a e and e u a e a es or en o e mand a es . e o e o o o s g l , r g l t ctiviti , f rc t bj ctiv c i i an ou d be a om s ed on the eo e u s nes ses and o e nmen s in the o d o pl w l cc pli h ly if p pl , b i , g v r t c rri r e am ed e a u nd n for o e a n a e a e b c e committed partners on behalf of the area . F r l f i g p r ti g h rit g d corri or commiss ion is u su ally contingent on a nonfed eral match .

This alte rnative wou ld includ e id entifica tion and d evel opment of short hiking or horseback ’ - d esi trails intend ed to re crea te an experience similar to that of Coronad o s expedition . A g nated federal agency wou ld provid e technical assistance to states in d eveloping state historic a s e h u ea on of a na ona e a e o tr il wh re t e rou te is subs tantially known . Altho gh cr ti ti l h rit g c rri dor is n u d ed e e as an a e na e on e for ons d e a on ou d be es a feasi i cl h r lt r tiv c c pt c i r ti , it w l b t if bilit s u d w The s u d ou d be s m a to y t y as cond u cte d be fore creation of su ch a corridor . t y c l i il r e a e ur The a e e is u en o n on a NPS sp ci l r so ce s tu dies for new areas . P rk S rvic c rr tly w rki g cl rify in the d e n n g fi itio s and criteri a for su ch p artnership c once pts .

Analys i s

Alte rnative B provid es for recognition of the historical and cu ltural s ignificance of Coro ’ nado s ou e ou e u n a es a o on n e e in a r t with t r q iri g major fed eral action . It pl c pri rity i t rpr t g " oad o d o ne o of oad s ou d be br c rri r with all significant res ou rces addressed . A tw rk r w l identified to connect existing and futu re significant c ommemorative and archeological sites

3 7 asso a ed w the o onad o e ed n The m n n e a ci t ith C r xp itio . co preh e siv e i te rpr tiv e progr m that wou ld be d evelo ped and impl emented u nd er this alterna tiv e w ou ld increase public aware ness and und erstanding of the exp edition and of cross - cultural impacts and exchange e ween the an and me an nd an n b t Sp ish A ric I i cultu res . Emphasis also would be placed o the on u on of the an s e a e to the Un ed a c trib ti Sp i h h rit g it St tes .

To a om s the oa s of s a e na e d e e o men Of e ens e a ne s s cc pli h g l thi lt r tiv , v l p t xt iv p rt r hip with s a e o a and e d e a a en es w u d be n e - n o e o e ssa as ou d r ass oo s t a es . t t , l c l, th r f r l g ci l c ry, w l g r t i i i tiv Visitor contact and interpre ta tion w ou ld take place at state and local facilities and at exis ting s o on a en e s of the a ona a e e the o es e e and the u eau of vi it r c t ct c t r N ti l P rk S rvic , F r t S rvic , B r

an n n f - L d M a agement . Co stru ction o additional interpre tive waysid es in coop erati on with O e s m be r e mm n d th r ight co e d e .

Co mem a n . an n m a m or tio d i terpretation wou ld be e phasized ov er pre se rvation or rese rch . Visitors cou ld get the b est comprehensiv e ove rview of themes of the C oronad o exp edition and its e e on 1 6th e n u me an nd an cultu re and the an s e a e of the ff ct c t ry A ric I i / Sp i h h rit g - n ed a n n m s ndu e d b es a e en e ses or U es . s e e e o r a o it St t Exi ti gi t rpr tiv pr g c ct y trib , by priv t t rpri ,

o a s a e and e d e a o e nmen a en es ou d be n e r a e d n o s o e . by l c l, t t , f r l g v r t g ci c l i t g t i t thi pr j ct

the a e nat es d es ed a e na e the na ona e a e o d o o on Of lt r iv crib , lt r tiv B , with ti l h rit g c rri r pti ,

ou d e u e the m na n n r - ens e ann n ou d be w l r q ir ost coordi tio a d g ass roots su pp ort . Ext iv pl i g w l n d ed and a n n ee s n a e o the a es n o ed ou d be e essa . e s , ig ific t ff rt by p rti i v lv w l c ry Whil thi ou d be he mos om a ed o on ou d a so be the mos es ons e to o a need s w l t t c plic t pti , it c l l t r p iv l c l and d u d d e a a n f r n ment and a c m rehen esires . It w o l provi gre ter opportu ity o visitor e j oy o p s e e ea na n iv r cr tio l expe ri e ce .

‘ Imple mentati on of thi s alternatl v e would re qu ire a long - term commitment by all parties n m e n f the er o ed and ou d be the mos os to m emen su e ssfu . o o o i v lv , it c l t c tly i pl t cc lly C pl ti h i a e d n s es ma e is ased on t g corri or pl a cou ld cos t ab ou t in fed eral fund s . Thi ti t b und n m em en a on a ons and f i g au thorized for other he rita ge corrid or commis sions . I pl t ti cti fed era l technical a ssi stance w ou ld add to thi s cost and cou ld continu e for many years afte r m co ple tion of the plan .

Coordination of activities in su ch a large area wou ld require extensive and complex e fforts . The national heritage corrid or conce pt generally has been applied to s malle r areas with d ense n n n s a e na e n u d es oad o e es for eco ly co ce trated li ear res ou rces . Thi lt r tiv i cl br bj ctiv nom d e e o me n a e e ond the nee d for ommemo a n and n e e n the ic v l p t th t go. w ll b y c r ti g i t rpr ti g Co ona d e e d n e au s e o f the s a of and rea d s an e s e e en kno n Co o r o xp itio . B c c rcity g t i t c b tw w r nad o s e s the e a e o d o on e ma a s on ema an d s a o es on it , h rit g c rri r c c pt y l ck tr g th tic phy ic l c h i ,

- and it might not a ttra ct significant vi sitor inte rest or wid e spread gra ss roots su pport .

A LTERNATIV E C: I NCRE AS ED NATIO NA L PA RK S ERV ICE INTERPRETA TI ON AND CO MMEM O RA TI ON

Conce pt

Alterna tive C in cl u d e s enhancem ent o f i nterpretation o f the Coronad o exp edition at exi s ting na n m a and a n on a ona o a a s s e m u n su . a nad o a ona e o ti l p rk y t its ch s Coro N ti l M ri l, Gr C y N ti l

38 a e ed o e5 a ona a o o a ona onumen e os a n P rk, P trifi F r t N ti l P rk, El M rr N ti l M t, P c N tio al Histori cal a a a s a ona onumen and a e e e d e ea on ea n P rk, El M lp i N ti l M t, L k M r ith R cr ti Ar . I terpretiv e programs at th ese NPS areas and a t related sites wou ld be coordinated to tell a si ngle c om l te w e a d n d a nad p e story hil voi i g uplic tion . Coro o National Memori al staff would have a ma o o e in oo d na n s m e ns n m o e e e e e o a . ea s e s j r r l c r i ti g thi c pr h iv i t rpr tiv pr gr At ch it , vi itors would ge t a brie f ove rview of the entire Coronad o expediti on story and in- d epth interpreta on of one a of the s o es e esen ed a ti p rt t ry b t r pr t by th t particular site .

In add on to e n the s o mo e fu n the na ona a s s em the a ona a iti t lli g t ry r lly withi ti l p rk y t , N ti l P rk Service wou ld cooperate with other entiti es managing Coronad o site s and direct vi sitors to e a f r n n The n n a f th os are s o additio al i terpre tation . opportu ity to exp erie ce a v riety o highly ’ significant Coronado expe dition sites could greatly enhance vi sitors sense of this phase in m n A erica history .

As a a of s a e na e the o en a for add n a n ew u n or un s to the na ona p rt thi lt r tiv , p t ti l i g it it ti l park system cou ld be explored so that the s tory of the Coronado exp editi on and its effects n o 1 6th centu ry American Indians could be commemorated and interprete d more fu lly . A separate special resource stu dy shou ld be complete d on any proposed new area to ascertain h n n h e t e a ea mee s s and a d s for s n a e su a a d eas . t e s s if r t NPS t r ig ific c , it bility, f ibility All it with Indian pu eblos or villages most likely to be consid ered for inclu sion in the national park s s em a e a e n n o u ns u s s o s ou d a e to ma ne a the u e o s and y t h v f ll i t r i ; th , vi it r w l h v i gi wh t p bl H a nu m e of na u a fe a a es mu s a e oo e d e du n the e e d on . o e e vill g t h v l k lik ri g xp iti w v r, b r t r l u s ma n es a s ou d be e a u a e d as to e e for t re re i relatively unimpaired . Sit l o c l v l t th ir ligibility

the National Register of Historic Plac es or their su itability as national historic l andmarks .

A nalys i s

Alternative C wou ld giv e visitors a comprehensive ove rview of the major themes of the o nad u d a e n eased o un es to s and e e en e s es C ro o expedition . The y wo l h v i cr Opp rt iti vi it xp ri c it related to the expedition and to learn abou t its e ffect on 1 6th centu ry American Indians . e end n on how man s es eo e had the n e es and me to s e ou d e e e D p i g y it p pl i t r t ti vi it, th y c l r c iv n a either a fairly comple te or a rather fragmente d understanding of the exp editio . Schol rly knowled ge wou ld be increase d somewha t throu gh re search cond ucted by the National Park

Service to further interpre tation and prese rvation goals for existing or new park areas .

An s es add ed to the na na a s s em ou d e e e a an ed n e e a on ese y it tio l p rk y t w l r c iv b l c i t rpr t ti , pr r a on nd e s n u d n t be ad in s o e for an of ese a ea . o e e s a e a e o o o v ti , r rch H w v r, thi lt r tiv w l br c p y th a es and add on of new s es to the na ona a s s em ma not be su a e or ctiviti , iti it ti l p rk y t y it bl

eas e . few s n an s es ou d be n e e ed bu t the o e a ou e ou d be f ibl A ig ific t it w l i t rpr t , v r ll r t w l em a s e d ph iz less than in the other alte rna tives .

e na e ou d ma ma e u se of e s n n as u u e and mana emen and Alt r tiv C w l pri rily k xi ti g i fr tr ct r g t, it ou d a a a ne s s ou d be em as ed w l f cilit te coordinated interpretation in NPS areas . P rt r hip w l ph iz

es s an - und e o e a e n a no new a u n s e e es a s ed s a e na e l th r th r lt r tives . If p rk it w r t bli h , thi lt r tiv

ou d be e a e a - is es ma ed a ou d w l r l tiv ly e sy and cos t e ffective to implement . It ti t th t w l be needed to enhance mu seu m and waysid e exhibits and for an au diovisual prod u ction . A new a a os s for a new a p rk rea cou ld be controv ersial and very expensiv e to e stablish . C t p rk (or parks) cannot be estimate d at this time; costs wou ld be ad dres se d in a spe cial re sou rce

39 u d s a e na w s t y if thi lt r tive as s elected . Thi s alternativ e w ould su ppl e ment national rec ogni

on and e ona em as s o e ed at t e n d n m n h - o o a S. e an ti r gi l ph i ff r h C r o Natio al M e ori al o t e U . M xic in b order Arizona .

ALTERNATIVE D : STA TE - C O O RDINA TED COMMEM O RA TI O N

Conce pt

Und e a e na the five s a es ou d d e e o a o am f d na ed mmemo a r lt r tive D , t t w l v l p pr gr o coor i t co r on and n e e a n f th n e an a n and he a ti i t rpr t tio o e Coro ado exp editi on . Stat d local ge ci es t priv te sector wou ld be encou raged to create w ays of collectiv e ly commemoratin g the exp editi on and to oo d na e n e e a n The am a u d be o c r i t i t rpr t tio throu gh ou t the area . pro gr prob bly wo l co r dinate d a se a a e a en omm s s on or a e r ou os s a a e or uas by p r t g cy, c i i , priv t g p; p ibly priv t q i ’ u und a n Th e d a e nm en s e p blic fo tio cou ld be es tablished for that pu rpose . e f er l gov r t rol w u d be m ed t n n e e ou d o l li it o i itial coordination a d p ossibly some t echnical a ssi s tance . Th r w l be no an es in s e ne r mana m n ch g it ow rship o ge e t .

oss e a s m o a ou e b oad a a e n the ene a o d o a e ed If p ibl , y b lic highw y r t r ly p r ll li g g r l c rri r tr v l by ’ ‘ nad n h The u e wou d o d e Coro o a d is exp edition could be id entified and marke d . ro t l pr vi

a es s to e a ed 1 6 en u me an nd an s es and n e e a on ou d be o d ed . cc r l t th c t ry A ric I i it , i t rpr t ti w l pr vi An e am e of s e of ar an e men is the e s and a a a e e the x pl thi typ r g t L wi Cl rk Tr il highw y, wh r n m e d a su as u a o ns and states coll ectively coordinate an au to tour rou te . I terpretive i ch p blic ti audio tape s w ou ld be d ev elop e d to guid e visitors in traveling all or a portion of the rou te . es o en to u u s e ou d be d en ed in u a ons and ma s and som e add ona Sit p p blic w l i tifi p blic ti p , iti l s ns r en a n ig o ori t ti o exhibits cou ld be d evelop ed .

A na lys i s

Interpre tation w ou ld be emphasize d ov e r pres e rvation or re search und er altern ative D . Resou rce preservation efforts might increase as an indirect result of enhancing public aware n h n ina esea on the ess of t e significance and valu e of the C oronad o expe diti o . Orig l r rch C oronad o exp edition w ould not be a prerequisite to impl ementation of this alternative; there fore; no significant incre ase in sch olarly knowl e dge w ou ld be likely to occu r .

This alternativ e wou ld promote broa d re co gnition of the role o f the Coronad o expe dition in n ed a V u d a n a e a e u nd e s and n of the s n an e o f the U it St tes his tory . isitors wo l g i gr t r r t i g ig ific c Coronad o exp edition and its e ffects on Ame rican Indian cu ltu res than th ey receive now ms ond u e d ou s a e ed e a and o a a es . s n n e e e o a thr gh t t , f r l , l c l ctiviti Exi ti g i t rpr tiv pr gr c ct by me an nd an es the a e se o and o a s a e and e d e a o e nmen a en es A ric I i trib , priv t ct r, l c l, t t , f r l g v r t g ci ou d be n n r m w l i corp orate d i to the prog a .

ens e o d na n rnm n u d be ne e ssa in a e na e bu t Ext iv c or i ti o among s tate gove e ts wo l c ry lt r tiv D , it wou ld be easy to implem ent and the cost to the fe d era l gov e rnm ent wou ld be re la tiv e ly l w d s a u o . It is e stim ated th at fed eral tech nical assi stance to the s tate s woul co t bo t The au o ou ou e ma ed ou d e u e ad u s men or e o at on s ou d u u e t t r r t , if rk , c l r q ir j t t r l c i h l f t r e sea r rch confirm new s ites or exp editi on rou tes .

40 “ ALTERNATIVE E : NO A CTION

Conce p t

Und e a no - a on a e na e e s n ommemo a e and n e r cti lt r tiv , xi ti g c r tiv i t rpretive programs and those anned o e ou d on nue to be m em n N add n pl by th rs w l c ti i pl e ted . o itio al acti on wou ld be taken by Congress or the National Park Se rvice to specifically commemorate the Coronado expedi on e e as m be a o a e n o e e s n or o s ed am ons f ti , xc pt ight ppr pri t withi th r xi ti g pr po progr s . Porti o the e ed on ou e ou d on nue to be n e e ed the a ona a e e the xp iti r t w l c ti i t rpr t by N ti l P rk S rvic , o es er e the u eau of and ana emen s a e o an a ons o a en es and the F r t S vic , B r L M g t, t t rg iz ti , l c l titi , a e s n n e priv t sector . Exi ti g i t rpretive programs and activities would continue in the five states ou the o nad e n thr gh which C ro o xpeditio pas sed .

A Spanish he ritage program that will feature interpretation of the expediti on is being d evel Oped in Arizona by district offices of the Fores t Service and the B ureau of Land Manage he two men . s e o is s m a to the e a e o d o on e bu t is m ed to t t Thi ff rt i il r h rit g c rri r c c pt, it li it a n e nd h the e s n o onado ge ci s a to t e southeast Arizona portion of the rou te . While xi ti g C r en a in na ma n t d s f the a u a u e f the e ed ion Sc ic Highw y Arizo y o provi e view o ct l ro t o xp it , it n does offer scenic vistas overlooking some of the types of terrain cros sed by the expeditio .

Some additional interpreta tion of the expe diti on by the variou s states is being planned as a of the o u m u s u n en enn a o ram in 1 992 and a non ovem ment e o is un p rt C l b Q i c t i l pr g , g ff rt d e rway to create a private nationwid e organization d edicated to the Coronad o expedition . This organization will mod el itself after other trail organiz ations su ch as the Oregon

California Trail s A s sociation and the Santa Fe Trail A ssociation .

Analysis

While the ongoing interpretation of re search for the Coronad o expedition is not well coordi m ases n e e a on nated doe s e esen s n an n a i e se e a ou s . In so e , it r pr t ig ific t i iti t v by v r l gr p c , i t rpr t ti is e Ce a n se men s of the ou e are e n no e d e o e r pe titiou s or contradictory . rt i g t r t b i g ig r whil th r _ s n f r he onad o a ona emo a in Arizo egme ts receive too much e mphasis . Exce pt o t Cor N ti l M ri l

in- d e en a o a ed na e e is no na ona e o n on of the e ed n . e e is no , th r ti l r c g iti xp itio Th r pth, c tr lly l c t interpretation of the entire Coronad o expe dition and its effects on 16th centu ry Ame rican n The s n an add ona e d Indian cu ltures and on Spanis h exploration and se ttleme t . ig ific t iti l fi l archeology need ed to research additional Coronad o sites is unlikely to be done without add ed e a ass s an e or a om s n the o is e to a e man mo e ea s . No f r l i t c , cc pli hi g w rk lik ly t k y r y r i

- tional fed eral expenditures would be required under the no action alternative . ENVIRONMENTA L CONSEQUENCE S

The a e na e esen ed in e o are on e ua us the o en a onse uen e of lt r tiv s pr t this r p rt c c pt l; th , p t ti l c q c s the a e na es can be add e ssed on in a ne w The a ona a e e has lt r tiv r ly ge ral ay . N ti l P rk S rvic consid ered the cu mu l a tive imp acts of th e se alternatives and has d etermi ned that at thi s ene a e e e e ou d be n s n an mu d an of the a on o u at e m a s . ou g r l l v l, th r w l ig ific t c l iv i p ct Sh l y cti or en ed a e n a e s be m em en ed s e en onmen a onse u en es n u d n u mu i t lt r tiv i pl t , p cific vir t l c q c , i cl i g c ' ‘ a e m a s be evaluated d u in an ne essa mana emen ann n or su se u en l tiv i p ct , will r g y c ry g t pl i g b q t d e e n ann n v lopme t pl i g .

A LTERNATIV E A: C O R ONA D O E"PEDITI ON RE S EA RCH C OMMI S S I O N

n Impacts on Natu ral and Cu ltu ra l R e sou rce s

Und e a e na e im a s on e e a on dl e so s me a m and s e and s air r lt r tiv A , p ct v g t ti , wil if , il , pri f r l , w tl ,

~ nd a a n n d n e ua a e u ou d be e e . eo o a n e s a o s ou o q lity, w t r q lity w l gligibl Arch l gic l i v tig ti w l i v lv sma a - k n and a i n ou d en ou a e o ed a eas on a s o e m a s s . o an ll, l c liz r h rt t r b i S il b i g b ckf lli g w l c r g e v ge tation regeneration.

Research program s initiated und er thi s altern ative wou ld h e lp to id entify previously un n n r n n en es ou d k ow o u d ocu mented re s ource s related to the Coronad o expediti o . Ag ci c l n e e e focu s preservation efforts on protection of imp ortant arch eological sites . I t rpr tiv program s would help to red u ce vand alism:

Imp acts on Socioe con omic Environme nt

Re gionally coordinated research directed spe cifically toward the Coronad o entrada wou ld e to e m nat a s ou d o d e a u h lp li i e piecemeal and nonsystematic d ata coll ecti on . It l o w l pr vi v l a e new n o m a on to be n u d ed in an e en s e o e en d a a ase for on - e m u se bl i f r ti i cl xt iv , c h r t t b l g t r s en d u a n n f n w e u d enri the o onad o s s e o s a d s u d e s . s o e o e s s o by ci ti t , c t r , t t Di c v ry it w l ch C r d s or and o d e an m e u s for n e e e ed u ationa and s ent o ams . e o t y pr vi i p t i t rpr tiv , c l, ci ific pr gr R c r ing of traditional tribal histories of the entrad a and its imp act on Am erican Indians wou ld

“ d e an n o e i ed m o e a u a e e e on of the as . pr vi r ch , r cc r t p rc pti p t

Technica l as sis tance pro grams wou ld enabl e state and l ocal gov ernment agencies and pri a e ou s to d e e o u n ed a ua om e n n e e e o ams u s n e s n v t gr p v l p ifi , f ct l, c p lli g i t rpr tiv pr gr , i g xi ti g ns u a a e f r u e en u s as s i tit tions . While few er re creational opportu nitie s w ou ld be av il bl o ro t th i t an o e a e na es ou d o e s o s ou d a n “ an en an ed u nd e s and n and th th r lt r tiv w l ff r, vi it r w l g i h c r t i g a e a on of th m n h ppr ci ti e i porta ce of t e expe diti on .

A ctu al sites and artifacts are more compelling than are commemorative m arkers; the y sign if ' icantl m d es na e d ou o e the u a f s s e e en e . on e se a n a y i pr v q lity o vi itor xp ri c C v r ly, l cki g ig t t r ou e to o o s o s ou d a e d u e a n the enera ou e of the o onad o r t f ll w, vi it r w l h v iffic lty r tr ci g g l r t C r e e d i xp it on .

42 m no i kn an d o se a s o a u d n o ot attract s n an nu m e s of u se s, bu t i r Hi i g h r tr il pr b bly w l ' ig ific t b r r e ea ona o o un es a on os e a s ou d m n mm n r cr ti l pp rt iti l g th tr il w l co pleme t other co u ity res ou rces .

The identification of recreational or interpretive resource s on private land s could result in a oss f a f r m n n e a n f l o priv cy o so e la d owners . I t gr tio o American Indian interpre tive pro grams into this project w ou ld furnish a more factu al view of the entrad a and increase u nd erstand m f h 1 r l ' n o t e cu tu a i teraction . o e e s a e na e o a ou d esu in es s ma o g H w v r, thi lt r tiv pr b bly w l r lt l j r s ent es ea an u na ci ific r rch th w o ld alter tive A .

Use of existin g facilities for vi sitor contact and interpre tati on wou ld lessen costs associated

s a na men ou d . be es ns e t a n ed bu t d nat n f e e . e e o r o o o e s oo o o with thi lt r tiv D v l p t w l p iv l c l , c r i i man n e e s e d a s m b y i t r t p rtie over ti e wou ld e costly .

e e o men of o a n e e e o o u n es om ne d e o s to o e e s n D v l p t l c l i t rpr tiv pp rt iti , c bi with ff rt pr t ct xi ti g ‘ sites i d not be e e ed t ou d re5ult n e onom c ene s . o e e ese a ons ou o f , c l c i b fit H w v r, th cti w l xp ct make a major ' contribu tion to the economy of any area along the rou te or any particu lar s a d t n e e a on e . On a o a e e ns u ons or e sons n o e d in a es e a e o t t l c l l v l , i tit ti p r i v lv ctiviti r l t i t rpr t ti of th n e e trad a might bene fit economically .

A LTERNA TIVE C: INCREA SED NATI ONA L PA RK SERVICE INTERPRETA TI ON A ND C O MMEM O RA TI ON

Imp acts on Natu ra l an d Cu ltu ra l R e sou rce s

" Impacts on natu ral and cu ltu ral resources within exi sting park areas w ould be negligible

' " " und m n in n m au se m e ea and ea on cul er alternative C . S all i creases visitatio ight c or w r t r u a and na u a es ou es o e e mos a eas a on the ou e a e the a a to t r l t r l r rc ; h w v r, t NPS r l g r t h v c p city n accommod ate s om e increase d visitation withou t incu rring maj or resou rce d egr ad ati o . If new u n s e e add ed to th e na ona a s s em o e on of na u a an d u u a it w r ti l p rk y t , pr t cti t r l c lt r l esou An sa f r a new un ou d be add ess d in r rces generally w ou ld be increase d . y propo l o it w l r e a se a a n ama e t na u a and u u a e sou es ou s d e a p r te e vironmenta l d ocu ment . D g o t r l c lt r l r rc t i p rk a eas r wou ld continu e .

Impa cts on S oci oe conomic Environme nt

e e m be m od es n eases in s ion u nd e a e na e C su se uen e conom Th r ight t i cr vi itat r lt r tiv , with b q t ic ene s t a mm s a s men of new na iona a s s em un s ou d b fit o loc l co unities . E t bli h t t l p rk y t it c l emo e and f om o a tax ases bu t s m be a o se n ome om n eased r v l r l c l b , thi ight p rtly ff t by i c fr i cr u m x ase o s . e se and o ne s u e n and u s e s and the o a o e ta t ri Oth rwi , l w r hip, c rr t l , l c l pr p rty b ou d ema n es se a h m w l r i nti lly t e sa e .

mo e u n ed n e e e am u d be esen e d at low os to the u but A r ifi i t rpr tiv progr wo l pr t c t p blic, it w ou ld not be linke d as close ly to othe r nonfed e ral programs as the programs prop osed in o e a erna th r lt tiv es .

44 ‘ A LTERNA TIVE D : STA TE - C O O RDINA TED C OMMEMO RATION

Impactson Natu ra l and Cu ltu ral Re sou rce s

e na e ou d a e m n ma e e on na u a and u u a es u m Alt r tiv D w l h v i i l ff cts t r l c lt r l r o rces . S all increases in s a on to o a s es m be e e ed but esou es u n vi it ti l c l it ight xp ct , r rc wo ld ot be significantly af fected . a ma e s and n e e e a s d es ou d be u in e s n s - of- wa Highw y rk r i t rpr tiv w y i w l b ilt xi ti g right y .

Impacts on So cioe conomic Environme n t

Communiti es along the symbolic rou te prop osed und er alternativ e D might experience a mode s n ease in s a on and esu n e onom ene s bu t the enefi s t i cr vi it ti r lti g c ic b fit , b t would be o a and a a n n l c l spor dic . St te gover me ts would bear the cost of coordinating and administer in the r m m o a . e e os s ou d de ease ema n n os s ene a a g pr g Ov r ti , c t w l cr , with r i i g c t g r lly rel ted to e a emen f n e m r pl c t o i t rpre tive edia .

Research wou ld continu e to be limited and directed toward compliance with laws and regu ’ lations a e an a d n n r th r th tow r scie tific i qu iry into the Coronado expedition . Visitors travel experiences wou ld be enriched by available information presented in road sid e markers and m edia .

ALTERNATIV E E : NO ACTI ON

Imp acts on Natu ra l and Cu ltu ral R e sou rces

'

Unde the no - a on altem ative o e on of na u a esou es and s n an s or s es r cti , pr t cti t r l r rc ig ific t hi t ic it and a eo o i a esou es ou d on nu e to be une en and un oo d na ed and in mos rch l g c l r rc w l c ti v c r i t , t a ea e e ou d be few add ona r s funding and public ed u cation wou ld be inad equ ate . Th r w l iti l m a s on so s e e a on d e or ea ened or endan e ed s e es esu n f om i p ct il , v g t ti , wil lif , thr t g r p ci r lti g r n d evelopment activities or visitor u se in areas now managed by fed eral a d s tate agenci es . Archeolo gical site pre se rvation and na tu ral re source protecti on wou ld be related to owner s a e an n an e hip r th r th sig ific c .

e e ou d be no oo d na ed esea o e on s a a on or mana emen of a eo Th r w l c r i t r rch, pr t cti , t biliz ti , g t rch m and na o a e u ses and o a s es . n n t e u e t and a s l gic l it Sites wou ld co ti ue o b s bj ct o v li i ppr pri t , ’ resou rces c ou ld be d estroyed or irre trievably los t because the individual landowner s inter ' est in u e a d n o onad o s en ad a n ed resource protection cou ld be limited . P blicity r g r i g C r tr (li k to planned celebrations to commemorate the landing of Columbu s in the Americas in 1492) m en ou a e u nau o ed u ns en e o a on of s es and e os s e d estruc ight c r g th riz , ci tific xpl r ti it th ir p ibl

on as e as oss e t es ass on me an nd an and s . o e e su u a so ti , w ll p ibl r p A ric I i l H w v r, ch p blicity l u wo ld increase public awarenes s of the Coronado expedition and related sites .

a n und n and d e on a ous a eo o a o r ams ou d on nue to be bas L cki g f i g ir cti , v ri rch l gic l pr g w l c ti icall om an e a ons o u s n mon es and ene n o e sea un e a ed to o onado . y c pli c cti , f c i g i rgy i t r rch r l t C r Imp acts on S oci oe c onomic E n vironme nt

n e e e e o s a e d ou t on a o a as s ou d o u s on the o a o onad o esou e s I t rpr tiv ff rt c rri l c l b i w l f c l c l C r r rc , but it would be difficult for vi sitors to appreciate and understand the significance of the a e e d n nd h w d n l rg r exp itio a o it affecte i digenou s American Indians .

e for o a ac ons to o d e s o a es and n e e e o r ams the no a on Exc pt l c l ti pr vi vi it r f ciliti i t rpr tiv pr g , cti alte na e ou d a e no o e a e e on o a e onom es and o ne s or ans o a r tiv w l h v v r ll ff ct l c l c i , l w r hip , tr p rt

' n s m a of coordination of a eo o a and s esea ou d on i u e to tio yste s . L ck rch l gic l hi tory r rch w l c tr b t

o e a n e d u d an and or s o une en e sea . v rl ppi g, r n t, / p tty, v r rch

’ Visitors und erstandin g and appreciation of the significance of the Coronad o expe diti on

' ou d on nu e o e m e d and few d e e o d e ea ona o o un es oud be a a w l c ti t b li it , v l pe r cr ti l pp rt iti w l v il f r n n e e e o rams u d on nue to be o u sed on d e abl e o rou te e thu siasts . I t rpr tiv pr g w o l c ti f c wi ly j scattere d and Con flicting commemora tiv e sites instea d of actual entrad a sites .

H w Alternative E wou ld have minimal additi onal effects on land ownership and land u s e . o e e some s o s see n to e o e o en a o onad o ou e s and s es m es as s on v r, vi it r ki g xpl r p t ti l C r r t it ight tr p

a e and s e s e a on nd an a and s . priv t l , p ci lly I i trib l l

46 CONS ULTATI ON AND COORD INATI ON

CONSULTATION

Du ring the cou rse of this stu dy the National Park Service consu lted with the following agenci es and organizations:

o es e m n e US . e a e f r F r t S rvic , D p rt t o Ag icu lture S ou thwes t Re gional Office

Apache - Sitgreaves National Forest Coronad o National Forest

u eau of and ana men m n f h n e US . e a e o t e e B r L M g t, D p rt t I t rior Safford District Office

Sta te Historic Preserv ation Officers ona ansas New e o a oma and e as Ariz , K , M xic , Okl h , T x

Local Colleges and State Universiti es

About 60 experts in the stu dy of V azqu ez d e Coronad o and related 1 6th centu ry cultu re e e onsu e d d n h e e a s ud w r c lt u ri g t e hi story / archeology research for thi s proj ect . S v r l NPS t y team members attend ed a conference sponsored by the Panhandle Plains Historical M useu m in n n nad o a o e as in u us 1 990 to d s uss the o onad o ou e in a a ea . o o C y , T x , A g t i c C r r t th t r NPS C r

s u d eam e sonne a so a end ed a o onad o s m os u m in ons ansas in 1 991 . t y t p r l l tt C r y p i Ly , K , April

The National Park S e rvice published a new sle tter in A u gu s t 1 990 d escribing the stu dy and e ue n u s o n mee n s e e e d in r q sti g inpu t b e fore preparation of this rep ort . P blic c pi g ti g w r h l e em e 1990 in all five s a es at u son ona u nson ansas u ue u e S pt b r t t , T c , A riz ; H tchi , K ; Alb q rq , New e a as f on e n d en ed o u mon a oma and ma o e as . a o e o M xic ; G y , Okl h ; A rill , T x M j r r c c r i tifi d ur n s s o n n ud e d the ne ed to d o some n to omm emo a e the e ed ion the i g thi c pi g i cl thi g c r t xp it , e onom d e e o men o en a of a na ona a d sa eemen a ou the ou e of the c ic v l p t p t ti l ti l tr il, i gr t b t r t

e e d on and the need for m o e e d a eo o to on m the s or o d o . The xp iti , r fi l rch l gy c fir hi t ic c rri r draft stu dy rep ort was i ssu ed for pu blic review and comment in Septemb e r 1 991 .

American Indian trib es along the Corona do route and those with historic ties to land s crossed by the expedition were notified of the study during proj ect initiation and invited to a a in en ommen s e e e e ed om se e a me p rticip te public scoping me etings . Writt c t w r r c iv fr v r l A r an nd an rou s and a ona a e e e esen a es met e esen a es of ic I i g p , N ti l P rk S rvic r pr t tiv with r pr t tiv se e a es a n h n v r l trib lo g t e expeditio rou te .

PUB LIC COMMENT

In 1 91 mem e s f the d eam a end ed the onad o a m os um in April 9 , b r o stu y t tt Cor Tr il Sy p i ons ansas e e e esen e d nd n s of the na ona a s u d and the ommem Ly , K , wh r th y pr t fi i g ti l tr il t y c orative a e nat mee n w as s onso e d es . o e an 1 25 e sons a en d ed a lt r iv M r th p r tt th t ti g, which p r by the o onad o a ss a n C r Tr il A o ci tio .

47 The Coronado E x edition National Trail Stud and E nvironmental Assessment was a a a e for , p y v il bl

u ommen for a 60 ~ d a e od end n m 1 1 u mee n e e d e e e 30 99 . s e p blic c t y p ri i g S pt b r , P blic ti g w r h l in ea e e m e in e a s a ona 14 e sons a end ed a u New e o no rly S pt b r Si rr Vi t , Ariz ( p r tt ); G ll p , M xic ( a endan e ma o e a o se t a oma and on an a tt c ); A rill , T x s B i Ci y, Okl h Ly s, K s s

e e e e s e e e e ed m n w o d d ua s n u d n one om tw o e o e . e e as Tw lv l tt r w r r c iv fr i ivi l , i cl i g fr p pl A l tt r

e e ed om the - es d en of the o onad o a s so a on was e s a l s e d ea r c iv fr pr i t C r Tr il A ci ti , which t b i h rly in 1 991 and has a ma e 2 m m f th wh e e e s a s q pproxi t ly 05 e b ers . Six o e p eople o wrot l tt r l o h attend ed t e public me e tings .

en ommen s ame om five s a e a en es ee ed e a a en es one me an Writt c t c fr t t g ci ,thr f r l g ci , A ric w n d an e and one mu seu m . e on as e e ed a had een s n ed e ese a In i trib , A p titi r c iv th t b ig by r pr t tives of am e s of ommer e m six un in n r na ch b r c c fro co ties sou ther A izo .

“ o h. at u me e n s and in en ommen s s en men was s r on e essed in B t p blic ti g writt c t , ti t t gly xpr favor of including Mexico in j ointly condu cte d re search on and commem oration of the Coro n nad o Expe ditio . Archeolo gi sts working in Arizona expre ss ed Opini ons that accu rate d eter mina ti on of the rou te insou thern A rizona d ep end s on nee d ed rou te res earch in M exico . Alternative A (Coronado Exp e dition Research C ommi ssion) has b een revi sed to inclu d e the on of e m n esea on the e an se on of the ou e s es ea ou d s ed Opti p r itti g r rch M xic cti r t , if thi r rch c l h n the n d The n od u on to the se t n on a e na e s has een light o U ite State s section . i tr cti c i o lt r tiv b ' rewritten to inclu d e consid erati on of joint comme moration with the M exican gov ernment n a d eo e e a d es s of the a e na e . p pl , r g r l lt r tiv

The map sh owing the - zone of possible rou tes was criticize d as having placed too much m ai n a ma has een m od ed to e m na e some e ph s s on u certai nty abou t the rou te . Th t p b ifi li i t ' h d ma ou e s a a re enerall discre dite d amon the a a d em c omm u n . On t e e s e r t th t g y g c i c ity r vi p, the ou es of d e en e e d on rou s a re d e en a e d as are the ou o n and e u n r t iff r t xp iti g p iff r ti t , tg i g r t r rou te zones .

Alternative A was the alternativ e mos t frequen tly m en tioned as favored in letters and public mee n mm n a a e na e was e e ed ti g co e ts in su pport of a particu lar alte rn ative . Th t lt r tiv pr f rr by 12 of 26 persons who sp oke at p ublic meetings (6 of those speakers also wrote le tters in a o of the a e na f v r lt r tive) .

Twelve le tters receiv e d favored Alt ernativ e A; six of those we re from pers ons who also s e at u m me e e s e s e a ose r om o onad o s o a - m en one d o ee n s . o p k p blic ti g S l tt r , p ci lly th f C r ch l rs ti s e e u em en s a the e s s a d s ou d a to an e sea omm ss on s u a s p cific r q ir t th t writ r i h l pply y r rch c i i , ch international inv olve ment with M exico and . a life s p an of more than five years for the c om m m r a e a s f esea me od s s s on . o e a s o mad e s e e omm end a ons for es o o i i S l p cific r c ti typ r r rch , th e s ea e s should network me od s o f s a n the omm ss on and nd s of ex by which r rch r , th t ffi g c i i , ki e se mem e e na e has een e en to e e man of ose p rti b rs shou ld have . Alt r tiv A b r writt r fl ct y th ommen s o e e d e a ed e s ons a e not een n ud e d for s e e s of c t ; h w v r, t il pr cripti h v b i cl p cific typ expertise of commis sion memb ers or res earch ers or for sp ecific makeu p of the commission .

The on u s ons e a d n na na a e i e e ene a a e ed a ou disa c cl i r g r i g tio l tr il lig bility w r g r lly cc pt , lth gh p o n men wa s e s and ommen s did not ad d ess a ss ue bu t p i t t s often expresse d . M o t le tt r c t r th t i , n One com fou r le tters and tw o meeting participants emphatically agr eed with this d e ci si o . ‘ menter re eatin at a u meetin the ommen s a so mad e in a e e a reed the , p g p blic g c t l l tt r, g with

48 nd n bu t ed the a ona a s s em e a as e n d e en fi i g, criticiz N ti l Tr il Sy t Act crit ri b i g fici t to cope with " ’ f s na u e Tw a trail . o eo e sa d e o thi t r . p pl i th y th ou ght th ere w a s no reason B olton s rou te for the Coronado exp edition cou ld not be d esignated as the nati onal historic trail (one rep eated ou in n and one e son sa d the a ona a e e u d de a e the this th ght writi g) , p r i N ti l P rk S rvic co l sign t s o a ou e e au s e se e a of the o os ed ou es e e for the mos a d en a hi t ric tr il r t b c v r l pr p r t w r , t p rt, i tic l or ve ry close .

A petition from six ch amb ers of c ommerce u rged the National Park Se rvice to d e signate the ou e u the San e d o a e in na as a f a na na a o in a u mee n r t p P r v ll y Arizo p rt o tio l tr il . B th p blic ti g and in n the e s d en of the o onad o a ss o a on was a of the o ess writi g, pr i t C r Tr il A ci ti critic l pr c u sed to d e e m ne the e n a t r i xp editi o rou te d u ring the hi story s tu dy phase of this proj e ct . Th t ommen e su es e d a nee d f r m The e find c t r gg t o ore effe ctive networking of s ch olars . ligibility in is ase d on the a ona a s s em and no an es a e een made to a g b N ti l Tr il Sy t Act, ch g h v b th t s e n f the e Th has ctio o r p ort . e su gge s tion for b etter networking du ring s tu dy of trail history een n u d e d in e na b i cl Alt r tiv e A .

C ommen ts were re ceive d re gardin g the re lationship of A merican Indians with re search on and omme m a n f h mmen s m me an nd an rou s su o e d c or tio o t e exp e dition . Co t fro A ric I i g p pp rt ommemo a on of the e ed on as a s n an s o e en o d ed me an nd an c r ti xp iti ig ific t hi t ric v t, pr vi A ric I i r es and an The un a oun t ib org izations wou ld be inclu d ed a s partners or consu ltants . Z i trib l c cil expre sse d con cern over p otenti al conflicts with religiou s site s and impacts of tou ri sm . Trib al officials expre s se d th eir d e sire to b e consu lte d early sh ou ld any action be taken lead in t a n N mmen s e e e e ed in g o le gisl tio or implementation of any alte rnativ e . o co t w r r c iv n opp ositi on to commemoration of this exp edition b e cau se of its e ffects on American India s . o e e the s u d eam is a a e of the u en on o e s su ou nd n the Co u m u s H w v r, t y t w r c rr t c tr v r y rr i g l b r uincentenar and me an nd an u u e The s u d e o e e s the e a q y A ric I i c lt r s . t y r p rt r fl ct vi w th t comme mora tion o f the Corona d o exp edition shou ld inclu d e recognition of all aspects and vi ewp oints of the intera ction b etween the Sp anish and American Indian cu ltures and the su se u en u i b q t c ltu ral d evelopment of the reg on .

a e t f os add ons and o e ions to the e su A v ri y o other comments were re ceived . M t iti c rr ct t xt g es e d in mm n few ommen s e e mad e on g t co e ts were inclu d ed in the final stu dy repo rt . A c t w r a e n a e s e an n One a en a o e d e na e s a e - oo d na e d lt r tiv oth r th alter ative A . g cy f v r Alt r tiv D ( t t c r i t mm m Tw mm n s d n s n t a e na es na ona co e oration) . o co e ters expre se s tro g oppo itio o lt r tiv B ( ti l e a e o d o and n e ase d NPS n e a n and ommemo a on as e as to h rit g c rri r) C (i cr i terpr t tio c r ti ), w ll a e n a n nd su est ons a a e lt r tive D . O e p ers on su gges ted combining altern ativ es A a C; gg i th t lt r nat e s and C be om ined e e e e e d om one nd d ua and one a en . one iv A , B , c b w r r c iv fr i ivi l g cy N of the pe ople or agencie s th at commented said they were in favor of Alternativ e E (No n Actio ) .

' 49

APPENDI" B : POS S IB LE CO RONADO E"PEDITION ROUTE MAPS

53

APPENDI" C: CULTURAL S ITES

e e are nu me ou s 1 6 en u s es in a oma e as and ona a ene a lie n the Th r r th c t ry it Okl h , T x , Ariz th t g r lly withi ex e d on o do and a s o s on s m a i to s es d e e d in h es s t e na a es . o e e p iti c rri r th t h w tr g i il rit it crib rr tiv H w v r, ’ none of ese s es o e une u o a a eo o i a or s o a e den e of the ex d i n th it ff r q iv c l rch l g c l hi t ric l vi c pe it o s presence . The following lis ting is limited to sites in New Mexico and Kansas where the rou te is more precisely de ned and e e s es c an be m o e ose n ed th Co nad x n fi wh r it r cl ly li k with e ro o e peditio .

NE W ME" ICO

37 Hawikku un cin t C ola Cou nt . Hawikku is on a low mesa s e n n o the o LA , (Z i vi i y, ib y) tr tchi g i t Oj Ca en e V a e o e oo n the un n f h irr o o t e un R e Plu masano was . s a e e u li t ll y, v rl ki g j cti Z i iv r with h Thi l rg , g larl s a ed mason ue o on a ned e a s as man as 800 ooms set in e s do n the s o e y h p ry p bl c t i p rh p y r ti r w l p , ma n oo as e e e ix m u n e es ma u d a a ki g it l k if th r w re s or ore stories . Z i p opl y have occ pie this site s e rly AD as . 1 400 .

an s m ss on was es a s ed at Hawikku in 1 629 and a u and a u e e bu t the A Sp i h i i t bli h , ch rch fri ry b ilt th r , es s e e l e d s n wi h oo a e . Re u and s a ed 1 672 the u at Ha kku and t e ue o pri t w r ki l ft r b ilt t ff by , ch rch p bl se e e a an n d Mo of the u e and m ss on e e ex a a ed F ed e We it lf w r b do e after 1 680 . st p blo i i w r c v t by r rick bb i 2 m n w and ne a s ou ne fou nda od e n 1 9 . od a h i a u Lo s s o H g 5 T y t e site s huge rock rubble o d . t w ll tli ions and ooms of the u e o and e ode d ado e mou nds ema n om the 1 7 en u m ss on t r p bl , r b r i fr th c t ry i i u and n e n Hawikku was des a ed an NHL in 1 960 and is n u de d in the na iona ch rch co v to . ign t i cl t l

- historic landmark d ocumentation nomination for the Zu ni Cibola complex .

8758 Ke chib azwa uni ic init C ola Cou n . In un Kechibazwa means su m a e LA , (Z v y, ib ty) Z i, gyp pl c , m th is ue o a s o t d s an e eas of Hawikku o e s o on the ue o was u . fr whiti h r ck which p bl b ilt Th p bl , h r i t c t , o e oo th in h l n V a e The o a nu m e of ooms is e s ma ed at v rl ks e agricu ltural lands t e Ojo Ca ie te ll y . t t l b r r ti t

an w e e om 150 to 824 and the oom o s o m two or ee a as in a om ex s a e . y h r fr , r bl ck f r thr pl z c pl h p A sma on nuou s - na e 1 7 en u m ss on u a s a of La u s ma Con e on and an ll, c ti v th c t ry i i ch rch ( vi it P ri i c pci ) h Kechiba zwa ma a e associated convent of abou t five rooms occupied the eastern part of t e site . y h v

een 1 42 but s a - e ou ses e a s e esen n 8th or 9th en u o u ed om a ou AD . 5 b cc pi fr b t , l b typ h , p rh p r pr ti g c t ry da n u ns of s a e u e o and m ss on o u a on a e a so een ou nd nea the u e o . o o cc p ti , h v l b f r p bl T y ly r i thi l rg p bl i i om ex ema n hi wa w d na d an NHL in 1 974 and is n u d ed in the na ona s o i c pl r i . Kec baz as esig te i cl ti l hi t r c

andm - l ark d ocumentation for the Zu ni Cibola complex .

m 1 053 Kwa:kin:a un c nit McKinle Count . e e a mou nds and a few s a e ed e a LA , (Z i vi i y, y y) S v r l c tt r c r ic s e d s on a d e o e oo n the un Ri e a e ess an 10 m es e ond Hawikku ma the h r ri g v rl ki g , Z i v r v ll y l th il b y rk - " " a the s e of Kwa:kin:a . eis no n a ou s o n of the en an e a e, but is su es ed it Littl k w b t thi t w . tr c pl c it gg t th t oom o s e e a s n e s o on a ned e a s 1 86 ooms and e e o a o u ed a e r bl ck w r i gl t ry, c t i p rh p r , w r pr b bly cc pi ft r

AD . 14 00 .

9093 Halonazwa un i Mc Kinle Cou nt . Halona zwa red ant a e now no n as un LA , (Z , y y) pl c k w Z i u e Mod e n or ons of the ue o o is the on one of the C o a s es u en o u ed . P bl , ly ib l it c rr tly cc pi r p ti p bl HalonazvVa No are on the no s d e of the r e and the o de u e o Halonazwa: ou is on ( rth) rth i iv r, l r p bl ( S th) h T u u es a ou t e sou . he on a er od s es a e een om e e u ied a e u e o s th c t ct p i it h v b c pl t ly b r by l t r p bl tr ct r , lth gh some of the eo o a ex a a ons prehistoric walls may have been used in the mod ern pueblo . Arch l gic l c v ti

nd a e the mason ue o a e Was of su s an a s e e a s 575 ooms . a o u a ons i ic t ry p bl vill g b t ti l iz , p rh p r E rly cc p ti

e e o a 142 for Halonazwa No t . os d a AD . 5 1 27 for Hal na:Wa ou and ca . h r pr b bly p t ted AD . 5 o S th r h

e the u e o e o of 1 n u n e ea to de ens e mesa o s u n e o es Aft r p bl r v lt 680 a d their subseq e t r tr t f ibl t p , Z i p pl e u ned to Hal na he old m ss on of un u e o u l in 1 629 o zwa a andon n the o e a es . T , r t r , b i g th r vill g i i Z i P bl , b i t

63 as uned in 1 680 and e u se e a m in s u n a n n w b r r b ilt v r l ti es su ccee ding centu rie s . Thi ch rch co t i s striki g mu a s of u n e ious u es a n d w w Th r l Z i r lig fig r p i te by renowne d Zu ni artist Alex Se o te a . e pueblo is s ed o n the Na ona Re s f li t ti l gi ter o Historic Places .

’ 277 Ma azk a u n n 1 3 ts t Mc Kinle Cou nt . ou 2 m es eas of Halonazwa are the LA , y (Z i vici i y, y y) Ab t il t ’ ’ u e u n f Ma k h a of h n M zk a i n h s o ts az a e a s on e t e es t e u a es . ats a s s ua ed o t e r bbl r i y , p rh p c l rg t Z i vill g y it t to s des and a f , , b se o a a e no nea the u n R e . s ue o, ma a e een ol o p i ‘ l rg k ll r Z i iv r Thi p bl which y h v b p yg na in a d an ma e 1 m w 1 4 s e on a ne es d 90 oo s . as o u ed r om ca . AD . 00 . l h p , c t i ti t r It cc pi f

ma D n 492 K aki: oWa Yala ne c n McKi nle Cou n . s ou se of ea es is s ua ed on LA , y ( vi i ity, y ty) Thi h gl it t a s h f th a e d u n m n a n D a Yal nn in e d h i ee at t e as e o e s ou o a e . Set a o e o e t e s e s t p hill b cr Z i t i w pr t ct c v , it bounded on the north by steep cliffs and overlooks a broad plain where two canyons open into the Zun V a w w m u f n e l nea e . No n es of mason ru e K aki:ma as o a ade o a s i ll y o ly pil ry bbl , y pr b bly p i gl i r

room block bu ilt along a ridge with an adj acent square room block su rrou nding a d eep d epression . K was o u ed a te yaki:ma may h ave been only a single story in height with abou t 250 rooms . It cc pi f r

‘

AD 14 . ca . . 00

mem f the Co o 1 1 2 oma u e o oma C o a Cou n . oma was s s ed e s o LA , Ac P bl (Ac , ib l ty) Ac fir t vi it by b r r nad x e d at n so a e d mesa s n 7 ee a o e the a ns s u e o o e e d on in 1 541 . e o 35 p iti P rch p a i l t ri i g f t b v pl i , thi p bl

i - oma is one of the o d e s c on s about midway between Albuqu erqu e and the continental divide . Ac l t

tinu ou sl n a i ed se emen s in the n e d a es d a n a at eas a ousand e a s . Bu ned in y i h b t ttl t U it St t , ti g b ck l t th y r r 1 599 s mason ue o was a t a e u in the 1 600 5 and a a n a e 1 776 bu t is e al e ed , thi ry p bl p r i lly r b ilt g i ft r , littl t r _ om i B n 1 29 and 1 641 the ts e s o a a e oda s and n one to ee s o es . e ee 6 fr pr hi t ric ch r ct r, t y t i g thr t ri high tw ,

- ~ Th church of San Estevan was built along the sou thern edge of the pueblo by Fray Juan Ramirez . e u has een eno a e d se e a mes o e the su ee d n entu ies and s se es oma at ch rch b r v t v r l ti v r cc i g c r , it till rv Ac fes va time fMost of the com a nd ans ve in ou ying commu n e s on ue o and s bu t e u n to ti l A I i li tl iti _ p bl l r t r

' ' om a u f r m n n The se e a of the n e io d es na ed s is or ue o Ac P eblo o cere o ial fu ctions . cr t ry i t r r ig t thi h t ic p bl , an NHLin 1 960 and the u a a e m ess e exam e of an s o on a a e u e was , ch rch , l rg i pr iv pl Sp i h c l i l rchit ct r , added to n this listi g in 1 970 .

The narratives mention that expedition members saw a lake and marshy area somewhere between

Acoma and the Rio Grande V alley; this may have been the area that later be came Lagu na Pu eblo .

’ Man of the ue os a on the Rio and e and its u a es e e named Co onad o s rou and y p bl l g Gr trib t ri w r by r g p, on o as n m d an n m n d n u na e h s nomen a u e was ene a o e an n a es e e e a e . o cc i A ric I i w r r t i U f rt t ly, t i cl t r g r lly u nkn o n wa n t n n r a n e e en a eo o a s es or or s o u sed a e en adas . Co se ue o e o w by l t r tr q tly, c r l ti b tw rch l gic l it ex s in i t g pu eblos and th ose Coronado visite d is te nuou s and controversial .

Co onad o a om an ed 30 so d e s s ed the o n e o f Tu tahaco an a ea sa d to a e e r , cc p i by l i r , vi it pr vi c , r i h v ight

- a d a a e olo a s es . vill ge s . Schroed er (1 990) id entifi e s these village s as the foll owing present y rch gic l it

“ None of these sites has been evaluated for National Regi ster eligibility .

282 nna me d oc o r o ic nit oc orro Cou n . An u nname d u e o ru n in o or o Cou n LA , U (S r v i y, S ty) p bl i S c r ty consists of h ou se m ou nd s thought to contain abou t 1 80 rooms su rro u nding an Open rectangu lar plaza a en th t close s two kiva d epressions; middens and ou tlying rooms are nearby .

755 La dd d - ou sed ad o e s Canas ue o oc or o c ni o o ro Cou nt . Cons u e d of u e LA , P bl ( S r vi i ty, S c r y) tr ct p l c r b a few mason e emen s Las Canas ue o a om ex of oom o s ha d an es ma ed 200 with ry l t , P bl , c pl r bl ck , ti t

ooms . x n r E te sive looting and erosion h ave b adly d amaged this site .

- m 768 Al ado d e las Cana s ue o oc o o c n t oc o ro Cou n . nea e oo LA , L P bl (S rr vi i i y, S r ty) A li r, ight r masonr oo m o a s n le a e i a es of mason ru e and a sma o e s one en osu e y r bl ck, i g l rg k v , pil ry bbl , ll c bbl t cl r om r se s c p i thi pu eblo site .

64 283 E 1 B a ro ue o e m ta Soc o o Count . s sma a a ue o ons LA , r P bl (L i r, rr y) Thi ll pl z p bl , c tructed of cobble S ones and ado e and oss a a n d n o a ne a s e u a a . The t b ( p ibly j c l) , c t i i gl circ l r kiv site was completely des o ed a ra e tr y by g v l pit operation .

286 am o u e o stanc a A mill co a San cacia icin t oco ro ou n . LA , Al ill P bl (E i ) ( A v i y, S r C ty) This small Piro " " pueblo ru in s howing Spanis h architectural d etails consists of two L shaped house mound s around an o en a a and a m ss n r oss e o o a e s u u e . p pl z , p ibl i i ch p l tr ct r

287 Ce rro ndio u e o nd an il l u e o San cac a c n ocorro Cou n . LA , I P bl (I i H l P b ) ( A i vi i ity, S ty) Another Rio ande V a e o s e o u e d d u n s me but not s ed oed e s o ue o Gr ll y Pir it cc pi ri g thi ti ( li t by Schr r) , thi Pir p bl , s ua ed on a u e o e oo n the Rio ande is a a e s n e a a - e ue o w an it t b tt v rl ki g Gr , l rg i gl pl z typ p bl ith estimated 1 1 7 ooms a ou s ou t a d n m n r with v ri c r y r e closures . This co plex is arra ged in a rou ghly rectangular a ou . s n e i a and a nea oom o a ea in the a a and ano e nea oom o l y t A i gl k v li r r bl ck pp r pl z , th r li r r bl ck lies he sou to t es . e e a a me n a a ar n thw t S v r l c tch t re s e earby .

778 u e lo San Franc sc o La o a icinit Soco ro Cou nt . The u ns of ue o San F an LA , P b i ( J y v y, r y) r i P bl r cisco ons s of a o e mason ou se mound s u u es and an asso a ed s a e of u u a de s . c i t c bbl ry h , pit tr ct r , ci t c tt r c lt r l bri

774 Se ville ta ue lo La o a c nit oc o o Coun . evilleta su osed was named for the LA , P b ( J y vi i y, S rr ty) S pp ly m n w ese a ou s da u s an . andoned ea in the 1 7 e ntu s ue o as ed in the 1 6305 f A l i city Ab rly th c ry, thi p bl r ttl , and a ri a n a w u th B o u l e e . s e as f ry a d church d edicated to St . Lo is e ish p were b i t h r Thi vill g visited by a number of 1 6th and 1 7th centu ry Spanish expeditions and became a stopping point for travelers on the Cam no R a Th m w n n in an e n m the ue o Re e ss on as a a d o ed 1 680 . s e o o sou i e l . i i b Sp i h fl i g fr P bl v lt ght e in 1 u d n a ma l fu e e e as e mo e d s . Th an s eo u e d the s e 800 s a ou e e . r g h r th y v th Sp i h r cc pi it , b il i g ll vi l g oda the u ns ons s of n ne mason ou se o s and ee as and m dd en a eas a on w T y r i c i t i ry h bl ck thr kiv i r , l g ith The s e e a ns a d e r ee of n e a a e u oss e on en o and o a om ou nd . ch p l, ch rch, p ibl c v t , c rr l c p it r t i high g i t grity nd a ea n ha n en a ua ed for Na ona Re s e e l a s s an a ou s ot e e . it pp r highly ig ific t, lth gh it b v l t ti l gi t r ligibi ity

As d e s i ed in the Co onad o ex e d on nar a es the o n e of Ti uex ons s ed of a roxi cr b r p iti r tiv , pr vi c g c i t pp ma e 1 2 to 14 a e a es n a few ea ues of one ano e a ou a on e e s de of the t ly l rg vill g withi l g th r, b t h lf ith r i

Ri and n f he a- s ea n ue o nd ans an o e . s o n e e e sen e d the sou e n d s o o t Gr Thi pr vi c r pr t th r ivi i Tiw p ki g P bl I i , area that encompassed both side s of the Rio Grande from near pre sent Los Lu nas to the vicinity of mode n Be na The o o n d s uss on n udes ma o a eo o a ue o s es no n to a e r r lillo . f ll wi g i c i i cl j r rch l gic l p bl it k w h v

n - The ma o of ese s e s are s ed on the a e Re is e of bee occupied during the mid 1 5005 . j rity th it li t St t g t r

“ s o a Mos of the s es not u ren s ed on the Na ona Re i s e of s ori a es are Hi t ric Pl ces . t it c r tly li t ti l g t r Hi t c Pl c being evalu ated u nd er a proposed thematic nomination .

50249 u e lo Casa Colo ad o u n icinit V alenC1 a Co un . s mass e om ex the a es LA , P b r (T r v y, ty) Thi iv c pl , l rg t ms o n u e o r u n in the ou e n a D s on a ns an es ma e d 500 ou nd oo oo . kn w p bl i S th r Tiw i trict, c t i ti t gr fl r r ndan a a s of a and Bu of u dd e d ad o e the u e lo was o a mu s o ed . u ilt p l b , p b pr b bly lti t ri Ab t rtif ct rich ar ed na u e su es s s e is one of the mos m o tan u tu a o e t es in s a ea and is v i t r gg t thi it t i p r t c l r l pr p r i thi r , it n co sidered potentially eligible for the National Regi ster .

951 Los e nte s ue o Los u nas c n t V alenc a Cou nt . s u n s e was o a an LA , L P bl ( L vi i i y, i y) Thi r i it pr b bly ea om n u and a n lot a e een u l o e the ue o rly c po ent of nearby site LA81 . A ch rch p rki g h v b b i t v r p bl

' u n - me n om ex ou r an u a in s . Los en es was ea a u dd ed ou sed ad o e a a r i L t cl rly p l c r b p rt t c pl , r ghly t i g l r

- s a e and it o a did not on a n mo e an 1 00 ound oo ooms . e e a ea to a e een h p , pr b bly c t i r th gr fl r r Th r pp r h v b two d s n o u a ons of the s e— e s o a and du n the e od 1540— 1 580 e a s as a e i ti ct cc p ti it pr hi t ric lly ri g p ri , p rh p l t 1 2 as 6 9 .

' 65 - - 81 B e u i Tu a Los unas c n V a e n a Co un . r na s ue o ons s e d of a LA , j y ( L vi i ity, l ci ty) O igi lly thi p bl c i t a e a a and an ad a e n e an u a hOu se o a ou 500 ou nd oo ooms o a of l rg pl z j c t r ct g l r bl ck ( b t gr fl r r ) , pr b bly

u dd e d - ou e d ad o e in a a m M s f h ha n d p l c rs b p rti lly u ltistoried construction . o t o t e site s bee d estroye by ana and e ee ons u on but the a undan a a mnan f u su a a u s su es e s o s e e es . c l l v c tr cti , b t rtif ct gg t r t b rf c f t r

953 V a enc a ue lo n t o f e a ta V ale nc a Cou n . m od e n u and es den es LA , l i P b (vici i y P r l , i ty) A r ch rch r i c m n n The u a e een su e ose d o s u e o u but d ee u ed s ru u es ma e ma n . e o h v b p ri p thi p bl r i , ply b ri t ct r y r i p bl a ea s to a e ee a a e mu s o ed u dd ed - ou se d ad o e a a men om ex o e n a pp r h v b n l rg lti t ri , p l c r b p rt t c pl c v ri g

f r x i V d Be - ui Tu - a are o ons d e d o a a ea o a o matel 75 s ua e me e s . a en a an e t t l r _ pp y q r t r l ci j y b th c i r n a h n R pote ti lly eligible for t e Natio al egister .

724 s e a ue o u u e r u e ic n t B em alillo Cou nt . s e a mean n s e om e s rom LA , I l t P bl ( Alb q q v i i y, y) I l t ( i g i l t) c f the lo cation of the village (b e fore the Rio Grand e ch ange d its course) on a d elta or island betwe en the s a s i and on or e ose to the bed of a mou ntain stream and the river . Thi vill ge supposedly t ll st s v ry cl

' w i u and on en e e e e ed a ou site oc c u pie d hen Coronad o visited this area n 1540 . A ch rch c v t w r r ct b t ’ ~ 1 680 Is e a s o u a on was s e ed e u ees om o e u e os a had een 1 613 . o to Pri r , l t p p l ti w ll by r f g fr th r p bl th t b w an se l e u m th e o R at s e a . The u e o as attacke d by Apach e s . Sp ish tt ers took r f ge fro e Pu bl evolt I l t p bl aband one d eo u ed and a u ed Otermin and the nd ans e e a e n to El aso and re , r cc pi , c pt r by , I i w r t k P

m a m d at h ne il a e ca . 1 709 and e e e se ed e e . a e ed ua a es e sse e t e u d ttl th r Sc tt r Tig f ili r bl r i v l g , th y w r B 1 944 the o u a on of the u e o joined by many others who had fled to Tu sayan in Arizona . y p p l ti p bl

s u was add e d to the a ona Re s e in 1 975 . had increase d to persons . Thi p eblo N ti l gi t r

274 and a ue o l u u e u e n and o a Cou n . The ua ue o of and a an LA S i P bl (A b q rq vici ity, S v l ty) Tig P bl S i (Sp x f s ish for watermelon) is the su cce ssor of one of the t owns of the province of Tigu e o Coronado . Thi In 1 640 s e was the Na e a o f na e in 1 598 and e ame the sea of the m ss on of San F an s o . it p y O t , b c t i i r ci c h h m f h u o ad n has a and a ad an ex e e n u a s a . t e e o t e e o e o S i c ll t ch rch with vi it At ti P bl r v lt, tr iti it th t ’ min d e r e d the ue o in 1 681 man of and a s es den s fle d to the o Mesas in A ona . Oter s o y S i r i t H pi riz t y p bl , w n nd n of the m ss on the bu t as e u ne a its esen s e in 1 748 F a Menchero . O e ou it r b ilt r pr t it by r y r f i g i i ,

- name wa s Ch anged from San Francisco to Nuestra Senora de los Dolores .

2265 C am sa l u ue u e B e m alillo Cou n . s mu om onen s e on a ns e d en e of LA , h i l (A b q rq , ty) Thi ltic p t it c t i vi c

an a a e n a 720 B C is o e a d a e o u a ons AD . 800 ou m s d a to c . Arch ic c p it ti g , which v rl i by l t r cc p ti ( thr gh 1 650 and a fter E xcavation of some of the ru ins in 1979 - 81 revealed a v ertical seri es of room

o s Wo a eas a as ea s s o a e s s ado e m x n s a e anne s and u ia s . s bl ck , rk r , pl z , h rth , t r g ci t , b i i g pit , w t r ch l , b r l Thi ’ u e o m a a e e en one of the a e a ue os d s u sse d in Co onad o s na a i es and is p bl y h v b l rg Tiw p bl i c r rr t v , it potentially eligible for the National Register as part of a proposed district (the Lo s Ranc has National Re i D g ster istrict) .

71 m u nd s f s u e o s e 6 u e o Mai u a ame d a V c n B em alillo Cou n . The low o o LA , P bl g (Al i i ity, ty) thi p bl it ,

has ee n sec e d a roa d ons u o n on a n ad o e and s one u e and a few ar a s . which b bi t by r il c tr cti , c t i b t r bbl tif ct The Na i n t o al Register status o f this site has not been determined .

421 a m e d a c oo i e ame d a c n t B em a lillo Cou n . s ri a e o ne d s e has LA , Al S h l S t (Al vi i i y, ty) Thi p v t ly w it e e n In an a se 421 a riou sl id e n i ed as San Mattheo Pu ara or the a m e d a u e lo of 1 680 . b v y t fi , y , Al P b y c , LA w as o ne o f the historic Tiwa pu eblos occupie d into the historic period and probably into the e arly 1 60 m n f w o e ds 05 . The ou nd s ma in the s te e e au ed a a for oad fill and od a o a e s rk g i w r h l w y r , t y ly p t h r ma r i ts a i for the Na ona Re is e . o o n . owe e the s e is onsid e ed o en a e i e k l c t H v r, it c r p t ti lly lig bl ti l g t r

290 Alam e d a San ta Catalina Los u a o o e s c n of a m e d a B e m alillo Cou n . 290 LA , / / G j l t (vi i ity Al , ty) LA , has e e n ariou s id en i ed as the w a u e o o f ame d a an a Ca a na or Los u a o o es b v ly t fi Ti P bl Al ; S t t li , G j l t u o 1 9 2z7 Remnan u f ad o e and stone lie u r ed enea (Sc rl ck 8 ) . ts o f this large m ultisto ried p eblo o b b i b th mou nd s of ea som n The s e has een se e e d ama ed rth e distance from the Rio Gra d e . it b v r ly g by and a s and its Nati in d ona Re s e eli i i i is u nd e e m e . v l , l gi t r g b l ty t r

66

as de os ed and the n e io ea s a ea s the am w as o u ed in o d ea e for a tr h p it i t r r h rth , it pp r c p cc pi c l w th r

lOn e i d of me . C oss o o s e e u n The u s of th s o ha n fairly g p r o ti r b w b lt w r fo d h ere . e e cro sb w s bee docu h n 1 n n mented for t e Coro ad o e ntrada . (It 5 u k own wh ether Onate o r oth er Spanish entrad as u se d the B au se na m d a on he Ri oss o . e e a e t o and e for a e s o t me and in the su mme cr b w ) c O t c p l g Gr v ry h r ti , r me it is su es ed a s s e m a e een asso a e d the Co onado ex e d ion V e a ti , gg t th t thi it ight h v b ci t with r p it ( i rr s s e is o en a el i e for the Na na R Thi it p t ti lly ig bl tio l egi ster .

1 87 Kuaua u e o B e n a o V n a n do a Cou n . Kuau a ou some to be Ti uex LA , P bl ( r lill ici ity, S v l ty) , th ght by g

o is oca ed at Co onad o a M n m n Ku au a was x a e in 1 4- in n or Mo e o u e . e a d 93 36 a a tem to h , l t r St t t c v t t pt rm ne he e Co onad o had n e d m 1 4 4 1 had o m d e e e e e 5 0 . s a e u e o o e o s t i w th r r wi t r th r Thi l rg p bl v r r , a and as it K w 3 a s 7 s u dd e d ad o e a s o a e e se e a s ori es . u aua as oc cu pl z , kiv ; p l b w ll pr b bly w r v r l t high h h r r pied from t e 1 3005 to t e ea ly 1 6005 . This pueblo is best known fo the fre scoes painted on the f Ki a in th a i a o d a e he nad e x n a n n a s o 3 e sou a . s s s t Co o o ed o ee u w ll v , th pl z Thi k v p t t r p iti , h vi g b b ilt mew e e a ou nd 1 600 and a and on d not t n Kuau a ma a e een the ue so h r r b e oo lo g a fterward . y h v b p blo ' d na d m in h - i n h Na na R s e . be siege by Coro o s ar y t e winter of 1 540 41 . This site s listed o t e tio l egi t r

“

325 500 501 a n d 502 nnamed u e o u ns o m e x e nal o ni and o a Cou n . LA , , , , U p bl r i c pl (B r ill vici ty, S v l ty) F s d es e d in 1 882 e se s e s e e s ua ed on the es an of the Rio and e som e d s an e ir t crib , , th it w r it t w t b k Gr i t c m n n sou of the u ns of Ku au a . n o u na e e a e ee n o e a ed d u a d oad con th r i U f rt t ly, th y h v b blit r t by pi g r Th n m n stru ction . e ru i s co plex co sisted o f h ou se mou nd s of ad obe and ru bble constru ction and enclosed plazas or cou rtyard s .

l Zia u e o Zia and a ou n r l Zia wa d ed the an a d s as 384 O d o C . C a o O d s es LA , P bl ( , S v l ty) hi crib by Sp i r

f m - n ma es of a ne a e u e o o o e an two and t ee s o e d ou ses a d e a as . st fi , l rg p bl r th hr t ri h ight pl z E i t n in 1 40 an e rom t for th o na five an o ns o et e the p opulatio AD . 5 r g f o e rigi l Zi t w t g h r; by h n h m ss on and on en e e u at Zia a ou 1 690 t e populatio ad dropped to less th an 300 . A i i c v t w r b ilt b t

' — The Zians o ne d the u R f 1 bu d id n t es s ees a s me n of a n s 1 61 0 1 61 2 . j i P eblo evolt o 680 t o r i t r t bli h t Sp i h In 1 6 Zia n h n n a Zia was a a e d and 70 u e in 1 681 . 88 s o O ose d t e a s a d a ea e r l tr gly pp Sp i h , y r l t r tt ck Zian e a n n w own w as u n a eme the su i o s bu t e soon s e e o a . ne e w r t k i t c ptivity A t b ilt r J z by rv v r , th y

’ ‘ n d Zi i i d n the The old u e o i u r u d d m d e n u ses . Za u e o s s e o retur e to a . p bl s s r o n e by o r h o P bl li t na R i Natio l eg ster .

The Coronad o narratives d es cribe a se rie s of pu eblos along the rou te between the Rio Grand e V all ey nd e h a V alle u e os of San Cris o a Sa n a os . ese u e os are ou to a e een t e s eo P c Th p bl th ght h v b G li t y p bl t b l, Ma os a e u The a s eo om ex e a n a d e r ee of n e ri s o e o and San a a o . rc , G li t P bl , L z r G li t c pl r t i high g i t g ty becau se they have not be en significantly di stu rbed by arche ological ex cavation or vand alism .

80 San C is o a a s e o in an a Fe Cou nt . San C s o a was an a e u e o d u n LA , r t b l (G li t vic ity, S t y) ri t b l ctiv p bl ri g the e od of an s ex o a on and ea se eme n and the an s su e se d the ons ru ion p ri Sp i h pl r ti rly ttl t, Sp i h p rvi c t ct of a 1 7th en u mi The me an nd ans of San C s o a w e e ma o a i an s in the c t ry ssion there . A ric I i ri t b l r j r p rt cip t da ue o Re l f 1 d n 1 2 and 1 the u e o w as ne e eo u ie d . o o o 680 . and one e e e 69 696 P bl v t Ab b tw , p bl v r r cc p T y the remain n s i clu d e d efensive works a nd ru ins of the mission and the pueblo .

98 San Ma Ma os is es ima e d to a e ee n c o n cos al ste o c n t a n a F e Cou n t . San LA , r (G i vi i i y, S t y) rc t t h v b

tinuou sl o u e d m 1 u n w as a and oned du r n the u e o Re o in 1 680 . y cc pi fro abou t AD . 300 til it b i g P bl v lt A m ss on was es a is ed at the ue o in he ea 1 6005 but the mer an nd ans o f San Ma os i i t bl h p bl t rly , A ic I i rc a e d a ma o o e in th R Mou nd s and a emnan s u to 6 e e e od n ou t of pl y j r r l e Pueblo evolt . w ll r t p f t high r i g the stream a s ue o is on the Na iona b nks are the only remaining visible remind ers of this site . Thi p bl t l Re i s e o f is o a g t r H t ric Pl ce s .

68 26 a ste o ue lo a steo c n an a Fe Count . a s eo u e o ma be e en o de t an LA , G li P b (G li vi i ity, S t y) G li t P bl y v l r h a a the a e a f he 1 Th the o e ue os in s a ea oss e nn n as e s o t 3 en u . e th r p bl thi r , p ibly b gi i g rly l tt r h lf th c t ry m na was s ed the Co onad o ex ed on in 1 4 s e t en a e d en ed as the u e o " e 5 0 . it , t tiv ly i tifi P bl i , vi it by r p iti Renamed se e a mes the ue o was no n as San u as en s ed in 1590 the an a d v r l ti , p bl k w L c wh vi it by Sp i r

' m s n r d e osa and as an a Ana en ri a e a ed e e in 1598 e e s a s n s o d s s . S , S t wh O t c ll th r whil t bli hi g i i i t ict A n w The few ea s a e its name was an e d to an a C u de a s eo a d a u as u e e . y r l t r ch g S t r z G li t , ch rch b ilt th r m e t an a F w r e s d en s of a s eo a a ed in the ue o Re o . e o d o e e e e e r i t G li t p rticip t P bl v lt Th y v S t , h r th y h n f h n h w ma ne d u n 1 692 e n the an s e u ned . o a e t e u o t e e u t e ue o no i til , wh Sp i h r t r Sh rtly ft r t r c t ry p bl , D s e nd man a d no n as an a Ma a was ees a s ed 90 ano nd an es d en s . eas a Co e s k w S t ri , r t bli h with T I i r i t i ch r i Th d m n s ed the o u a on and the few ema n n n a an s mo ed to an o Dom n o in 1 794 . e i i i h p p l ti , r i i g i h bit t v S t i g

s e ons s n of e od ed mou nd s is s ed on the Na ona Re s e s a e s n an e . it , c i ti g r , li t ti l gi t r ( t t ig ific c )

91 and 92 San a a o u e o a steo an a Fe Coun . The eas e n a of San a a o ue o LA , L z r P bl (G li , S t ty) t r p rt L z r P bl The wes e n a (LA 91 ) lay abandone d at the time of the Coronado expedition to the area in 1 540 . t r p rt The eas of the a e 92 on nued in u se d u n s me on to be a and oned in the 1 6005 . vill g (LA ) c ti ri g thi ti , ly b t u n was eo u ed the a e 1 6 en u and the an s su e sed ons u on of a a e r i r cc pi by l t th c t ry, Sp i h p rvi c tr cti ch p l a w a f h n M The n a an s a a ed in the ue o th t as visita o t e mission at Pueblo Sa arcos . i h bit t p rticip t P bl Re o of 1 680 and some me e ween 1 680 and 1692 e a and oned the a e and mo ed to a v lt , ti b t th y b vill g v n w a - The ons s f a u ne d a and mounds and de res e loc tion near pre sent day Santa Cru z . site c ist o r i w ll p s ons asso a d w u n m n u a of the s e is r a e o ned the e s i ci te with t o p eblos a d a issio ch rch . P rt it p iv t ly w ; r t

is n Bu f n n San a a o wa des a ed an NHL in 1 964 . o reau o La d Ma agement property . L z r s ign t

KANSAS

1 4R Malone i n n s n of C5 s e o s ici Ric e Cou n . s ea Bend s e s e ons , t (Ly v ity, ty) Thi Gr t A p ct it , c i ti g mou nds and u s e ed d e ess ons has een m a te d so onse a on and u i a on a it es . cl t r pr i , b i p c by il c rv ti c lt v ti ctiv i ou es e n e am s dat n e een 1 450 and 1 700 e e ou nd e e as was a un ue e os S thw t r c r ic i g b tw w r f h r , iq pip , p sibl om the M n n h 1 405 and e os a ea . The Na ona u seum o du ed m e d es s at Ma one i t e 9 y fr P c r ti l c ct li it t t l , the s e was a ed on the Na ona Re i in it pl c ti l g ster 1972 .

1 4 RC301 axm n man i i a Bend a si e ax cin Ric e Cou n . s a e a e s e of the e , S t (S v ty, ty) Thi l rg vill g it Gr t

s e on a ned man ass - o e ed od es and asso a e d a nume ou s a a s A p ct c t i y gr c v r l g ci t stor ge pits with r rtif ct , n u d n ar ou s ou es e n e am s d a n n On at eas two i cl i g v i S thw t r c r ic ti g betwee the 1 4th and 18th centu ries . l t o as ons a men s of u o ean a n ma e e ound in s o a e s in d e asso a ion cc i , fr g t E r p ch i il w r f t r g pit ir ct ci t with ea Ben ma n e d s e e a s . s s e was adde d t th n Now o a u d Gr t A p ct t ri l Thi it o e Natio al Re gister in 1 976 . t t lly r u a ion the s e has een x n d u ll e e s e c o ctors . c ltiv t , it b t iv ly g by s

1 4R 2 Ma o si C s e ons icinit Ric e Cou nt . The Ma o s s e is on a low d e nea the e , j r t (Ly v y, y) j r it ri g r Littl

ansas R e . Cu a ion has e e e d the sma mound a a e e a exam es of Ark iv r ltiv t l v l ll s th t m rke d the site . S v r l pl a n ma e e e o e ed rom s ea Bend s e s e a or ons of the s e ch i il w r r c v r f thi Gr t A p ct it by local collector . P ti it ex a a ed the n e s of Kansas e de d a ed e am s om the Rio and e a ea ma c v t by U iv r ity yi l gl z c r ic fr Gr r , which y a o d e e m na on of a u u a ono o n the e a B n ll w t r i ti c lt r l chr l gy withi Gr t e d A spect .

1 4 R K rm - C3 e it a es ite No . 1 ons icinit Rice Cou n t . e sen d a a u u a a es , H y S (Ly v y, y) Pr t y gric lt r l ctiviti

“ a e au se d m a s on mu of s s e n f l w m n a n ma o s s s o o ou d s on a n d e . C h v c i p ct ch thi it , which c i t lo g ri g h i il, a oo ed mau and o e u n ue a a s e e ound a gr v l, th r iq rtif ct w r f t this site by the landowner . 1 4RC8 o as s e ons n R e Cou n . One of the mos m o tan t o o is o ri s e s in , T bi it (Ly vici ity, ic ty) t i p r pr t h t c it Kansas the To as si e on a ned man IOW n ons uou s mou nd s and sma d e ess ons mar in , bi t c t i y , i c pic ll pr i k g the o a ons of su n an The a a e a e a e s . n emen of ese ea u es ea es the ou n es l c ti bt rr c ch pit rr g t th f t r cr t c cil circl , are des ed as o m n an a m n o n f r h am u nd at a n which crib f r i g i i g p i t o t e solstice . Cer ics fo Tobi s i clude a iou s a ed s e d s rom the ou es da n om th 1 n r Me a o e v r gl z h r f S thw t ti g fr e 3th through 1 7th ce tu ies . t l bj cts of E u o- me i an manu a u e n u de o e d u u a o e or ass e ad s a d ou e - o n e d awl r A r c f ct r i cl r ll t b l r c pp r br b , bl p i t , an an x B u a and n d a ad e . d s a e a e f a s u u n n n e ss e a o s o se a d o e a so e e ou d e e . bl l gl b ckl c gl , t rq i , b l w r f h r The s e e e ed se e e ex a a on the m n n n h The it r c iv l ctiv c v ti by S ith so ia a d t e Kansas State Historical S ociety . s a e of Kan as Th e a n f r h n d n n t t s purch ased this site in 1 981 . e ov r ll pla o t e site i clu es co structio of n e r e e and ese a en th i i t pr tiv r rch c ters; e site itself would be kept as a scient fic pre se rve .

I4 R an R m n n n C9 d 1 4 C1 2 the C. F . and au o so s e s o s t R e Cou n . Re u se , , P l Th p it (Ly vici i y, ic ty) f mou nd s and a e at h m m son an s a e s who s t e C . F . o son s e e e ex a a ed e e c ch pit Th p it w r c v t by S ith i r rch r , o a ed a ed ou n am f h — 1 n n i n n n es e e s o t e D. 1475 650 e od sed u e oa e s a d o l c t gl z S thw t r c r ic A p ri , i ci p bl p p , C a n m ou n e w a x a a ed at h i ail fragments 1 n direct association with abori ginal remains . A c cil circl s e c v t th au N x t the o as s e the au om son s e e om son s e the m son an in 1 967 . e o P l Th p it by S ith i t T bi it , P l Th p it e ma ns th a r in h ort ons of o s es are s in u n u a e d r i e l rgest p eserved site t e Lyons vicinity . P i b th it till c ltiv t De n l a n th o e n a to e d a ea d ea of as u e and , s e d s u a e o e to s ese s es e e p t r l pit i t rb c by c l c r , th it r t i p t ti l yi l gr t l s en n m ci tific i for ation.

1 4RC1 3 Ke m a e s no . 2 ons c nit R ce Coun t . ou all su a e eatu es a e een , r it H y (Ly vi i y, i y) Alth gh rf c f r h v b e ase d u on s s e o i ina on a ne d one of the a es and mos er ex n es r by c ltivati , thi it r g lly c t i l rg t t p pl i g circl

ou nd in th a B nd B ia ou nd e a e . f e Gre t e A spect sites . ur ls were f her s w ll

w m 1 4RC1 4 a o s te o ns n t R e Cou nt . Now in as u e and s a e s e as c o , T yl r i (Ly vici i y, ic y) p t r l , thi vill g it

The 30 - a e le tel ul a ed and a r u u a e a ed a o e ss a e ad a e d su a e ea u es . p y c tiv t g ic lt r lly t rr c , pr c th t r ic t rf c f t r cr . b an x ens on of site is situ ated on the high ground of a ridge paralleling a floodplain . It may e e t i 1 4R C3 .

- ma I4MPI a n C e e te Lin sb or i nit McPh e rs on Co unt . . . U dd en ound ain , P i t r k Si ( g v ci y, y) J A f ch il a m n s s e was o i na des r e d as 22 r or a d glass trad e bead s at the Paint Cre ek site in 1881 . Thi it r gi lly c ib l w m und n e n an a ea of a ou 30 a es the s e o o s e ed o s e d s a d d e s . Co litt r with p t h r lithic bri v ri g r b t cr , it a so in u we s e n o s e d s ou nd at a n C ee are d ata e for the 1 6 l cludes a cou ncil Circle . So th t r p t h r f P i t r k bl th

- centu ry: Some form al excavation w as done in the mid 1 9305 by the Nebraska State Historical S ociety .

Collectors h ave d one exte nsive surface gath ering and digging at Paint Creek.

1 4MP301 ar s C ee te nd s o V c n t McPh erson Cou nt . One of the no e nmos and , Sh p r k Si (Li b rg i i i y, y) rth r t

e s of the e a Bend s e s es the a s C ee s e is no ed for its a e e e mon a e . bigg t Gr t A p ct it , Sh rp r k it t l rg c r i l circl

This relatively undisturbe d site has gr eat potential for yielding important inform ation .

’ It is possible th at Corona d o s return route passed over what wou ld later become se gm ents o f the an a Fe a in Kansas la oma a nd New Mex o e au se o ou es a a en o o ed S t Tr il , Ok h , ic , b c b th r t pp r tly f ll w

' ear e m e an nd n e s e a ed to the Santa Fe a are d s u sse d in the Com rehensive li r A ric I ia trails . Sit r l t Tr il i c p

Management and Use Plan for the S anta Fe National Historic Trail; th ey will not be enu merated h ere .

70 SELECTED REFERENCES

B n o o e e . lt , H rb rt E ’

- 191 6 anish x loration in the outhwest 1542 1 706 . New o : C. r ne s . Sp E p S , Y rk Sc ib r

NM: W ese ouse and Uni 1 949 Coronado Kni ht o Pueblos and Plains. u u e ue , g f Alb q rq , hittl y H

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na In r lim n r tudi th T xa atholic istori al Co o d o na e and u a . e i a S es o e e s C r , O t , Q ivir P y f H c

— - l 2 . R m v 1 n w e e s vo . 7 So i t no . : l e 3 3 5 1 e n e d om Mid A erica o . 8 e s c y , (April) pri t fr , , ri , ,

n 2 . u n T" o . s : . d a d s n e s . A ti , St E w r U iv r ity

o d e F ede We d o H g , r rick bb, E it r 1 " — 895 The F s D s e e d C f m r n hr l i t ld e es 8 : 1 42 52 . o o C o a . A e ican A t o o o s o s ir t i c v r ity ib l p , ri , ( g

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Th Six f — — e C es o C o a 1 81 1 New Mexic i t ri al R iew 1 478 8 8 . 5 680 . o s o c ev iti ib l , H

’ In d — o u on to The ourne o Francis o Vaz uez de Coronado 1540 1542 eo e . tr cti J y f c q , , by G rg P W n i—xx a s . S n F an . s o: a o n ess . i hip, pp vii r ci c Gr bh r Pr

1 937 istor o Hawikuh N M x i - f h ew e o One o the So called Cities o Cibola. u l a ons o t e H y f , c , f f P b ic ti

F ed e We d . W seu m o e nn e sa u a ons Fu nd vol . 1 ou e s Mu r rick bb H g A iv r ry P blic ti , , S th t , L n os A gele s . F d od e ede i W . an d eodo e . e s o s H g , r r ck , Th r H L wi , E it r 1 907 The Na a e of the x ed on of Co n a an In i h o ad o ed o d e C s ed a . S an s rr tiv E p iti r , by P r t p ' lorers in th uth rn nit d t - x So e U e S at 1528 1 4 . N w a e n n e es 5 3 e o : C s e s o s . E p , Y rk h rl Scrib r S

’ Co onad o s Rou e oss the a ed a n Th W t T xa i t ri al iati n Y r r t Acr St k Pl i s . e es e s H s o c Assoc o ea B k 20 — 2 oo (October) : 3 0 .

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Na na D a m n n tio l Park Service : US . ep rt e t of the I terior " 1 98 Ca a f r m n 3 o ue o a s ans a d s e es om the an s e s ose . t l g p , pl k tch fr Sp i h Archiv , by J ph P 1 8 an a a n n R e n n o f an e . 9 3 s o e a s Co o a e sea C e e s S ch z Sp i h rchiv l pr j ct, Sp i h l i l rch t r, U iv r ity N w x e Me o u u e u e . ic , Alb q rq

1 987 A Preliminary Inventory of Spanish Colonial Resources Associated With National Park Service it and Nati n l i r n m r W n n a mm e e n e Un s o a sto ic La d a ks . as n o : ed es Co H hi gt U it St t itt , I t r na n tio al Cou ncil on Monu ments and Sites .

1 990a na a nd ex to a e Names for the Co onado a u d ose . an e A lytic l I Pl c r Tr il St y, by J ph P S ch z, l n W m B n n n a Re a Cen e n e s e . u u e a d a ou o . a s Co o se J rry L G r , illi r ght Sp i h l i l rch t r, U iv r ity f N w M x o e e ico,Albu querqu e .

1 990b H s o a D ona of a e Names Re a e d to the Co onado x ed on ose i t ric l icti ry Pl c l t r E p iti , by J ph

’ R Cen e . n d W a B u on . an s Co on a esea a e e . u u e an m o P S ch z, J rry L G r l , illi r ght Sp i h l i l rch t r,

n e s o f New Mex o u ue u e . U iv r ity ic , Alb q rq

‘ l 990c Draft Arch eological and Historical Re search on a Pote ntial Rou te for the Coronado

a me s e ose . an e e . u d D ane R od es o n C . a e a Tr il St y, by i h , J h P ig , J Iv y, J ph P S ch z, J rry L

d W m B n D n n Den e . u u e an a ou o . e e e e Ce e G r l , illi r ght v r S rvic t r, v r

1 99 Co on a 0d Co onado Bo on and the an s es ose . an e . an s r , lt , Sp i h Archiv , by J ph P S ch z Sp i h l i l

Re se a Ce n e n e s of New Mex o u u e ue . rch t r, U iv r ity ic , Alb q rq

1990e D t n e at ou eas Re ona e . eSo o National istori Trail Stud Florida . o H c y, fil S th t gi l Offic

Arch eolo gical and Historical Re search - ona Pote ntial Rou te for the Coronad o Trail

d Di n m e . an e e . u ane Rhod e s o C . a e a e s e os St y, by , J h P ig , J Iv y, J ph P S ch z, J rry L

d W am B n n e Den e . uru e an ou on . De e e e Ce G l , illi r ght v r S rvic t r, v r

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1976 ixt t Meso me ri an u d es no . 1 0 een h Centur Trad R ut in th G reater outhwest. S y e o es e S A c St i ,

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72 R e a r C o . il y, r ll L "

h n r ik K. R 1 1 x In lle ted Pa ers in o o o r eed. a e s of 98 Puaray and Coronado Tigue . Co c p f E P p r — the Archaeological Society of New Mexico 1 97 214 .

In outhwestern Culture istor : Colle ted a ers in onor The Location of Chichilticale . S H y c P p H Th aeo o i a o e f New d r d e d C a es . an e . e o o Albert H. Schroe e e f , it by h rl H L g Arch l g c l S ci ty — Fe : n en C ess . M x n 1 62 . an a e ico ( o . 53 S t A ci t ity Pr

R e d n n n Ca ro L. an M o . a so il y, r ll , J i L " - in h u es New Mexi o His 1 983 The Cibola Tiguex Route : Continuity and Change t e So thw t . c 4 — 4 e : 7 67 . torical Review 58 no . o 3 , (Oct b r)

an e ose . S ch z, J ph P — 1 988 The Rio Aba o F rontier: A Histor o arl Colonial New Mexi o 1540 1 692 . u ue ue j y f E y c , Alb q rq

NM: u ue u e Mu seu m . Museu m Mono a e ie s . u u e u e gr ph S r Alb q rq , Alb q rq

au e Ca t n S r, rl Or wi "

- 1 2 Th of al n a e s . Am i ana . Be e e CA: n e s C o s 93 e Road to C o a . Ibero er c 3 ib l rk l y, U iv r ity if r i Pr

T N M xi i t r R i w 23 he Discovery of New Mexico Reconsidered . ew e co H s o y ev e

Sixteenth Century North America: The Land and the People as Seen by the E uropeans. Be A e e C : n e s o f Ca o n a ess . rk l y, U iv r ity lif r i Pr

aue Ca n and Dona d B and S r, rl Ortwi , l r 1 930 ueblo ite in uth a t rn ri n e s f Ca o n a u a ons in eo o 3 P S s So e s e A zona. U iv r ity o lif r i P blic ti G l gy Be e e : n e s of a n rk l y U iv r ity C lifor ia Press .

o d e e e . Schr r, Alb rt H " 1 955 F a Ma os de N N w M x ic istorical Review a Co onad o and the a a ai . e e o r y rc iz , r Y v p H 0 2 — 3 65 96 .

F a Ma os d e N a Co onad and th a a N M i i t rical Review o e a . ew ex o s o r y rc iz , r Y v p i c H 31 24— 37 .

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u e os and on d in d oo e s o m u hwe t ed ed onso i . an es . o t s P bl Ab Hi t ric Ti S , it by Alf Ort z H b k of No mer n nd ans — 4 W Was n a m . u an ne a e d o . 5 . l a e e rth A ic I i i li G St rt v t, g r l it r hi g ton: m son an ns u on S ith i I tit ti .

’ 1 990 ome no es re Co ona Na ona a do s a . On e at Den e e e Ce n e S t r Tr il fil v r S rvic t r, ti l P rk Se e Den e . rvic , v r

e e to o n a e NPS u u s 21 1990 en os n no es on o a ion of Rio ande L tt r J h P ig , , A g t , , cl i g t l c t Gr u e o p bl site s .

73 u o Dan Com e Sc rl ck, , pil r

1 982 An s or a e o f Be na New M x an - 7 e o e o d e 6 7 . E x avations at Hi t ic l Ov rvi w r lill , ic , Sit LA c

‘ Nuestra Senora de Dolores Pueblo LA A Prehistoric Settlement in the Ti uex Province ( g , Ma M ae . NM: f s a . u ue ue e o Con a aeo o n e s by ich l P r h ll Alb q rq , Offic tr ct Arch l gy, U iv r ity f N w M x o e e ico .

Television Station KNME " 1 0 u r n m n 99 Co u us . e e s o o r am a e d on De e m 1 1 e 9 990 . u S vivi g l b T l vi i pr g ir c b r , Alb M ue u e N : KNM . q rq , E

da e a . U ll, St w rt L ’ — 1 84 In C onad F A n i M - r 4 il : 1 1 20 49 . 9 o o s oo s e s izo a hwa s a azine 60 no . 3 r t t p H g y g , (Apr ) ;

1 9 7 T th Inland m : r n n r d e n C NY: D u e d a . 8 o e ire Co o ado a d Ou S anish Le ac . a o E p p g y G r ity, bl y

V e a B ad e . i rr , r l y J

1 89 x e n - n n a x a o a o of n o 9 A Si t e th Ce tu ry Spa ish C mpsite in the Tigue Province . L b r t ry A thr l n 47 . an a Fe NM . o o o e no . 5 p gy t S t ,

We e Wa d o R. d l , l ’ 1 941 In ea f n n f u l rati n nd Fi ldw rk th mith S rch o Coro ado s Provi ce o Q ivira . Exp o o s a e o of e S

n In ut n 1 - n 7 74 . so ia stit io in 1 940 . , pp

’

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74

’ As the na on s n a onse a on a en the De a men of the n e o has es ons i i for ti pri cip l c rv ti g cy, p rt t I t ri r r p ib l ty mos of our na n is n udes os e n t tio ally owned public lands and natural and cultural resources . Th i cl f t ri g ise u se of our and and a e esourc es o e n our fish and ldlif e ese in the w l w t r r , pr t cti g wi , pr rv g en i onmen a and u u al a u es of ou r na onal a s and s o a a es and ro id n for the v r t l c lt r v l ti p rk hi t ric l pl c , p v i g

en o me n of i e . ou d The de ar men assesses ou r ene an d m ne a j y t l f thr gh out oo r re creation. p t t rgy i r l The re sources and works to ensure that their development is in the best intere sts of all our people . depar tment also promotes the goals of the Take Pride in America campaign by encouraging steward ship and citizen responsibility fo r the public lands and promoting citizen participa tion in their a The de ar n n mmuni es c re . p tme t also has a maj or responsibility for American Indian reservatio co ti an d for eo e who e in s and n m n a n p pl liv i l territories u der US . ad i is tr tio .

u i a on se es e e ro id ed Lou a man and nda Ru sso ed o s Be e Boec her sua P bl c ti rvic w r p v by L y Li , it r , v rly , vi l info ma ion s e ia s and oan uf isual n o mati on e n an of the Den e e e Cen e . r t p c li t, J H f, v i f r t ch ici , v r S rvic t r NPS D- l A Marc h 1992