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REVIEW Agricultural, Forestry, Textile and Food Waste Used in the Manufacture of Biomass Briquettes: a Review

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REVIEW Agricultural, Forestry, Textile and Food Waste Used in the Manufacture of Biomass Briquettes: a Review Scientia Agropecuaria 11(3): 427 – 437 (2020) SCIENTIA AGROPECUARIA Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias Scientia Agropecuaria Universidad Nacional de Website: http://revistas.unitru.edu.pe/index.php/scientiaagrop Trujillo REVIEW Agricultural, forestry, textile and food waste used in the manufacture of biomass briquettes: a review Teófilo Espinoza-Tellez1,* ; José Bastías Montes2 ; Roberto Quevedo-León1 ; Emir Valencia-Aguilar1 ; Haroldo Aburto Vargas1 ; Dagoberto Díaz-Guineo1 ; Miguel 1 1 Ibarra-Garnica ; Oscar Díaz-Carrasco 1 Departamento de Acuicultura y Recursos Agroalimentarios, Programa Fitogen, Universidad de Los Lagos, Av. Alberto Fuchslocher 1305, Región de los Lagos, Osorno, Chile. 2 Departamento Ingeniería en Alimentos, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Av. Andrés Bello 720, Chillán, Chile. Received March 8, 2020. Accepted July 5, 2020. Abstract In recent decades there has been a considerable global increase in urban population, industrial productivity, energy demand, waste generation, and the emission of greenhouse gases from energy conversion. The agricultural, forestry, textile and food sectors generate large amounts of waste and their environmental impact has become a major cause for concern in societies around the world. Current efforts are concerned with maximization of combustion efficiency and energy-related processes in general by making use of industrial residues and reducing particulate matter. The present review addresses the availability of different types of biomass that can be used to produce renewable energy and focuses on agricultural, forestry, urban and industrial residues. It also provides a description of the physical and calorific characteristics of the various raw materials available for the manufacture of briquettes and other fossil fuel alternatives. Keywords: agriculture; waste; energy; biomass; briquette; pellet. 1. Introduction sustainable energy sources (Anggono et al., Social progress is based on the consump- 2018; Hernandez et al., 2015; Pandey, tion of large quantities of energy and most of 2019), a move motivated by growth in both this energy is obtained from the burning of industrial and domestic energy demand fossil fuels such as coal and oil. Globally, (Alarenan et al., 2020; Wu and Lee, 2020). 65% of all primary energy consumed comes Fossil fuel importing countries are becom- from fossil fuels (Arias and López, 2015). Alt- ing increasingly interested in reducing their hough these non-renewable forms of energy oil consumption (Musa et al., 2018), and have accelerated humanity’s technological states, industries and consumers must now development, they have the disadvantage of fully confront the need for renewable alter- generating environmental pollution (Sari et natives (Karner et al., 2017). al., 2019). Unrestrained consumption of The energy strategies of first world coun- these finite and non-renewable resources is tries now include projects to incorporate now driving a need for new environmentally first and second generation biomass into sustainable sources of energy. Examples of renewable energy production (Campuzano- these new sources include industrial resi- Duque et al., 2016). Biomass has become an dues which are not only renewable but have important energy resource thanks to its low the potential to replace fossil fuels (Ji et al., production cost (Amarasekara et al., 2017; 2018). In fact, in recent years, hydrocarbons Ludevese-Pascual et al., 2016; Manzoor et are increasingly being substituted for new, al., 2017) and its chemical, physical and, Cite this article: Espinoza-Tellez, T.; Bastías, J.; Quevedo-León, R.; Valencia-Aguilar, E.; Aburto, H.; Díaz-Guineo, D.; Ibarra-Garnica, M; Díaz-Carrasco, O. 2020. Agricultural, forestry, textile and food waste used in the manufacture of biomass briquettes: a review. Scientia Agropecuaria 11(3): 427-437. --------- * Corresponding author © 2020 All rights reserved E-mail: [email protected] (T. Espinoza-Tellez). DOI: 10.17268/sci.agropecu.2020.03.15 -427- T. Espinoza-Tellez et al. / Scientia Agropecuaria 11(3): 427 – 437 (2020) most importantly, calorific properties, and (Sawadogo et al., 2018) and charcoal (Riuji may constitute a viable alternative to coal et al., 2016). Briquetting results in a final for industrial energy generation and heating product that has a greater density than its (Balasubramani et al., 2016). Furthermore, a constituent materials. The process is also move to biomass incineration may help to re- known as densification and has several ad- duce overall greenhouse and acidic gas vantages. Briquettes offer a superior space- emissions (Kayo et al., 2016; Martinez et al., to-weight ratio than chopped wood or chips, 2020; Murphy et al., 2016). Such a change making transportation more efficient. Bri- would require adaptations to the energy quetting also reduces the moisture content supply chain in order to facilitate waste of the material to less than 12%. Briquettes selection, homogenization and storage in come in different shapes, but the majority order to ensure the availability of sufficient are cylindrical with diameters ranging from quantities to sustain the production process 2 to 20 cm and lengths of between 15 and (Balasubramani et al., 2016; Busov, 2018; 50 cm. The thermal conductivity coefficient Robles et al., 2018; Rojas et al., 2018b). As of briquettes is higher than that of wood: as such, protocols would need to be developed a compacted material, it contains less air, within the various productive sectors for which slows combustion. Heating potential recycling and the manufacture of new depends on aspects such as shape, mois- energy sources from the available biomass ture content, density, calorific value and (Ahmad et al., 2020; Jain and Kalamdhad, thermal conductivity coefficient (Martín, 2020; Jalgaonkar et al., 2020; Verma and 2014). Kumar, 2020). Different industries produce different forms of waste which may be suitable for the production of biofuels and the generation of bioenergy (Go et al., 2019). Waste from the agricultural, forestry, textile and food sectors can be used to manufac- ture biofuel briquettes (Hansted et al., 2016; Romallosa and Kraft, 2017; Vargas and Pérez, 2018), and experimental examples range from the creation of solid fuel from fly ash (Guo and Zhang, 2020; Makela et al., 2016) to the combination of rice husks and Figure 1. Published works concerning use of agricultural, pine sawdust (Nino et al., 2020). Energy can forestry, textile, and food sector residues in the manufacture of briquettes. (The research was searched be generated from the incineration of a wide in the SCOPUS database and Web of Science, with the variety of biomass residues. Types of waste keywords: briquette; pellets; waste; biomass). most commonly used are those generated by agriculture (e.g., seed husks, almond Given their physical, chemical and calorific hulls, olive stones, grass), timber (e.g., properties, their ease of combustion, low wood chips, shavings, sawdust), food pro- humidity and high density, biomass bri- duction (e.g., processing residues), the tex- quettes represent an attractive form of bio- tile industry (e.g., clothing, shoes), along fuel for heating applications and the genera- with those produced by forestry (e.g., prun- tion of electricity (Gangil, 2015; Tomeleri et ing, cleaning) and the cultivation of woody al., 2017; Yank et al., 2016). The different crops (e.g., pruning, uprooting, fallen trees). raw materials used in the manufacture of In general, these forms of waste can be briquettes produce different mechanical transformed into briquettes, chips or pellets properties (Aransiola et al., 2019; Nhuchhen (Patil, 2019). and Afzal, 2017). Different binding agents al- low the production of briquettes of diverse 2. Non-fossil fuel alternatives manufac- shapes and sizes, and with varying degrees tured from waste of firmness, compression, density, porosity, 2.1 Briquettes and other physical characteristics Bri- Briquettes are generally produced by the quetting also helps to minimize ash residue combination and compaction of lignocellulo- and improve other environmental aspects sic biomass in the form of organic raw mate- (Berastegui et al., 2017; D’Agua et al., 2015; rials (Arias and López, 2015). These include Davydenko et al., 2014; Gendek et al., 2018). wood chips and shavings; different types of Briquettes incorporate non-toxic and non- agricultural, textile and food waste (Hoyos polluting recycled materials and could be a et al., 2019; Rodriguez et al., 2017); residues form of environmental clean-up involving from the production of timber, wooden pan- collection of waste materials. Furthermore, els, furniture and other products; industrial they offer a more appealing alternative to biomass residues, urban biomass residues the felling of trees. Figure 1 illustrates the -428- T. Espinoza-Tellez et al. / Scientia Agropecuaria 11(3): 427 – 437 (2020) proportion of academic studies conducted These are compacted in a high-pressure on the use of agricultural, forestry, textile, mill, where the lignin content of the wood and food sector residues in the manufacture acts as a binder. Other forms of biomass, of briquettes. Between 2015 to 2020, most such as coal dust, can also be incorporated studies have focused on the manufacture of (Hidalgo et al., 2018). Wood pellets offer an briquettes from food waste, followed using attractive alternative to fuels such as coal, agricultural residue, forestry residue and, fi- chopped wood, oil and other fossil fuel de- nally, textile waste.
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