Cristian Florentin Seinfeld, Utopia Postmodernă

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Cristian Florentin Seinfeld, Utopia Postmodernă Cristian Florentin Seinfeld, utopia postmodernă Introducere În acest eseu, propun o analiză cultural-interpretativă a serialului de televiziune Seinfeld, prin care încerc să evidenţiez cum reflectă filmul ideologiile dominante, construcţia „masculinităţii“ şi importanţa relaţiilor amoroase, dar mai ales modul în care se structurează relaţiile de prietenie, devenind forma specifică de „rudenie“ în mediul urban american al anilor ‘90. Ca metodologie, voi folosi „analiza interpretativă“, utilizată de Douglas Kellner, care subliniază importanţa contextul social şi politic în analiza produselor culturale şi studiul documentelor ca indicatori ai „răspunsului“ societăţii la produsele culturale. Context social şi cultură mediatică Începând cu secolul XX, odată cu masificarea societăţii şi dezvoltarea mijloacelor de comunicare, a apărut o nouă formă de cultură, denumită întâi „cultură de masă“, deoarece se adresa unei societăţi în care clasele s-au dizolvat într-o „masă“ omogenă de indivizi. „Şcoala de la Frankfurt“ (Adorno, Marcuse, Horkheimer) a denumit-o şi „industrie culturală“, pentru a sublinia criteriile comerciale după care era produsă. Produsele culturale mediatice „prezintă aceleaşi trăsături ca alte produse ale industriei de masă: sunt bunuri de consum, standardizate şi produse în serie. Totuşi, produsele acestor industrii culturale au funcţia specifică de a oferi legitimitate ideologică societăţilor capitaliste şi de a integra individul în cadrul stabilit de cultura de masă şi de acest tip de societate" (Kellner, 41). Douglas Kellner continuă tradiţia „Şcolii de la Frankfurt“, propunând termenul de „cultură media“, ca formă dominantă şi scenă a culturii în postmodernitate, imaginile şi celebrităţile înlocuind familia, şcoala sau Biserica ca promotori ai valorilor şi ideilor, propunând modele de identificare şi de urmat. Cultura media are aşadar o funcţie ideologică, construind semnificaţii ale comportamentelor, valorilor şi obiectelor, modelând aspiraţiile oamenilor. 1 D. Kellner propune o lectură politică a mesajelor mediatice, care să ţină cont de contextul social în care sunt difuzate. Analizând câteva produse culturale, autorul demonstrează că nimic nu este „inocent“ la televizor: un film poate răzbuna o înfrângere militară, iar un videoclip te învaţă că „a fi“ înseamnă „a părea“. Rambo, de exemplu, este văzut ca o expresie a "doctrinei Reagan", caracterizată printr-un „conservatorism revoluţionar, cu o puternică latură de populism conservator radical, individualism şi activism" (Kellner, 82), filmul transformând înfrângerea americanilor din Vietnam într-o „revanşă mediatică“ şi opunând, într-o viziune maniheistă, americanii cei „buni, virtuoşi şi eroici“ cu vietnamezii „duplicitari, laşi, manevraţi de sovietici“. Important pentru studiul nostru, Rambo este prototipul masculinităţii în anii ’80, semnificând forţă, virtute, curaj şi tehnologie. Alte produse culturale analizate de Douglas Kellner sunt cântăreţii de muzică rap – „voci ale negrilor“ în spaţiul american, Madonna sau serialul Beavis and Butt-Head. Videoclipurile Madonnei ne pun în faţa unei dileme centrale în postmodernism: cea a identităţii. În societatea contemporană, tautologia Eu=Eu nu mai este valabilă. Aşa cum vom vedea şi în Seinfeld, azi nu mai e suficient „să fii“, trebuie să ai şi o „imagine“, să joci un rol. Identitatea este un construct social, având în centrul ei „stilul“ – un fel de simulacru al eului – o sumă de norme, obiecte, simboluri, atitudini şi comportamente vehiculate de societate, pe care individul le „personalizează“ pentru a-şi crea imaginea dorită: „mesajul cumulat al Madonnei referitor la utilizarea modei şi sexualităţii este că poţi face ce doreşti, poţi fi ce doreşti. Construcţia identităţii unui individ începe cu vestimentaţia, cu «imaginea». (…) Această conexiune între imagine, modă şi identitate sugerează şi că identitatea individului este ancorată în aspectul său fizic şi vestimentar. Însă, aşa cum lasă să se înţeleagă vedeta, moda nu ajunge: individul trebuie să pozeze, să-şi compună o atitudine, să se poarte într-un anume fel. Modalitatea utilizată de Madonna este excesul, elementul şocant, forţarea barierelor şi încercarea permanentă de realizare a ceva nou“ (Kellner, 336). Un alt produs cultural analizat de Kelnner, semnificativ pentru schimbările sociale din America anilor ’90, este serialul Beavis and But-Head, promovând imaginea unor adolescenţi care „stau singuri acasă şi privesc la televizor, apoi devastează cartierul, oferind o viziune a societăţii marcate de familii destrămate, comunităţi care se dezintegrează, indivizi anomici, o societate lipsită de valori şi idealuri“ (Kellner, 177). Serialul are aproape o dimensiune distopică, 2 prezentând o lume fără autoritate parentală sau şcolară, educaţia fiind înlocuită de MTV. Nu este de mirare că acest „tineret postmodern“, cum îl numeşte Kellner, nu are nici un viitor cultural: „filmul prezintă dezintegrarea subiectului raţional şi, probabil, sfârşitul «iluminismului» în cultura media contemporană. Beavis şi Butt-Head acţionează în mod visceral la videoclipuri, rânjind la vederea diferitelor imagini, apreciind sexul şi violenţa drept «cool», în vreme ce orice complexitate ce presupune un act de interpretare este considerată ca «nasoală» (sucks). Lipsiţi de orice formă de gest cultivat, de judecată şi de raţiune, neavând nici un fel de valori etice sau estetice, personajele reacţionează într-un mod cu totul iraţional şi par să nu aibă nici un fel de abilităţi cognitive sau de comunicare (Kellner, 175). Relaţii sociale şi seriale americane Este important de subliniat, aşadar, că Seinfeld nu a apărut de „nicăieri“, ci într-un context specific şi în cadrul unei „continuităţi“ mediatice. Însuşi protagonistul, Jerry Seinfeld, este urmaş al unei lungi tradiţii iudeo-americane de comedianţi care au satirizat obiceiurile şi normele de civilizaţie occidentale (Lenny Bruce, Woody Allen, Howard Stern). Serialele de la sfârşitul anilor ’80 şi începutul anilor ’90 continuă problema „contrucţiei identităţii“ şi surprind – la un nivel mai profund faţă de Beavis and Butt-Head – schimbările sociale din America: dezintegrarea valorilor şi a familiei, „criza tineretului“ şi încercările de construire a identităţii şi de creare a unor norme de relaţionare care să înlocuiască familia tradiţională. Într-un articol intitulat „The Culture of Post-Narcissism“, profesorul Michael Skovmad, de la Universitatea din Aarchus, consideră că în serialele americane din anii ’90 – Cheers, Seinfeld, Friends sau Ally McBeal – temele „serioase“ specifice perioadei Reagan (Vietnam, drepturile şi libertăţile civile, cultura hippy) au fost înlocuite de o „cultură a narcisismului“, construită în jurul detaliilor mărunte ale cotidianului, preocupată de individualism, punând totul sub semnul întrebării şi refuzând angajamentele permanente şi stabile: „larger concepts such as «society», «politics», or «justice» are not totally jetissoned, but are seen as problematic, compromised as they by the rhetoric of the parent generation. Instead, there is a deliberate minimalism, where the emotional minutiae of the personal world are mignified into ironic proportion. All the characters are locked into (...) a powerful yearning towards and an equally strong fear against 3 «commitment» - to permanent relationships, to parenthood, to a sense of purpose beyond themselves” (M. Skovmad). Adevărat, toate aceste seriale sunt construite în jurul întâmplărilor, interacţiunilor şi relaţiilor cotidiene ale unor tineri de 20 sau 30 de ani, trăind separaţi de lumea părinţilor, într-un fel de grup post-adolescentin, cu care se identifică relaţionând permanent. În toate aceste filme, grupul ia o aparenţă de „rudenie“ şi exclusivitate, deoarece împart acelaşi spaţiu şi întâmplări, împărtăşind viziuni şi idei similare. În privinţa valorilor familiale şi a modului cum sunt structurate relaţiile de gen, serialele sunt diferite: dacă în Cheers şi Friends familia a fost înlocuită de prietenie, ideea de cuplu nefiind respinsă, iar raporturile de gen sunt aproximativ egale (în Friends, ca în Beverly Hills, existând o corespondenţă de gen şi relaţii între protagonişti), Seinfeld în schimb este „male-orientated“, comportamenul şi valorile definind o logică existenţială masculină, proiectul de familie sau de cuplu fiind repudiat constant. Dimpotrivă, Ally McBeal şi Sex and the City reprezintă versiuni feminine asupra identităţii de gen şi asupra relaţiilor cu sexul opus. Seinfeld şi comedia de maniere Deşi a fost deseori prezentat ca un „show despre nimic“, Seinfeld este despre foarte multe lucruri: probleme sociale, familiale sau de gen, stereotipuri şi atitudini culturale. Nu este de mirare că despre el au scris filosofi (Thomas Hibbs sau William Irwin – Seinfeld and philosophy), sociologi (Tim Delaney – Seinology, David Pierson), teoreticieni ai culturii ca Michael Skovmad sau autori de studii feministe (Joanna Di Mattia). William Irwin, în lucrarea sa, merge atât de departe încât îl compară pe Jerry Seinfeld cu Socrate, ambii având nobilul ţel de „a examina viaţa“ şi a-şi pune întrebări. Într-adevăr, Seinfeld pune în discuţie multe aspecte ale vieţii, unele chiar filosofice, dar sub o formă comică. Acelaşi autor îl apropie pe Kramer de Kierkegaard, prin stilul său de viaţă „experienţial“, neimplicându-se în relaţii sau slujbe „serioase“, fiind însă devotat eticii şi impulsurilor de moment. De asemenea, în aceeaşi lucrare, filosoful Kelly Dean Jolley compară preocuparea pentru „nimic“ din Seinfeld cu filosofia lui Wittgenstein despre importanţa
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