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La Economía Del Software Libre Y Open Source: Multinacionales, Pymes Y Comunidades

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La Economía Del Software Libre Y Open Source: Multinacionales, Pymes Y Comunidades LA ECONOMÍA DEL SOFTWARE LIBRE Y OPEN SOURCE: MULTINACIONALES, PYMES Y COMUNIDADES Hernán Morero y Jorge Motta Editores Morero, Hernán La economía del software libre y open source : multinacionales, pymes y comunidades / Hernán Morero ; Jorge Motta ; editado por Hernán Morero ; Jorge Motta. - 1a ed . - Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires : Estudios Sociológicos Editora, 2020. Libro digital, PDF Archivo Digital: descarga y online ISBN 978-987-3713-40-8 1. Software Libre. 2. Sociología. I. Motta, Jorge. II. Título. CDD 005 Diseño de Tapa: Romina Baldo Diagramación y corrección: Juan Ignacio Ferreras © 2020 Estudios Sociológicos Editora Mail: [email protected] Sitio Web: www.estudiosociologicos.com.ar Primera edición: febrero de 2020. Hecho el depósito que establece la Ley 11723. Libro de edición argentina. El presente libro puede ser descargado desde el sitio web de nuestra editorial LA ECONOMÍA DEL SOFTWARE LIBRE Y OPEN SOURCE: MULTINACIONALES, PYMES Y COMUNIDADES Hernán Morero y Jorge Motta Editores Carina Borrastero Ignacio Juncos Florencia Manzo Juan Gabriel Vélez Agustín Zanotti Esta obra está bajo una Licencia Creative Commons Atribución-CompartirIgual 4.0 Internacional Estudios Sociológicos Editora Estudios Sociológicos Editora es un emprendimiento de Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Sociológicos (Asociación Civil – Leg. 1842624) pensado para la edición, publicación y difusión de trabajos de Ciencias Sociales en so¬porte digital. Como una apuesta por democratizar el acceso al conocimiento a través de las nuevas tecnologías, nuestra editorial apunta a la difusión de obras por canales y soportes no convencionales. Ello con la finalidad de hacer de Internet y de la edición digital de textos, medios para acercar a lectores de todo el mundo a escritos de producción local con calidad académica. Comité Editorial / Referato Pedro Lisdero. Doctor en Ciencias Sociales de América Latina (CEA-UNC) y Licenciado en Sociología (Siglo 21). Investigador del Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) con sede de trabajo en el Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Cultura y Sociedad (CIECS), Unidad Ejecutora de CONICET, de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC). Su campo de investigación se constituye a partir del cruce entre los estudios de la acción colectiva y el conflicto social, las investigaciones sobre el mundo del trabajo y la sociología del cuerpo y las emociones. Roberto Merino. Doctor en Science Politique, Universite Paris 8 (Vincennes Saint Denis), Francia. Master en Science Politique, Universite Paris 8 (Vincennes Saint Denis), Francia. Profesor de la Universidad de las Artes y Ciencias Sociales (sede Valparaíso) y de la Universidad Bolivariana. Líneas de investigación: Experiencias concentracionarias y genocidio; Estado, estratificación y transformaciones políticas; Políticas de la violencia. Miembro del Comité de Redacción de la Revista Polis de la Univeridad Bolivariana, Chile. Pedro Robertt. Doctor en Sociología por la Univesidad Federal de Rio Grande del Sur. Es Profesor Asociado de la Universidad Federal de Pelotas, actuando en los Programas de Pos-graduación en Sociología y en Ciencia Política. Sus trabajos actuales están direccionados a la etnografía del trabajo y a la epistemología y metodología de la investigación en ciencias sociales, con énfasis en el debate sobre reflexividad sociológica. Este libro es resultante de los esfuerzos de investigación del Grupo de Economía de la Innovación y el Desarrollo (FCE-UNC) e investigadores del Programa CTS del Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Cultura y Sociedad (CIECS - CONICET y UNC). Aunque no hayan participado como autores de los capítulos, hay que destacar el trabajo de Leiza Camilo Caro, Ana Valentina Fernández, Josefina Sonnenberg Palmieri y Pablo Ortiz, en documentos preliminares, trabajo de campo, entrevistas, diseño de cuestionarios de encuesta y ejecución de relevamientos. El libro representa la culminación del proyecto de investigación PICT 2015-2703 “Procesos de innovación en empresas de software libre y open source en Argentina”, dirigido por el Dr. Hernán Morero; pero asimismo forma parte de una investigación de mayor alcance alrededor de las particularidades económicas del FLOSS que comprende varios proyectos de investigación del equipo. En particular, caben señalarse el Proyecto Consolidar Secyt-UNC 2018-2021 “Procesos y tipos de innovación en industria y servicios: software libre, comercio electrónico y tecnologías 4.0 en empresas de Argentina”, dirigido por el Dr. Jorge Motta; y el Proyecto UNRAF 2018-2019 “Taxonomía de empresas de software según uso y producción de software libre y open source”, dirigido por la Lic. Ana Valentina Fernández. Los autores agradecen especialmente la lectura y comentarios recibidos por la comunidad académica en diversos eventos a versiones preliminares de estos capítulos. Las opiniones expresadas en este documento son de exclusiva responsabilidad de los autores Indice Introducción.........6 Capítulo 1. Conceptos esenciales para el abordaje económico y productivo del FLOSS 1. El abordaje económico-productivo del FLOSS: los aspectos conceptuales y los avances de la literatura 1.1. Características económicas de la producción de FLOSS a nivel empresarial 1.2. La investigación económico-productiva sobre el FLOSS: un resumen de la literatura 2. El FLOSS en la industria del Software 2.1. La importancia del FLOSS en la industria global del sector de software 2.2. El uso y producción de FLOSS en el sector de software de la Argentina 3. Reflexiones Finales Capítulo 2. La producción en comunidades FLOSS: empresas, Fundaciones y governance 1. Comunidades FLOSS 2. Empresas y la gobernanza FLOSS 3. Fundaciones FLOSS 4. Análisis de casos 4.1. GNOME 4.2. Fedora 4.3. Python 4. 4. LibreOffice 5. Discusión 6. Cierre Fuentes Documentales Capítulo 3. Grandes corporaciones de software y el FLOSS: cooperar en entornos abiertos como estrategia de competencia 1. Antecedentes y marco conceptual: las grandes corporaciones, el FLOSS y la open coopetition. 2. Resultados empíricos 2.1. El mercado global del software en la actualidad 2.2. Las empresas dominantes del mercado global del software con participación relevante en FLOSS 2.3. El caso de una empresa líder íntegramente FLOSS: Canonical 3. Discusión Fuentes documentales Capítulo 4. Las PyMEs de Software y el FLOSS 1. El uso y producción de FLOSS en Pymes de software 2. Estudios de casos de PyMEs FLOSS argentinas A. GCoop B. XTech C. ECIC Systems D. Kunan E. Machinalis F. TECSO G. Entornos Educativos 3. Una síntesis de los casos de pymes estudiados Conclusiones y Reflexiones Finales: La presencia del FLOSS en la industria del software y las limitaciones del mainstream en economía para comprenderlo Bibliografía Datos de autores y autoras La economía del software libre y open source: Multinacionales, Pymes y Comunidades Introducción El software rodea nuestras vidas cotidianas, tanto como usuarios, así como consumidores, como trabajadores y como productores. Muchos de estos programas informáticos se hallan directamente contenidos en toda una serie de dispositivos electrónicos que nos circundan de un modo omnisciente. Son las instrucciones que permiten que intermediemos con todos los aparatos que interactuamos a diario y que éstos funcionen. La manera en que se producen estos códigos que rodean toda nuestra vida ha sido revolucionada en las últimas décadas por la aparición del Software Libre y de Código Abierto o Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS). Su producción en gran medida se realiza principalmente en proyectos de desarrollo de software en Comunidades de programadores, que ofrecen voluntariamente sus horas de trabajo y esfuerzo sin recibir “un pago” por ello y el software generado se produce con licencias de propiedad que tienden a prohibir su apropiación privada (las copyleft), puede descargarse gratuitamente y muchas veces impone que desarrollos ulteriores que se basen en él, deben estar igualmente disponibles para el público. Por extraño que pueda sonar en un primer momento, tanto las empresas que desarrollan software y como las de otros sectores vinculados a la tecnología participan muy activamente en estas actividades de producción compartida de software. De hecho, los desarrollos que surgen de estas comunidades, de Linux y el software libre rodean continuamente nuestras vidas y son usados actualmente por importantes organizaciones privadas y públicas. Por ejemplo, el software libre y de código abierto está presente en todos los dispositivos móviles que corren bajo Android y en los más 700.000 televisores vendidos cada día, pero además se utiliza en sistemas de defensa y submarinos nucleares, en muchos de los sistemas de control de tráfico ferroviario y aéreo 11 LA ECONOMÍA DEL SOFTWARE LIBRE Y OPEN SOURCE... públicos.1 Los servidores de Google, Facebook y Amazon implementan FLOSS (particularmente aplicando Apache) y ocho de cada diez transacciones financieras globales se realizan aplicando algún software de código abierto.2 Hacia Linux han migrado su funcionamiento la bolsa de Nueva York (NY Stock Exchange), el London Stock Exchange, el operador financiero Deutsche Börse, la Qatar Exchange y la Shanghai Stock Exchange.3 Muchos de estos sistemas pueden procesar más de un millón de transacciones por segundo. Los grandes usuarios incluyen Gobiernos, Universidades, Ministerios, y con Linux funcionan grandes proyectos de alta tecnología, como el software de secuenciación del ADN, la Estación Espacial Internacional (International
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